Chapter 11

Re: Docket No. 1682

OPINION

Christopher S. Sontchi, United States Bankruptcy Court

Before the Court is a Bar Date Motion (as defined below) through which the above-captioned debtors and debtors in possession (the "Debtors") request the Court to establish a bar date for claims of unknown persons that have yet to manifest any sign of illness from exposure to asbestos ("Unmanifested Claimants" and "Unmanifested Claims").1 The Unmanifested Claimants were (allegedly) exposed to asbestos at one of the Debtors' facilities prior to the petition date, yet, as of the date hereof, do not know, even with appropriate due diligence, that they will become ill, due to the potential for a long latency period between asbestos exposure and illness. The Debtors have requested that a bar date be established for these Unmanifested Claims. As set forth in detail, infra, the Court will establish a bar date for all prepetition claims, including Unmanifested Claims.

JURISDICTION

This Court has jurisdiction over this matter pursuant to 28 U.S.C. sections 157 and 1334. Venue is proper in this District pursuant to 28 U.S.C. sections 1408 and 1409. This is a core proceeding pursuant to 28 U.S.C. section 157(b)(2). The Court has the judicial authority to enter a final order.

STATEMENT OF FACTS

A. Procedural History

On April 29, 2014, each of the Debtors filed a voluntary petition with the court under Chapter 11 of the Bankruptcy Code. The Debtors are operating their businesses and managing their properties as debtors in possession pursuant to sections 1107(a) and 1108 of the Bankruptcy Code.

On July 23, 2014, the Debtors filed a motion seeking a bar date for prepetition claims (the "Bar Date Motion").2 Thereafter, certain asbestos personal injury law firms filed an objection to the Bar Date Motion.3 The Debtors filed a reply to the PI Law Firm's Objection in which the Debtors modified its bar date request, thus narrowing the issues to those discussed below. At a hearing on August 13, 2014, the Court heard the Bar Date Motion. At the conclusion of the hearing, the Court approved the Bar Date Motion as it related to non-asbestos claims and continued the Bar Date Motion (solely as it related to asbestos claims) to a hearing scheduled for September 16, 2014.4 Thereafter, the Court authorized additional briefing, which was filed on September 9, 2014.5 Shortly before the September 16th hearing, the Office of the United States Trustee announced that it would solicit asbestos claimants to determine whether an asbestos claims committee should be formed.6 In light of the potential for the formation of an asbestos committee, the Court granted a final continuance of this matter. Thereafter, on October 27, 2014, the United States Trustee formed a statutory committee of unsecured creditors whereon two of the five members are asbestos claimants (the "E-side Committee").7 The Court heard argument solely as it related to the establishment of a bar date for unmanifested asbestos claims on the continued date of October 28, 2014. Thereafter, the Court took this matter under advisement. To date, neither the E-side Committee nor the T-side Committee have submitted any position papers with regard to the issue raised herein. The only pending objection is that of the PI Law Firms.

B. Factual History Related to Bar Date Motion and Asbestos Claims

According to the PI Law Firms, both nuclear and electric power generation produces extreme amounts of heat. The presence of this heat necessitates the installment of insulation throughout power plants including in the walls, wires, pipes, boilers and generators. As such, historically, power plants were depositories of asbestos and asbestos-laden materials and products. In addition to its presence throughout the plant and equipment, workers responsible for building and maintaining the plants and equipment would wear insulated clothing or gear to do their jobs. For years, these pants, coats, aprons, mitts and masks contained asbestos. Asbestos exposure was virtually unavoidable in power plants built prior to 1980. EECI, one of the Debtors, was at one time known as Ebasco, which was at various times affiliated with Boise Cascade, Halliburton and Raytheon Corporation (all of which have had asbestos-related personal injury liability).

