OPINION2
(Re: D.I. 8, 15, 25)
KEVIN J. CAREY, Bankruptcy Judge.
Continental Casualty Company and Transportation Insurance Company (collectively "CNA") filed an adversary complaint (the "Complaint") seeking to enforce the Asbestos PI Channeling Injunction that was established in the Debtor's confirmed plan of reorganization to prevent the Defendants from pursuing certain personal injury lawsuits brought against CNA in Montana state court (the "Montana Complaints" or the "Montana Claims").3 The Defendants have moved to dismiss this adversary proceeding (D.I. 8) (the "Motion to Dismiss"). CNA has moved for summary judgment (D.I. 15) (the "Summary Judgment Motion").4 The parties disagree about whether the Montana Claims fall within the scope of the Asbestos PI Channeling Injunction. For the reasons set forth below, I conclude that the Montana Claims are enjoined by the Asbestos PI Channeling Injunction and, accordingly, I will deny the Defendants' Motion to Dismiss and grant CNA's Summary Judgment Motion.
BACKGROUND AND UNDISPUTED FACTS
The Debtors manufactured and sold specialty chemicals and construction materials for more than a century and, in the 1970's, began to face asbestos-related lawsuits.5 "Those lawsuits were based on harm allegedly caused by a number of Grace's products and activities, including its operation of a vermiculite mine in Libby, Montana" (the "Libby Facility").6 "Grace operated the mine from 1963 to 1990, and during that period the mining process released asbestos-containing dust into the atmosphere and allegedly sickened hundreds of area residents."7
Beginning in 1973, CNA issued commercial and general liability policies, umbrella policies, excess policies, and/or workers' compensation and employer liability policies to Grace, including policies in connection with Grace's operation of the Libby Facility.8 Some of those policies grant CNA the right to inspect the Libby Facility,9 but also include language intended to limit the legal effect of any inspections.10
On April 2, 2001, the Debtors filed voluntary chapter 11 petitions in this Court. The Debtors' First Amended Plan of Reorganization (the "Plan") took effect on February 3, 2014 (the "Effective Date").11 The Plan was supported by the Debtors and the Court-appointed representatives of the interests of existing and future asbestos claimants.12
The Plan creates the "WRG Asbestos PI Trust" (the "Asbestos PI Trust"), "a Delaware statutory trust, established pursuant to section 524(g)[13] of the Bankruptcy Code and in accordance with the Asbestos PI Trust Agreement."14 Section 8.2 of the Plan provides that "[i]n order to supplement, where necessary, the injunctive effect of the discharge provided by Bankruptcy Code §§ 1141, 524(a) and 105 and as described in this Article 8, and pursuant to the exercise of the equitable jurisdiction and power of the Court under Bankruptcy Code § 524(g), the Confirmation Order shall provide for issuance of the Asbestos PI Channeling Injunction to take effect as of the Effective Date."15
Section 8.2.1 of the Plan, entitled "Asbestos PI Channeling Injunction," provides, in pertinent part, that:
On and after the Effective Date, the sole recourse of the Holder of an Asbestos PI Claim[16] or a Successor Claim arising out of or based on any Asbestos PI Claim on account thereof shall be to the Asbestos PI Trust pursuant to the provisions of the Asbestos PI Channeling Injunction and the Asbestos PI TDP [Trust Distribution Procedures]. . . . Without limiting the foregoing, from and after the Effective Date, the Asbestos PI Channeling Injunction shall apply to all present and future Holders of Asbestos PI Claims . . . and all such Holders permanently and forever shall be stayed, restrained, and enjoined from taking any and all legal or other actions or making any Demand against any Asbestos Protected Party or any property or interest (including Distributions made pursuant to this Plan) in property of any Asbestos Protected Party for the purpose of, directly or indirectly, claiming, collecting, recovering, or receiving any payment, recovery, satisfaction, or any other relief whatsoever on, of, or with respect to any Asbestos PI Claims . . . other than from the Asbestos PI Trust in accordance with the Asbestos PI Channeling Injunction and pursuant to the Asbestos PI Trust Agreement and the Asbestos PI TDP. . . .17
