OPINION2

D.I. 293

KEVIN J. CAREY, Bankruptcy Judge.

Before the Court is the Debtors' Omnibus Motion for Entry of An Order Authorizing the Rejection of Certain Executory Employment Contracts Nunc Pro Tunc to the Closing Date (D.I. 293) (the "Rejection Motion"), which seeks authorization to reject thirty contracts (collectively, the "Rejection Contracts"). Two of the Debtors' former employees, Andrea Baker and Hector Herrera (collectively, the "Objecting Employees"), jointly represented, filed the Response of Andrea Baker and Hector Herrera to Debtors' Motion to Reject Employment Agreements (D.I. 314) (the "Objection"). On July 24, 2017, the Court held a hearing to address the issue of whether certain contracts between the Objecting Employees and the Debtors (the "Separation Agreements") are executory contracts subject to rejection. After conducting oral argument, I asked the parties to make supplemental submissions in support of their respective positions (the "Supplemental Submissions").3 Subsequently, I took this matter under advisement. For the reasons that follow, I find that the Separation Agreements are executory contracts and will enter an order authorizing rejection of all thirty Rejection Contracts, including the Separation Agreements, nunc pro tunc to the Closing Date, as the Debtors have requested.4

BACKGROUND

Ms. Baker, age 65, and Mr. Herrera, age 69, are former employees of the Debtor. Together, they claimed to have been unlawfully replaced by younger employees. The Debtors entered into: (i) the Confidential Separation and Release Agreement, executed on March 3, 2017 with Andrea Baker (the "Baker Separation Agreement"); and (ii) the Confidential Separation and Release Agreement, executed on April 6, 2017 with Hector Herrera (the "Herrera Separation Agreement") (collectively, the "Separation Agreements"). The Separation Agreements, among other things, bound the Objecting Employees to: (i) a non-compete clause for a term of 6-months after their respective separation dates; (ii) a non-solicitation clause for a term of 12-months after their respective separation dates; (iii) a confidentiality clause; and (iv) a release of all claims against the Debtors arising out of their employment or termination (the "General Release Obligations").

In consideration for signing the Separation Agreements, the Debtors agreed to pay the Objecting Employees for all hours worked and for accrued but unused vacation through their respective separation dates (the "Vacation Payments"), plus additional consideration, to be paid in installments commencing after the Objecting Employees executed the Separation Agreements (the "Additional Consideration").

Under the Baker Separation Agreement, Ms. Baker's employment was deemed terminated as of April 17, 2017. Under the Herrera Separation Agreement, Mr. Herrera's employment was deemed terminated as of May 26, 2017 (collectively, the "Separation Dates").

On April 10, 2017 (the "Petition Date"), each Debtor filed voluntary petitions for relief under chapter 11 of the Bankruptcy Code. The Debtors continue in possession of their properties and assets as debtors-in-possession under Sections 1107(a) and 1108 of the Bankruptcy Code. On April 11, 2017, the Debtors filed a motion seeking authority to sell substantially all of their assets under Sections 363 and 365 of the Bankruptcy Code and approval of bidding and sale procedures in connection with the Sale.5 On April 27, 2017, I entered an order approving bidding and sale procedures and approving CBQ, LLC as the "Stalking Horse Purchaser."6 On May 30, 2017, the Debtors filed a Notice of Successful Bidder, announcing that the Stalking Horse Purchaser was the successful bidder for the purchase of substantially all of the Debtors' assets. The Stalking Horse Purchaser did not assume the Separation Agreements as part of its Asset Purchase Agreement.

On June 7, 2017, I entered an order approving the sale.7 The sale closed on June 14, 2017 (the "Closing Date"), and the Debtors are now in the process of winding down their estates. Accordingly, the Debtors have ceased operations, no longer have any employees, and consequently argue that they have neither the need nor the funds to continue to abide by the Separation Agreements.8

DISCUSSION

The Debtors argue that the Separation Agreements are prepetition executory contracts subject to assumption or rejection under 11 U.S.C. § 365. Accordingly, the Debtors assert that rejection of the Separation Agreements is reasonable under the business judgment rule.

In response, the Objecting Employees assert that the Separation Agreements are not executory contracts because they were "virtually fully performed" and, thus, not subject to assumption or rejection under 11 U.S.C. § 365.