The Debtors scheduled 392 asbestos-related cases against the Debtors, including approximately 121 cases being defended (20 of which are related to the Debtors' electricity generation activities) and approximately 270 cases where the Debtors have rejected indemnification demands. The Debtors believe that litigation and settlement expenses incurred in connection with asbestos claims against the Debtors are not material. The Debtors estimate that their asbestos expenses average up to $3 million annually.8 The Debtors further believe that their restructuring is unlikely to be driven by asbestos claims or result in a channeling injunction under section 524(g) of the Bankruptcy Code. The Debtors assert that the purported asbestos claims against the Debtors, like all of the Debtors' liabilities, reflect a point of due diligence for parties participating in the ongoing marketing process of EFH Corp. Thus, the Debtors and potential bidders seek to use the tools available in the Bankruptcy Code to gather information regarding their outstanding liabilities and to bar all "claims" that are not properly and timely filed.

The Debtors filed the Bar Date Motion seeking to establish October 27, 2014, as the "General Bar Date" in these cases for all claims;9 as the hearing on the asbestos bar date was scheduled on October 28, 2014, the Debtors are seeking authority to establish such date in the future. The PI Law Firms object to any bar date that would apply to Unmanifested Claims. The PI Law Firms advance two main arguments: (i) because asbestos-related injuries may not be diagnosed for up to 50 years after exposure, publication notice does not satisfy the requirements of due process for an entire class of claimants that are so unknown as to be unknown even to themselves; and (ii) asbestos liabilities are best (and, indeed, must be) addressed through the creation of an asbestos personal injury trust.

LEGAL DISCUSSION

A. The PI Law Firms Lack Standing to Object to the Bar Date Motion

Section 1109(b)10 allows a creditor to be heard on any issue in a bankruptcy case. It does not, however, change the general principle of standing that a party may assert only its own legal interests and not the interests of another.11 The Third Circuit has described a party-in-interest as "`anyone who has a legally protected interest that could be affected by a bankruptcy proceeding.'"12

This ruling is limited to Unmanifested Claims. The PI Law Firms do not represent any Unmanifested Claimants nor do the PI Law Firms have a legally protected interest independent of their potential, future clients.13 While the Unmanifested Claimants would have standing to object to the bar date at issue herein;14 the Court finds that the PI Law Firms do not have standing to raise an objection to the Bar Date Motion.

Although the PI Law Firms do not have standing to object to the Bar Date Motion and, thus, there is no pending objection to the motion, given the due process concerns in play, the Court, in exercising its independent review, will consider the PI Law Firms' arguments in determining whether to establish a bar date for Unmanifested Claims.

B. Why Establish a Bar Date?

Bankruptcy Rule 3003(c)(3) provides:

"A bar date serves the important purpose of enabling the parties to a bankruptcy case to identify with reasonable promptness the identity of those making claims against the bankruptcy estate, and the general amount of the claims, a necessary step in achieving the goal of successful reorganization. It is akin to a statute of limitations, and must be strictly observed."16 This rule "contributes to one of the main purposes of bankruptcy law, securing, within a limited time, the prompt and effectual administration and settlement of the debtor's estate."17

Furthermore, "[t]he objectives of finality and fixing the universe of claims permeate the law of bankruptcy, and in achieving those ends, the setting of a bar date is no more unfair, assuming reasonable notice, than is a statute of limitations, a finality concept firmly embedded in our legal system generally. Tort claimants can have their right to pursue their claims foreclosed if they fail to take action before the expiration of a statute of limitations. It is no more unfair to require that they here take action before expiration of the bar date."19

C. The Unmanifested Claims Arose Prior to the Petition Date

In the Third Circuit, a "`claim' arises when an individual is exposed pre-petition to a product or other conduct giving rise to an injury, which underlies a `right to payment' under the Bankruptcy Code."20 In Grossman's, the Third Circuit applied this rule in holding that a claimant's pre-petition exposure to a product, such as asbestos, gives rise to the claim, even though the injury manifests after the reorganization.21 The Third Circuit then stated that this does not necessarily mean that a claimant's claims are discharged by the plan confirmed in the case. Rather, due process considerations could revive a claim.22 In other words, inadequate notice would preclude discharge of a claim in bankruptcy.23

As the Unmanifested Claimants, if any, were exposed to asbestos prior to the Debtors' petition date, any claims against the Debtors flowing from that exposure, i.e., the Unmanifested Claims, arose prior to the petition date.