The Plan defines an "Asbestos Protected Party" to include the "Settled Asbestos Insurance Companies,"18 which are defined as;
any Asbestos Insurance Entity[19] that has entered into an Asbestos Insurance Settlement Agreement;[20] but only with respect to, and only to the extent of, any Asbestos Insurance Policy (or any portion thereof) identified as the subject of an Asbestos Insurance Settlement Agreement in Exhibit 5 in the Exhibit Book . . . and further provided, for the avoidance of doubt that an Asbestos Insurance Entity is a Settled Asbestos Insurance Company to the fullest extent, but only to the extent provided by section 524(g) in respect of any claim that arises by reason of one of the activities enumerated in section 524(g)(4)(A)(ii).21
Under the Plan, an "Asbestos Insurance Policy" includes policies that provide "insurance coverage for any Asbestos Claim" but an Asbestos Insurance Policy does not include Workers' Compensation Claims.22
Exhibit 5 to the Plan includes CNA among the "Asbestos Insurance Entities which have entered into an Asbestos Insurance Settlement Agreement."23 CNA and Grace entered into a settlement agreement on November 18, 2010.24 Prior to 2010, CNA and Grace had engaged in years of litigation over the scope of CNA's coverage of Grace's asbestos liabilities, including those arising out of Grace's Libby Facility.25 Under the settlement agreement, CNA agreed to contribute the "Settlement Amount" of $84 million over a period of six years to the Asbestos PI Trust.26
In 2014, the Defendants filed seven actions in Montana against CNA (the "Montana Complaints").27 Each of the Montana Complaints include the following allegations:
a. Defendants "were Grace and Zonolite mine, mill or processing workers, independent contractors, loggers, homeowners, gardeners, recreators, ball field players, lumber mill workers, railroad workers, housewives/children of Grace workers, or community members of Libby, Montana."28
b. "While many Plaintiffs [here, Defendants] had repeated or continuous exposure, each of the Plaintiffs' individual exposure is unique in time, location, form, and degree of asbestos contact, and as a result of which Plaintiffs have been diagnosed with asbestos disease."29
c. "CNA, through Transportation Ins. Co. or Continental Casualty Co., was the workers' compensation insurance carrier for W. R. Grace" from July 1, 1973 to 1996.30
d. "CNA's professional staff included industrial hygienists and medical doctors with expertise in occupational disease" and "CNA was well aware of the hazards of asbestos exposure."31
e. "CNA undertook to provide industrial hygiene services for the benefit of Grace employees, their families, and the community."32
f. CNA had a duty of care "to the Libby workers, their families and to the community."33
g. "CNA was negligent in its undertaking to provide services: (a) in failing to recommend or require sufficient measures and standards for employee education, warning the workers, their families and the community, protection against asbestos dust going into workers' homes and into the community, dust control (including housekeeping, ventilation, exhaust air cleaning and maintenance) and medical monitoring; (b) in failing to sufficiently test and monitor the effectiveness of dust control at all locations where there was dust; (c) in failing to obtain medical information on the incidence of disease and deaths at the Grace operations from Grace and from public agencies; and (d) in failing to sufficiently study and use the information on dust control and asbestos disease that it did have."34
h. "CNA's representatives with expertise in industrial hygiene inspected the Grace Libby operations."35
i. CNA was negligent in inspection of the Grace Libby operations, in failing to report and act upon hazardous conditions due to insufficient worker education, insufficient warnings to workers, their families and to the community, insufficient dust control (including housekeeping, ventilation, exhaust air cleaning and maintenance), and insufficient medical monitoring."36
On June 8, 2015, CNA commenced this adversary proceeding by filing a complaint seeking declaratory judgment that the Montana Claims violate the Asbestos PI Channeling Injunction. The Defendants filed the Motion to Dismiss and CNA filed the Summary Judgment Motion.37 The Court heard oral argument on the competing motions and took the matter under advisement.