1. The Separation Agreements are Executory Contracts.

Section 365(a) of the Bankruptcy Code provides that a debtor-in-possession, "subject to the court's approval, may assume or reject any executory contract or unexpired lease."9 While the Bankruptcy Code does not provide a concrete definition of "executory contract," it is well settled in the Third Circuit that "[an executory contract is] a contract under which the obligation[s] of both the bankrupt and other party to the contract are so far unperformed that the failure of either to complete performance would constitute a material breach excusing performance of the other."10 If both parties to a contract have unperformed material obligations, the contract is executory and is capable of being rejected or assumed under section 365 of the Bankruptcy Code.11 As a further qualification, such bilateral material unperformed obligations must exist at the time the bankruptcy petition is filed.12 Accordingly, the primary issue at bar is whether there were bilateral material unperformed obligations under the Separation Agreements on the Petition Date.13

The Debtors maintain that, as of the Petition Date, both the Objecting Employees and the Debtors had materially unperformed obligations under the Separation Agreements. Specifically, the Debtors point out their obligations to make Additional Consideration and Vacation Payments on the one hand, and on the other hand point out the Objecting Employees' obligations to continue working for the Debtors until the Separation Dates and to adhere to the non-compete and non-solicitation requirements under the Separation Agreements.14 The Debtors acknowledge, however, that the General Release Obligations were fully performed upon the execution of the Separation Agreements, prior to the Petition Date.

The Objecting Employees argue in response that the Separation Agreements did not contain bilateral material unperformed obligations on the Petition Date because the Separation Agreements were "virtually fully-performed because the Debtor ha[d] already derived the value that it wanted from the agreements—the release by Ms. Baker and Mr. Herrera of their claims against the Debtor for age discrimination and other legal claims based upon their wrongful terminations."15 Accordingly, because the General Release Obligations were fully performed upon the signing of the Separation Agreements, the Objecting Employees conclude that there were no bilateral material unperformed obligations on the Petition Date.

Aside from competing statements in the papers, the record provides scant evidence to support the Objecting Employees' assertion that the primary value of the Separation Agreements is the General Release Obligations.16 However, determining the subjective intent of the Debtors in entering into these agreements is unnecessary. If the Objecting Employees' obligations to adhere to the non-compete and non-solicitation clauses are material to the Separation Agreements, the contention regarding the General Release Obligations necessarily fails.

Accordingly, under Illinois law,17 the determination of whether a breach is material:

In the present case, this inquiry can be broken down into three separate questions: (1) what was the bargained-for objective of the parties to the Separation Agreements; (2) under Illinois law, is the breach of non-compete and non-solicitation clauses generally considered material in the overall context of employment agreements; and (3) would the Objecting Employees' breach of the non-compete or non-solicitation clauses disproportionately benefit the Debtors by negating their obligation to pay the Additional Consideration and Vacation Payments?

Under the tenants of contract interpretation, the starting point for determining the bargained-for objective of the parties is the four-corners of the Separation Agreements.19 As pointed out by the Debtors, the Separation Agreements in question provide at paragraph 15, "[B]reach of any obligation or covenant set forth in this Agreement will have a material and adverse effect upon the Company and will cause the Company irreparable harm, and damages arising from any breach may be difficult to ascertain."20 The Debtors argue that because "[s]imilar language does not appear elsewhere in the Prepetition Separation Agreements . . . [it] is indicative of the import and materiality of the Restrictive Covenants."21 However, paragraph 15, titled "Injunctive Relief," by its very language applies to all obligations and covenants within the Separation Agreements, not just the non-compete and non-solicitation clauses.

Moving on to the second question, the parties clash as to whether Illinois considers these types of restrictive covenants, and the breach thereof, material. While the Debtors argue briefly that the non-compete and non-solicitation clauses are central provisions, and thus material, to the Separation Agreements, the Objecting Employees support their contention by citing to In re Enrique M. Lopez, M.D.S.C.22 This citation, perhaps not in the way the Objecting Employees intended, is instructive for two reasons.

First, it is correct that the Lopez Court held that Dr. Bruni's breach of the non-compete clause contained in the Asset Purchase Agreement in question did not amount to a material breach of the agreement.23 In reaching this decision, however, the Court had the benefit of hindsight.24 The Court was able to examine the consequences of the party's breach and determine whether the Debtor was "deprived to any significant degree of the benefit the Debtor expected to derive from the Agreement."25 Accordingly, as a result of the breach, the Court found that the Debtor "suffered, at most, minimal harm."26 Contrasted with the case at hand, the Court here can look only prospectively at the hypothetical consequences that would arise should the Objecting Employees breach one or both of the restrictive covenants.27

Second, the Court in Lopez distinguished between whether a clause is material and whether the breach is material.28 Specifically, the Court noted, "There is no doubt, as the Debtor contends, that the covenant not to compete is a material provision of the Agreement."29 This is a clear indication that, even in the context of an asset purchase agreement, much larger in scope than the Separation Agreements in question here, restrictive covenants such as non-compete clauses are generally considered material under Illinois law.