D. Would The Discharge of the Unmanifested Claims Be Consistent With Due Process?

The heart of the issue before the Court is whether the discharge of the Debtors' liability for Unmanifested Claims would be consistent with due process. If the nature of the claims is such that due process dictates that discharge is unavailable then there is no point in undergoing the expense and confusion of establishing a bar date. However, if discharge might be available then establishment of a bar date could be appropriate as a first step in the Debtors' pursuit of such a discharge.

In Grossman's, the Third Circuit discussed a non-comprehensive list of factors for courts to consider in determining whether an asbestos claim has been discharged by a plan of reorganization:

In short, such claims may be discharged on a case by case basis under the totality of the circumstances.

Section 523(a)(3)(A) of the Bankruptcy Code provides that a creditor's claim may be discharged upon the bankruptcy plan's confirmation if the "creditor had notice or actual knowledge of the case in time for... timely filing."25 Due process requires that notice be "reasonably calculated, under all the circumstances, to inform interested parties of the pendency" of a proceeding.26

The level of notice required by the Due Process Clause depends on whether a creditor is "known" or "unknown." A debtor must provide actual notice to all "known creditors" in order to discharge their claims.27 Known creditors include both claimants actually known to the debtor and those whose identities are "reasonably ascertainable."28 "A creditor's identity is reasonably ascertainable if that creditor can be identified through reasonably diligent efforts. Reasonable diligence does not require impracticable and extended searches. The requisite search for a known creditor, instead, usually requires only a careful examination of a debtor's books and records."29 By contrast, the debtor need only provide "unknown creditors" with constructive notice by publication.30 Constructive notice must be "reasonably calculated, under the circumstances, to apprise interested parties of the pendency of the action and afford them an opportunity to present their objections."31 "Publication in national newspapers is regularly deemed sufficient notice to unknown creditors, especially where supplemented ... with notice in papers of general circulation in locations where the debtor is conducting business."32

As the Unmanifested Claimants are "unknown" creditors, the issue becomes whether due process can be satisfied by publication notice. Discussion of the evolving case law on that point follows:

i. In re Waterman S.S. Corp.

In In re Waterman S.S. Corp.,33 the court considered the question of adequate notice to seamen who had been exposed to asbestos on the debtor's vessels. The bankruptcy court held that publication notice could not cure inadequate notice to asbestos claimants, even if claimants read the publication notice in the local newspaper, because the notice failed to notify the claimants of the nature of their claims.34 On appeal, the district court vacated the bankruptcy court opinion and remanded for the bankruptcy court to make factual determinations concerning such questions as when the seamen manifested disease symptoms, and the reasonableness of the notice to particular individuals or groups.35 The district court created several groups of claimants which were each accorded a certain type of notice: (i) former seamen who were known to be actual or potential claimants (all those who the debtor knew had manifested signs of illness) were entitled to actual personal notice; (ii) actual or potential claimants who could not be personally identified with reasonable effort were entitled to notice reasonably calculated, under all the circumstances, to apprise them of their claims and the opportunity to file their claims (such as publication); and (iii) potential future claimants (those who had not manifested any detectable signs of disease when the notice of the bar date was given) were not discharged in the bankruptcy proceeding.36 Thereafter, on remand, the bankruptcy court held that only asbestos claimants whose injury manifested prior to the bar date were barred from asserting claims against the debtor.37

ii. In re Placid Oil Co.