II. STANDARD FOR SUMMARY JUDGMENT
Rule 56 of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure, made applicable hereto by Federal Rule of Bankruptcy Procedure 7056, provides that "[t]he court shall grant summary judgment if the movant shows that there is no genuine dispute as to any material fact and the movant is entitled to judgment as a matter of law."38 At the summary judgment stage, the court's function is not to weigh the evidence and determine the truth of the matter, but to determine whether there is a genuine issue for trial.39
The moving party bears the burden of establishing the absence of a genuine dispute as to a material fact.40 "[A] party seeking summary judgment always bears the initial responsibility of informing the district court of the basis for its motion, and identifying those portions of `the pleadings, depositions, answers to interrogatories, and admissions on file, together with the affidavits, if any,' which it believes demonstrate the absence of a genuine issue of material fact."41 When the nonmoving party bears the burden of persuasion at trial, the moving party "may meet its burden . . . by showing that the nonmoving party's evidence is insufficient to carry that burden."42
Once the moving party has carried its initial burden, the opposing party "must do more than simply show that there is some metaphysical doubt as to the material facts."43 Summary judgment cannot be avoided by introducing only "a mere scintilla of evidence,"44 or by relying on "conclusory allegations, improbable inferences and unsupported speculation."45 "Brash conjecture coupled with earnest hope that something concrete will materialize, is insufficient to block summary judgment."46
Substantive law determines which facts are material; "[o]nly disputes over facts that might affect the outcome of the suit will preclude summary judgment."47 Moreover, a dispute over a material fact is genuine "if the evidence is such that a reasonable jury could return a verdict for the nonmoving party."48 The Court must resolve all doubts and consider the evidence in the light most favorable to the nonmoving party.49
III. DISCUSSION
CNA argues that the Defendants' pursuit of personal injury claims in Montana state court violates the Asbestos PI Channeling Injunction. The Defendants disagree, arguing that the Channeling Injunction, as limited by § 524(g)(4), does not apply to their claims, which arise from CNA's own negligence, and which do not seek recovery from insurance policy proceeds.50 The Defendants also argue that their personal injury claims are protected by the exception to the Asbestos PI Channeling Injunction for workers' compensation claims. The first part of the dispute lies in the language of Bankruptcy Code §524(g)(4). The second part of the dispute centers on language in the Plan that creates an exception in the Asbestos PI Channeling Injunction for workers' compensation claims.
A. The limitations of Section 524(g)(4) do not prevent the Asbestos PI Channeling Injunction from applying to the Montana Claims
"Section 524(g) provides a special form of supplemental injunctive relief for an insolvent debtor facing the unique problems and complexities associated with asbestos liability."51 As further explained by the Third Circuit:
Channeling asbestos-related claims to a personal injury trust relieves the debtor of the uncertainty of future asbestos liabilities. This helps achieve the purpose of Chapter 11 by facilitating the reorganization and rehabilitation of the debtor as an economically viable entity. At the same time, the rehabilitation process served by the channeling injunction supports the equitable resolution of asbestos-related claims. In theory, a debtor emerging from a Chapter 11 reorganization as a going-concern cleansed of asbestos liability will provide the asbestos personal injury trust with an "evergreen" source of funding to pay future claims. This unique funding mechanism makes it possible for future asbestos claimants to obtain substantially similar recoveries as current claimants in a manner consistent with due process. To achieve this relief, a debtor must satisfy the prerequisites set forth in § 524(g) in addition to the standard plan confirmation requirements.52
Subsection 524(g)(4) extends an asbestos channeling injunction in limited situations to enjoin actions against non-debtors, providing in pertinent part:
Notwithstanding the provisions of section 524(e),53 such an injunction may bar any action directed against a third party who is identifiable from the terms of such injunction (by name or as part of an identifiable group) and is alleged to be directly or indirectly liable for the conduct of, claims against, or demands on the debtor to the extent such alleged liability of such third party arises by reason of—. . . .
(III) the third party's provision of insurance to the debtor or a related party. . . .54
The Asbestos PI Channeling Injunction identifies CNA by name and, by incorporating the CNA/Grace Settlement Agreement in Exhibit 5 to the Plan, includes all known and unknown policies issued to Grace by CNA, with certain exceptions, including an exception for workers' compensation claims (which is discussed in more detail below). Therefore, CNA is identifiable from the terms of the channeling injunction.
Whether the language of § 524(g)(4)(A) limits the scope of the Asbestos PI Channeling Injunction to bar the Montana Claims requires consideration of the following questions: (i) do the Montana Claims allege that CNA is directly or indirectly liable for the conduct of, claims against, or demands on, the Debtors, and (ii) does the liability alleged in the Montana Claims arise by reason of CNA's provision of insurance to the Debtors?
(1) The Montana Claims seek to hold CNA "indirectly liable" for the Debtors' products or conduct.
The Defendants argue that the Montana Claims allege CNA is liable for its own negligent conduct, including the following: (i) CNA's actions or omissions in designing and implementing an inadequate industrial hygiene program, (ii) CNA's failure to conduct proper inspections, sampling and/or testing at the Libby Facility, and (iii) CNA's failure to warn the Montana Claimants of the danger of asbestos exposure. They assert these claims are independent of any claims against the Debtors. CNA argues in response that the Montana Claims seek recovery indirectly for injuries arising out of Grace's asbestos products or Grace's operations at the Libby Facility.