As to the third question, nothing in the record indicates that, upon a breach of the non-compete or non-solicitation clauses, the Objecting Employees would suffer a disproportionate harm or that the Debtors would disproportionately benefit if the Debtors were then able, reciprocally, to discontinue their obligations under the Separation Agreements.

Taking into account the language of the Separation Agreements, indicating that the parties intended to convey materiality to each restrictive covenant, the custom and usage of restrictive covenants under Illinois law, as directed through Lopez, and the absence of evidence on the record indicating a disparity in advantages upon a hypothetical breach, I find that the Objecting Employees obligations under the non-compete and non-solicitation clauses of the Separation Agreements were material; the parties to the Separation Agreements each had material unperformed obligations upon the Petition Date. Thus, the Separation Agreements are executory contracts subject to rejection or assumption under 11 U.S.C. § 365.

2. The Debtors May Reject the Separation Agreements Under Section 365(a) of the Bankruptcy Code.

The business judgment rule governs a debtor's decision of whether to reject an executory contract under 11 U.S.C. § 365.30 "Under the business judgment standard, the sole issue is whether the rejection benefits the estate."31 Further, a "debtor's determination to reject an executory contract can only be overturned if the decision was the product of bad faith, whim or caprice."32

Here, the Stalking Horse Purchaser elected not to assume the Separation Agreements. Given the sale of substantially all of their assets, the cessation of operations, and the focus on winding down their estates, the record is clear that the Separation Agreements no longer provide any benefit to the Debtors or their estates.33 Accordingly, the Debtors have determined that rejecting the Separation Agreements is in the best interests of their estates and creditors. There is nothing in the record to suggest that the decision was not made in the sound exercise of the Debtors' reasonable business judgment. Therefore, I will authorize the Debtors to reject the Separation Agreements under 11 U.S.C. § 365.

3. The Court Will Authorize the Rejection of the Rejection Contracts Effective Nunc Pro Tunc to the Closing Date.

The Debtors also seek an effective rejection date for the Rejection Contracts, including the Separation Agreements, nunc pro tunc to the Closing Date. Section 365 of the Bankruptcy Code does not specifically address whether courts may order rejection to be effective retroactively.34 However, courts have held that bankruptcy courts may exercise their equitable powers in granting such a retroactive order when doing so promotes the purposes of Section 365(a).35 Courts have further held that the retroactive rejection of executory contracts and unexpired leases may be approved "after balancing the equities" of a case and concluding that such equities weigh in favor of the debtor.36

Interestingly, although case law regarding retroactive rejection in the context of commercial real estate is plentiful, this issue in the context of employment agreements is fairly unexplored. The Ninth Circuit's decision in In re At Home Corp.37 provides a brief history of this issue, illustrating the evolution of retroactive nonresidential lease rejections since the First Circuit's 1995 decision in In re Thinking Machines, Corp.38 The Court also explained that "the equitable authority recognized in Thinking Machines has been imported to contexts other than unexpired nonresidential leases,"39 pointing to In re Malden Mills Indus., Inc.'s application of this principle to the abandonment of personal property.40

The Debtors in the present case contend that retroactive rejection is appropriate for four reasons: (1) following the sale, the Debtors effectively ceased operations and no longer had a need for employee services, which was communicated to the employees prior to the closing; (2) the Debtors do not have the funds to make payments under the Rejection Contracts and remittance would not benefit the estate; (3) the payment provisions of the Rejection Contracts create further burdens on the estate; and (4) the Rejection Contracts contain non-compete clauses, which place burdens on the counterparties.41 Accordingly, the Debtors assert that neither the Debtors nor the counterparties to the Rejection Contracts will suffer prejudice as a result of the retroactive rejection.42

The Objecting Employees have not contested such retroactive rejection either in the Objection or in the Supplemental Submission. Therefore, upon a review of the principles of equity under the circumstances,43 the Court will authorize the rejection of the Rejection Contracts, including the Separation Agreements, nunc pro tunc to the Closing Date.

CONCLUSION

The Separation Agreements are executory contracts, and I will enter an order authorizing rejection of all thirty Rejection Contracts, including the Separation Agreements, under 11 U.S.C. § 365, nunc pro tunc to the Closing Date. An appropriate order follows.