In In re Placid Oil Co.,38 the Fifth Circuit Court of Appeals recently held that an unknown asbestos creditor's pre-petition claims were discharged by the debtor's constructive notice and that, even though the notice did not contain asbestos-specific claim information, such notice was not substantially deficient.39 Placid Oil Company ("Placid") owned and operated a large natural gas production and processing facility. Placid filed for bankruptcy and the bankruptcy court established a bar date by which potential creditors were required to file claims. On three occasions, Placid published a notice of bar date in The Wall Street Journal. Placid's notice of bar date informed creditors of the existence of the bankruptcy case, their opportunity to file proofs of claim, relevant deadlines, consequences of not filing a proof of claim, and how proofs of claim should be filed. Thereafter, the bankruptcy court confirmed Placid's plan of reorganization. The confirmation order provided that all claims against Placid that arose on or before the confirmation date were forever discharged except for Placid's obligations under its plan which did not address potential future asbestos liability. Several years after entry of the confirmation order, certain claimants brought an action against Placid. More specifically, the claimants were a former Placid employee and his children whose wife/mother became ill (several years after confirmation of Placid's plan) and passed-away as a result of her exposure to asbestos when laundering her husband's work clothing. Thereafter, Placid filed a motion to reopen its bankruptcy case and commenced an adversary action asking the court to determine whether the asbestos claims were discharged.

Prior to its bankruptcy, Placid was aware of the hazards of asbestos exposure and of the claimant-employee's exposure in the course of his employment. However, prior to Placid's plan confirmation, no asbestos-related claims had been filed against Placid and these claimants had not yet filed their claims. Furthermore, as of the Fifth Circuit ruling, Placid had not been held liable in any asbestos lawsuits nor had it paid any money to settle an asbestos case. The Placid claimants argued that the method and substance of Placid's notice were insufficient on due process grounds and, as a result, their claims were not discharged. The Fifth Circuit disagreed.

The Fifth Circuit held that the asbestos claimants were "unknown" stating:

The Fifth Circuit reasoned that, although Placid knew of the dangers of asbestos and the claimant's exposure, such information suggesting only a risk to the claimant does not make the claimant a known creditor.41 The Placid Oil court continued that Placid had no specific knowledge of any actual injury to the claimant prior to its bankruptcy;42 in other words "[p]arties with merely foreseeable claims are not `known' creditors."43 The Fifth Circuit reasoned that, in addition, Placid did not know of any instances of asbestos-related injury or illness prior to confirmation.44

As the debtor was not required to provide actual notice, the Fifth Circuit then turned to the issue of whether the published notice should have referred specifically to potential asbestos claims. The Fifth Circuit held:

In effect, Placid Oil holds that (i) asbestos claims can be discharged with all other pre-petition claims, even when a claimant is a future and/or unknown claimant; (ii) an asbestos claimant is unknown when their claim is "merely forseeable;" (iii) publication is sufficient due process to notify unknown claimants; and (iv) publication notice does not need to specifically mention the possibility of asbestos claims.

In Placid Oil, one of the Fifth Circuit Court Judges filed a dissent, which was concerned almost exclusively with the issue of "whether a latent asbestos claim of an asbestos-exposed, but not yet knowingly injured, person is dischargeable in bankruptcy and, if so, under what circumstances."46 The dissent likened a bar date for unmanifested asbestos claims to whether a class action under Rule 23(b)(3) should include individuals who had been exposed to asbestos but had not yet manifested injuries.47 In Amchem Products, Inc. v. Windsor, which the dissent cited, the Supreme Court ruled that the class as certified failed to satisfy Rule 23's predominance and adequacy-of-representation requirements.48 However, in Amchem, the Supreme Court mentioned the impediments to the provision of adequate notice to unmanifested victims of asbestos exposure:

The dissent continued that "[u]nknown, future claimants, even if they receive notice of a bankruptcy proceeding, are often unable to recognize that their rights will be affected by the bankruptcy, for instance because they are unaware that the debtor has exposed them to toxic substances or because they have yet to manifest any injuries by the time the debtor files for bankruptcy."50 The dissent ultimately concluded that "constructive notice by publication to asbestos-exposed individuals with unmanifested or latent mesothelioma, without appointment of a representative for such future claimants, does not satisfy due process."51

iii. In re Chemtura Corp.