Section 524(g)(4) permits a channeling injunction to protect non-debtor third parties from law suits that are derivative of a debtor's conduct or claims against the debtors.55 In Combustion Engineering, the Third Circuit noted that the asbestos-related personal injury claims asserted against the debtors' affiliates arose from "different products, involved different asbestos-containing materials and were sold to different markets,"56 and were "wholly separate" from any liability involving the debtors.57 The Court then determined that the § 524(g)(4)(A) channeling injunction did not protect the non-debtor affiliates.58 In Pittsburgh Corning, the bankruptcy court determined that a § 524(g)(4)(A) injunction properly channeled claims against the debtors' affiliates that were based upon injuries caused by the debtor's products (known as "PC-Relationship Claims"), or were "conspiracy theory claims" based on joint and several liability theories with the debtor.59 However, the court ruled that the Pittsburgh Corning channeling injunction had to be tailored to exclude claims against affiliates involving asbestos products that were not manufactured, marketed or sold by the debtor.60
Here, the injuries giving rise to the Montana Claims are based on exposure to Grace's asbestos products or operations at the Libby Facility. There are no allegations that CNA produced, mined, or marketed any of its own asbestos products. Therefore, I conclude that the Montana Claims seek to hold CNA indirectly liable for the Debtors' conduct and products.61
(2) The Montana Claims allege that CNA's liability arises by reason of CNA's provision of insurance to the Debtors
Section 524(g)(4) provides that the channeling injunction protects a non-debtor third party only to the extent that the direct or indirect liability "arises by reason of" a particular relationship between the debtor and the third party.62 In this case, the relevant relationship is based on CNA's provision of insurance to the Debtors. There are no allegations that CNA has any connection to the Debtors' products or operations, except as an insurer. The Montana Complaints, however, assert that CNA breached certain duties that arise from that relationship and the rights it reserved for itself as an insurer under the relevant insurance policies, including improperly inspecting the Libby Facility, and failing to provide adequate industrial hygiene services for the benefit of Grace's employees, their families and the community.63
At first blush, it seems clear that the Montana Claims against CNA fall within the plain language and natural reading of the statute, i.e., the claims arise by reason of CNA's provision of insurance to the Debtors. However, the Defendants rely on case law interpreting § 524(g)(4)(A)(ii) and argue: (i) this provision protects insurers only to the extent of the proceeds of the policies issued by them; and (ii) the phrase "arises by reason of" requires the statutory relationship at issue (here, the provision of insurance) to be a legal element of the claims against the non-debtor. I conclude that these arguments have no merit here.
Section 524(g)(4)(A)(ii) does not contain language limiting the third-party injunction to claims against insurance proceeds. The Defendants argue, however, that derivative liability involving the insurer/insured relationship embraces only claims collectable from an insurance policy. The Defendants' argument is based upon an abbreviated reading of a line of decisions in the Johns-Manville bankruptcy case.64 Those cases considered, among other issues, whether an asbestos channeling injunction enjoined certain state court lawsuits against insurers who had settled with the debtors and were contributing funds to the personal injury settlement trust.65 The Second Circuit recognized that the claimants' state court actions against the insurer did not seek to collect from the proceeds of the policies issued to the debtor.66 The Second Circuit held that "[a] bankruptcy court only has jurisdiction to enjoin third-party non-debtor claims that directly affect the res of the bankruptcy estate."67 The Court determined that the insurance policies issued to the debtor were the most valuable assets of the bankruptcy estate.68 The Second Circuit then "held that the bankruptcy court's in rem jurisdiction was insufficient to allow it to enjoin Direct Actions based on state-law legal theories that seek to impose liability on [the insurer] as a separate entity rather than on the policies that it issued to [the debtor]."69
Accordingly, a bankruptcy court's injunction can reach only as far as its jurisdictional limits, but the inquiry is not limited to whether a claim seeks to collect proceeds of a debtor's insurance policy. The broader inquiry must be whether the third-party non-debtor claims affect the res of the bankruptcy estate.70 "One of the central purposes — perhaps the central purpose — of extending bankruptcy jurisdiction to actions against certain third parties, as well as suits against debtors themselves, is to `protect[] the assets of the estate' so as to ensure a fair distribution of those assets at a later point in time."71 In this case, there is an express agreement giving rise to indemnification obligations owed by the Debtors to CNA arising from any judgment or settlement payable by CNA on an Asbestos-Related Bodily Injury Claim that is not channeled to the Trust.72 The definition of Asbestos-Related Bodily Injury Claims includes:
Claims based on or arising out of the CNA Companies' alleged undertakings or duties to provide industrial hygiene, medical, or other loss control services, to conduct inspections, sampling, testing, or medical examinations, to provide warnings or educational services, shower facilities, protective clothing or protective equipment, or otherwise to undertake actions to educate, warn, or protect third parties about or from the dangers of exposure to asbestos or asbestos-containing vermiculite.73