In re Chemtura Corp. involved tort claims based on the debtor's production and sale of diacetyl, a butter flavoring ingredient used in food products.52 Exposure to diacetyl may lead to lung disease. At the time the debtor filed for bankruptcy, it faced fifteen diacetyl lawsuits involving approximately fifty plaintiffs.53 During the bankruptcy, the debtor requested the bankruptcy court establish a bar date for all creditors, including diacetyl claimants. Although contested by counsel to the diacetyl claimants,54 the bar date was approved by the bankruptcy court.55 The bankruptcy court reasoned, in its oral ruling:

Thereafter, the debtors mailed direct notice of the bar date to all known creditors and publication of both general notices and "site-specific" notices for unknown creditors.57 The "site-specific" notices contained information about the exposure to diacetyl and identified, specifically, to whom the debtors supplied, sold and distributed the product.58

After the bar date had passed, and after the bankruptcy plan was confirmed, nine claimants filed state court law suits against the debtors alleging injuries caused by exposure to diacetyl. The debtors moved the bankruptcy court to enforce the discharge injunction. The bankruptcy court found, in an oral ruling, that the claims were discharged and enjoined the claimants from further prosecuting their suits. The diacetyl claimants then appealed. The sole issue on appeal was whether the diacetyl claimants received constitutionally adequate notice of the bar date because they did not know they had diacetyl-induced illnesses until after the bar date and plan confirmation.59 The district court concluded that the notice of the bar date was sufficient to bar the diacetyl claimants.60 Distinguishing Waterman Steamship Corp., the district court reasoned that the publication notice informed the claimants that (i) they may have been exposed to diacetyl while working at the plant, (ii) they might have been injured by that exposure, (iii) they might have a claim even if their injury had not yet manifested itself and (iv) they would lose their rights to recover on that claim if they do not file a claim by the bar date.61 In other words, the district court found that the published notice contained enough specific information to put future claimants on adequate notice, i.e. the published notice was reasonably calculated, under all circumstances, to apprise the claimants of the pendency of the action and afforded them an opportunity to present their claims.62 Thus, the claims were discharged.63

iv. In re Specialty Products Holding Corp.

Recently, when faced with establishing a bar date in In re Specialty Products,64 former Judge Walsh stated that he was "inclined" to direct that a bar date be established, inclusive of asbestos claims.65 However, the Court never entered an order establishing a bar date due to a settlement between the parties after the hearing noted.66 In addition, it is of note that the Court had: (i) appointed a future claimants' representative;67 and (ii) conducted an estimation trial and determined that the debtors' asbestos liability was approximately $1.66 billion.68

v. Wright v. Owens Corning

In Wright v. Owens Corning,69 the Third Circuit recently held that constructive notice was sufficient to bar unknown claims. In the Owens Corning bankruptcy case, the bankruptcy court set a bar date for April 2002. The bar date notice was published twice in The New York Times, The Wall Street Journal, and USA Today, among other publications. The bar date motion specifically identified claims relating to "`the sale, manufacture, distribution, installation and/or marketing of products by any of the Debtors, including without limitation ... roofing shingles....'"70 The Owens Coming debtors also published notice of the disclosure statement hearing and notice of the confirmation hearing, both of which referred to the effect of confirmation on holder of claims. Thereafter, several plaintiffs brought claims against the reorganized debtors related to defective roof shingles. The claimants did not know the roof shingles were defective until well after the bankruptcy case, the attendant bar date, and plan confirmation. The former debtors filed a motion for summary judgment, arguing that the plaintiffs' claims were discharged under the plan and confirmation order. After determining that the plaintiffs had claims under the Bankruptcy Code, the Third Circuit held that, under Grossman's, the debtors' notices were sufficient as to most unknown claimants.71

vi. In re New Century TRS Holdings, Inc.