To the extent that CNA incurs any liability arising out of the Montana Claims, any required indemnification by the Debtors will affect the res of the Debtors' estates, i.e., the Settlement Amount being paid by CNA to the Asbestos PI Trust in accordance with the court-approved Settlement Agreement and Plan.74 The Montana Claims are based (albeit indirectly) only on Grace's products and conduct; there is no need for the intervention of additional lawsuits to establish potential indemnification liability.75
Moreover, encouraging insurers to contribute to a debtor's trust also affects the res of the estate. Granting a § 524(g)(4)(A)(ii)(III) channeling injunction provides insurers with an incentive to contribute to a debtor's trust in exchange for finality.76 Statements by Senator Graham found in the legislative history of this Bankruptcy Code section underscore this purpose:
To those companies willing to submit to the stringent requirements in this section designed to ensure that the interests of asbestos claimants are protected, the bankruptcy courts' injunctive power will protect those debtors and certain third parties, such as their insurers, from future asbestos product litigation of the type which forced them into bankruptcy in the first place.
. . . .
By providing a trust to pay claims and an injunction channeling the present and future asbestos claims to that trust, the debtor and third parties who are alleged to be liable for the asbestos claims against the debtor will be encouraged to participate in a system that will maximize the assets available to pay asbestos claims, present and future, and provide for an equitable distribution and method of payment.77
The Montana Claims seek additional and alternative forums for Asbestos PI Claims arising out of Grace's products and conduct. While I am sympathetic that individuals may have suffered serious injuries, the purpose of the Asbestos PI Trust is to ensure that there is a fund available to compensate the victims, as well as future claimants, while also providing finality to insurers who contribute the trust. I conclude that applying the § 524(g)(4) injunction to bar the Montana Claims is consistent with this Court's jurisdiction, as well as the plain language and legislative history of the statute. Limiting a §524(g)(4)(A)(ii)(III) injunction to insurance proceeds it too attenuated.
The Defendants also argue that CNA's alleged liability for the Montana Claims does not arise by reason of CNA's provision of insurance to Grace because the connection between CNA's provision of insurance and the claims is factual, not legal. The Defendants rely upon a Second Circuit decision, Quigley, in which the court concluded that "the phrase `by reason of,' as employed in 11 U.S.C. § 524(g)(4)(A)(ii), requires that the alleged liability of a third party for the conduct of or claims against the debtor arises, in the circumstances, as a legal consequence of one of the four relationships between the debtor and the third party enumerated in subsections (I) through (IV)."78
In Quigley, the court decided that a preliminary injunction, which tracked the language of §524(g)(4)(A)(ii), did not cover claims alleging that the debtor's parent corporation was liable as an "apparent manufacturer" of the debtor's asbestos products, since the parent's name and logo appeared on those products.79 The parent corporation argued that it would not have applied its name and logo to the products absent its ownership interest in the debtor; therefore, liability would not arise "but for" the factual relationship between the parent and debtor. The court rejected this argument, deciding that the parent's ownership of the debtor was "legally irrelevant" to the apparent manufacturer claims.80
The Quigley court noted that "[s]ection 524(g) does not explicitly indicate whether the phrase `by reason of' refers to legal or factual causation, or some combination of the two."81 However, the court recognized that "[e]ach of the four relationships enumerated in subsections (I) through (IV) . . . is a relationship between one party and another that, in appropriate circumstances, has commonly given rise to the liability of the one party for the conduct of or claims or demands against the other, long before § 524(g) came into being."82 Moreover,
Section 524(g) is designed to "facilitat[e] the reorganization and rehabilitation of the debtor as an economically viable entity," as well as "make[] it possible for future asbestos claimants to obtain substantially similar recoveries as current claimants." In re Combustion Eng'g, Inc., 391 F.3d 190, 234 (3d Cir. 2004). Needless to say, barring the prosecution of claims bearing only an accidental nexus to an asbestos bankruptcy is less than tangentially related to that objective. . . . "The test for determining whether litigation has a significant connection with a pending bankruptcy [sufficient to confer bankruptcy jurisdiction] is whether its outcome might have any conceivable effect on the bankrupt estate." . . . We are unpersuaded that Congress intended with its use of the phrase "by reason of" to produce the peculiar results and jurisdictional difficulties that [the parent's] construction of this phrase would bring about.83
Thus, the Quigley court's "relationship" analysis also addresses the jurisdictional concerns of utilizing § 524(g)(4) to protect non-debtor third parties with an overly broad injunction. I have already concluded that the Montana Claims would affect the res of Grace's bankruptcy estate.