Finally, in In re New Century TRS Holdings, Inc.,72 the bankruptcy court established a bar date, which included actual notice to known creditors and published notice in the national edition of The Wall Street Journal as well as The Orange County Register. The debtors in that case had business operations throughout the United States and had more than one million customers/borrowers. The New Century debtors did not consider the borrowers' potential claims but were concerned about the potential for unknown claims asserted by former employees. As such, the debtors did not consider the borrowers in connection with the question of notice. After the bar date, several borrowers filed claims against the debtors. In response to claims by various borrowers, the New Century trustee/plan administrator filed a motion seeking determination that the debtors complied with the order establishing a bar date and provided constructive notice of the bar date by publication that satisfied the requirements of due process for unknown creditors, including borrowers. The bankruptcy court enforced the bar date against the borrowers, finding that the New Century debtors complied with the order establishing a bar date and published notice that was reasonably calculated to apprise interested parties nationwide of the bar date and afforded them the opportunity to file claims. The borrowers appealed.

Although the District Court noted that publication notice satisfied the requirements of due process for unknown creditors, the court looked at the facts and circumstances to determine whether notice was reasonably calculated, "`under all the circumstances [in New Century] to apprise the interested parties of the pendency of the action and afford them an opportunity to present their objections.'"73 The District Court distinguished New Century from Owens Corning:

In effect, the court held that, although publication notice is sufficient due process for unknown creditors, in New Century, the publication notice was insufficient. The debtors in New Century have appealed the District Court decision to the Third Circuit.75

vii. Summary of the Case Law

The decision in Waterman S.S. Corp. and the dissent in Placid Oil stand for the proposition that publication notice is insufficient to provide adequate notice and, thus, due process, to claimants whose injuries and associated claims have not manifested as of the bar date. As such, those claims cannot be discharged.76 Under the majority opinion in Placid Oil and the decision in Chemtura, on the other hand, such claims may be discharged, provided that notice is adequate.77 Finally, the Third Circuit's opinion in Owens Corning and the decision in New Century are consistent with Placid Oil and Chemtura. While under both cases the notice was deemed insufficient, neither court took exception with the underlying proposition that notice could be sufficient to enforce a bar date and, thus, discharge, against unmanifested claims.

As the Unmanifested Claimants are "unknown" creditors, the issue is whether due process can be satisfied by publication notice. Although the case law reaches disparate conclusions, the weight of the developing authority holds that publication notice may be sufficient to satisfy due process and, thus, would allow for the discharge of the Unmanifested Claims. As a discharge of some or all of the Unmanifested Claims may be available to the Debtors, the Court must now turn to whether to establish a bar date.

E. The Court Will Establish a Bar Date For Unmanifested Claims

The Court is faced with whether to establish a bar date for Unmanifested Claims. These are the claims of persons that were exposed to asbestos pre-petition but have not yet manifested any signs of illness. These are claimants that do not know that they have an asbestos related injury. Indeed, they are unknown to themselves, let alone the Debtors. As a mixed question of law and fact, however, the Court finds that a bar date should be established for all claims, including Unmanifested Claims.

i. Facts of These Cases

In these cases, the Unmanifested Claimants, if any, were exposed to asbestos prior to the Debtors' petition date and, as a result, have claims against the debtors. The posture of these cases is different, however, from much of the case law discussed above. Here, the Debtors are seeking a bar date. No plan has been filed and no discharge is being sought. The ultimate treatment of the Unmanifested Claims is not before the Court. The sole issue is whether to establish a bar date for those claims.

Here, the Court is not looking back to determine if adequate due process was given to an unknown claimant.78 In the look-back cases, courts have the benefit of knowing the contents of the notice, the number of times the notice was published, and in which publications the notice was published. In fact, in a look-back scenario, courts have the benefit of knowing the terms of the plan and whether, in fact, there are Unmanifested Claimants. Obviously, this Court does not have this information (as above stated, the Debtors agreed to narrow the issues herein to whether a bar date may be established for Unmanifested Claimants; the issues related to content and scope of the notice have been continued). The posture of this issue is akin to the bankruptcy court's ruling in Chemtura Corp.79 As such, the Court must consider what it does know.

The Debtors did not file these cases as a result of asbestos or tort liability. In fact, the Debtors estimate that, annually, their prior pay-out on behalf of asbestos claims is less than 0.05% of the Debtors' consolidated annual revenues. While the Court is sympathetic to all asbestos victims, the Court cannot allow this case to be run for the potential victims' convenience or strategic gains. The Court must consider all of the Debtors' creditors. Furthermore, as noted above, the E-side Committee has not taken a position with respect to this issue.80 The Debtors and their constituents must be allowed to assess all of the claims against the Debtors' estates in order to formulate a plan of reorganization.

ii. Statutory Interpretation

The PI Law Firms argue that a bar date for the Unmanifested Claims is not required and that the only way to deal with those claims is through a channeling injunction under section 524(g) of the Bankruptcy Code. The plain meaning of the Bankruptcy Code and Rules, however, lead to the opposite conclusion. First, Bankruptcy Rule 3003(c)(3) states: "[t]he court shall fix ... the time within which proofs of claim or interest may be filed."81 The term used is "shall" rather than "may." Although the court in Eagle-Picher Industries, discussed supra, said that a bar date in a chapter 11 case is "by no means absolute, as the court may extend the bar date `for cause shown' ... [it is a matter left to the sound discretion of the bankruptcy court,]"82 this Court does not agree. Bankruptcy Rule 3003(c)(3) says "shall" and "may extend" — it does not say that establishment of a bar date is discretionary altogether. The Supreme Court has held that "[i]t is generally presumed that Congress acts intentionally and purposely when it includes particular language in one section of a statute but omits it in another."83 "May" is used several other times in Rule 300384 and "[w]hen the same [provision] uses both `may' and `shall,' the normal inference is that each is used in its usual sense — the one act being permissive, the other mandatory."85 Furthermore, the clear language of Rule 3003(c)(3), if given effect, cannot be said to defeat the plain purpose of the Bankruptcy Code nor its component sections.86 In fact, as discussed supra, the establishment of a bar date is consistent with the goals of the Bankruptcy Code.87

Second, section 524(g) of the Bankruptcy Code states: "After notice and hearing, a court that enters an order confirming a plan of reorganization under chapter 11 may issue, in connection with such order, an injunction in accordance with this subsection to supplement the injunctive effect of a discharge under this section."88 The formation of a trust pursuant to section 524 is permissive; furthermore, such consideration is not undertaken until confirmation of a plan of reorganization. If establishment of an injunction under section 524(g) is the only way to satisfy due process then Congress would have made section 524(g) mandatory in cases in which asbestos related liabilities or claims arise and would have carved unmanifested claims out of Bankruptcy Rule 3003(c)(3). In short, a channeling injunction is not required.

As a result of the plain meaning of Bankruptcy Rule 3003 and section 524 of the Bankruptcy Code, the Court finds that a bar date must be established for all claims, including Unmanifested Claims, even though the Court may later extend such bar date for cause shown.

iii. Policy Considerations

The only issue before the Court is whether a bar date may be established. It would be inconsistent with the concept of section 1121 of the Bankruptcy Code, which initially gives the debtors the exclusive right to propose and to solicit a plan of reorganization,89 for the PI Law Firms, the Unmanifested Claimants or this Court to dictate plan terms, including whether to forego discharge of the Unmanifested Claims or to require a section 524(g) injunction.90 At this juncture, exclusivity is still in place and the Debtors may propose a plan to meet their needs and concerns, as well as the concerns of their constituencies. As such, the Court cannot consider whether a section 524(g) injunction ought to be established in the Debtors' plan of reorganization, whether the Court should estimate the Debtors' asbestos exposure, or whether the Court should appoint a futures representative. That being said, however, the Court will consider such proposals as they are presented to it. Until such matters are raised by motion or the filing of a plan, however, the Court is mindful that the Debtors have exclusive control over whether to submit a plan of reorganization and the terms thereof. As such, the Court will not impose any proposed treatment for such plan that is still in the early stages of negotiation.

CONCLUSION

As set forth above, the Court will grant the Debtors' Bar Date Motion and will establish a bar date for Unmanifested Claimants. Pursuant to the agreement of the parties, an order establishing the bar date and specifying notice thereof will be entered after further proceedings before the Court.