In this matter, the Defendants argue that CNA's insurance policies are not legally relevant to their claims which, they assert, arise under Section 324A of the Restatement (Second) of Torts, which provides:
One who undertakes, gratuitously or for consideration, to render services to another which he should recognize as necessary for the protection of a third person or his things, is subject to liability to the third person for physical harm resulting from his failure to exercise reasonable care to protect his undertaking, if
(a) his failure to exercise reasonable care increases the risk of such harm, or
(b) he has undertaken to perform a duty owed by the other to the third person, or
(c) the harm is suffered because of reliance of the other or the third person upon the undertaking.84
I disagree with the Defendants' assertion that CNA's provision of insurance to the Debtors is not legally relevant to the Montana Claims, or that there is only some accidental nexus between the two. The basis for the alleged undertakings by CNA (i.e., industrial hygiene services or inspections of Grace's facilities) arise wholly out of the insurance relationship.
Accordingly, I conclude that the Asbestos PI Channeling Injunction, which incorporates the provisions of Bankruptcy Code § 524(g)(4)(A)(ii), enjoins the Montana Claims.
B. The Montana Claims do not fall within the exception in the Asbestos PI Channeling Injunction for workers' compensation claims
The Defendants also argue that the Montana Claims arise from CNA's provision of workers' compensation insurance to the Debtors and the Asbestos PI Channeling Injunction does not enjoin claims under a worker' compensation policy.
According to the CNA/Grace Settlement Agreement, "Subject Policies" entitled to § 524(g) protection include:
all known and unknown policies, or portions of policies, issued to [Grace] by any of the CNA Companies, . . . with a policy period or term incepting prior to June 30, 1985 . . . and that actually or potentially provide insurance coverage for any Asbestos-Related Claims; provided however, that "Subject Policies" does not include any rights or obligations under any insurance policy or settlement agreement to which any of the Grace Parties are a party to the extent, but only to the extent, that such rights or obligations pertain solely to coverage for Workers' Compensation Claims.85
Similarly, under the Plan, an "Asbestos Insurance Policy" includes policies that provide "insurance coverage for any Asbestos Claim," but does not include Workers' Compensation Claims.86 The Plan defines "Workers' Compensation Claims" as:
any Claim: (i) for benefits under a state-mandated workers' compensation system, which a past, present, or future employee of the debtors or their predecessors is receiving, or may in the future have a right to receive and/or (ii) for reimbursement brought by any insurance company or state agency as a result of payments made to or for the benefit of such employees under such a system and fees and expenses incurred under any insurance policies or laws or regulations covering such employee claims.87
The exception is for Workers' Compensation Claims, not workers' compensation policies. The Defendants are not asserting that the Montana Claims include workers' compensation claims.
The Defendants also argue that allowing channeling injunctions under § 524(g)(4) to protect workers' compensation insurers unreasonably preempts state police powers. Workers' compensation laws are part of a state's "comprehensive regulatory scheme[] whose purpose is to improve work-place safety and health and to compensate employees for those injuries and illnesses that originate on the job, in part by ensuring the availability of funds for this purpose over a period of each state's determination."88 In Irving Tanning, the court determined that the scope of preemption permitted in a plan under § 1123(a) did not apply to nonbankruptcy laws that are concerned with protecting public health, safety and welfare.89 The Asbestos PI Channeling Injunction carefully excluded workers' compensation claims. It does not interfere with coverage for, or payment of, workers' compensation claims.
V. CONCLUSION
In conclusion, the Montana Claims are subject to the Asbestos PI Channeling Injunction. CNA is entitled to summary judgment because (1) the Defendants are seeking to hold CNA "directly or indirectly" liable for the conduct of and claims against Grace; (2) CNA's alleged liability arises by reason of CNA's provision of insurance to Grace; and (3) the Defendants' claims against CNA are not workers' compensation claims that are excluded from the channeling injunction.
An appropriate order follows.
