JOSEPH J. FARNAN, JR., District Judge.
WHEREAS, Magistrate Judge Stark issued a Report and Recommendation (D.I. 95) dated June 18, 2010, concerning Claim Construction;
WHEREAS, the Report and Recommendation provided construction for the terms disputed by the parties;
WHEREAS, Defendants filed Objections to Judge Stark's Report and Recommendation (D.I. 97);
WHEREAS, the Court concludes that Judge Stark's Report and Recommendation should be adopted for the reasons stated by Judge Stark in his Report and Recommendation;
WHEREAS, Plaintiffs filed an unopposed Motion For Clarification And Correction Of the Report And Recommendation Regarding Claim Construction (D.I. 98);
WHEREAS, Defendants filed an unopposed Motion For Clarification/ Correction Of the Report And Recommendation Regarding Claim Construction (D.I. 104);
NOW THEREFORE, IT IS HEREBY ORDERED that:
LEONARD P. STARK, United States Magistrate Judge.
Plaintiffs Abbott Laboratories and Abbott Respiratory LLC (collectively, "Abbott") filed this patent infringement action against Defendants Lupin Limited and Lupin Pharmaceuticals, Inc. (collectively, "Lupin") on March 6, 2009. (D.I. 1) Abbott alleges that Lupin infringes seven of its patents relating to Abbott's drug Niaspan®: U.S. Patent No. 6,080,428 (the "'428 patent"),
Claim construction issues in this case were referred to the undersigned magistrate judge per the Court's order of February 4, 2010. (D.I. 51) Briefing was completed in March 2010 (D.I. 54; D.I. 55; D.I. 58; D.I. 60) and a Markman hearing was held on May 21, 2010. See Transcript of May 21, 2010 hearing (D.I. 94) (hereinafter "Tr.").
Hyperlipidemia "is characterized by the presence of excess fats such as cholesterol and triglycerides in the blood stream," and is associated with abnormally high levels of "bad cholesterol," which includes high levels of low density lipoproteins ("LDL"), triglycerides, and apolipoprotein(a) ("Lp(a)"). (D.I. 55 at 3) Abnormally low levels of "good cholesterol," also known as high density lipoproteins ("HDL"), are also associated with hyperlipidemia. (Id.) Hyperlipidemia can lead to an increased risk of atherosclerosis, which is a hardening of the arteries due to an accumulation of cholesterol plaque in the arterial walls. (Id. at 3-4) Atherosclerosis may cause a number of significant health problems, such as coronary heart disease (that often leads to heart attacks), peripheral arterial disease, and strokes. (Id. at 4)
Niacin, or "nicotinic acid," has long been used to reduce total cholesterol, LDLs, triglycerides, and LP(a), while increasing HDLs. (Id.) Niacin administered to treat these conditions, however, is accompanied by uncomfortable and dangerous side effects. (Id.) The type of niacin treatment determines its effects and side effects; generally, niacin is given to patients in either immediate release or sustained release dosage forms. (D.I. 54 at 2-3)
"Immediate release" ("IR") niacin treatments are typically administered three or four times per day, and release nearly all of their niacin in the bloodstream very quickly (e.g., within 30 to 60 minutes of ingestion). (D.I. 55 at 4) While IR niacin treatments were generally known to reduce unfavorable cholesterol and increase desirable cholesterol, they were also commonly associated with "flushing," a side effect that causes a patient to develop a
"Sustained release" ("SR") niacin was developed to avoid the flushing side effect that accompanies IR niacin. (Id. at 5) Although normally dosed between two and four times per day, SR niacin is designed to release niacin slowly into the bloodstream over a prolonged period of time— "usually 12 to 24 hours." (Id.) By lowering the peak concentration of niacin in the patient's blood at any one time, this dosage formulation reduces or eliminates the flushing effect. (Id.; D.I. 54 at 3) However, SR niacin has been shown to be less effective than IR niacin, yielding a significantly lower reduction in "bad" cholesterol and a much smaller increase in "good" cholesterol. (D.I. 55 at 5) Additionally, prior-art SR niacin therapies produced liver damage and harmful increases in uric acid or blood glucose levels. (Id.) Prior to Niaspan®, the FDA had not approved SR niacin for the treatment of hyperlipidemia. (Id. at 4)
The safety and usefulness of these various niacin treatments depend on the treatment's effects on a patient's liver. The Abbott patents discuss, among other things, three aspects of a patient's health that are tested to detect liver or other damage. (D.I. 54 at 3-4) Specifically, physicians monitor the risk of gout, diabetes, and liver damage in patients on drug therapies like niacin. (Id. at 4) The presence of high levels of uric acid in a patient's bloodstream is often correlated with gout (inflammation of the joints). (Id.) Excessive levels of glucose in the bloodstream can indicate diabetes. (Id.) When liver damage has occurred in a patient, three enzymes are released into the bloodstream: alanine transaminase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), and alkaline phosphates (ALK). (M)
Some prior-art SR niacin products caused toxicity in the liver where the nicotinic acid (niacin) is broken down into its metabolites, an excess of which can cause liver damage. (D.I. 54 at 3) By contrast, IR niacin products cause less of a toxic effect because the liver generally breaks down heavy doses of niacin quickly, shielding the liver from dangerous metabolites, but the quicker release rate delivers less of the drug. (Id.)
Given the harmful side effects of both IR and SR niacin, the Abbott patents claim a treatment regimen for niacin of one dose of an "effective antihyperlipidemic amount of a sustained release niacin composition, delivered once per day in the evening or at night." (D.I. 55 at 5-6 (citing '428 patent, col. 1 lines 12-21)) Dosing patients in the evening allowed the drug to act "when the rate of cholesterol synthesis was believed to be at its highest." (D.I. 55 at 6 (citing '715 patent, col. 4 line 54 to col. 5 line 55)) Further, dosing patients only once per day "helped prevent liver damage (hepatotoxicity) and increases in glucose and uric acid by avoiding constantly exposing the liver to nicotinic acid, as typically occurred when prior art [SR] products were administered several times per day." (D.L 55 at 5 (citing '715 patent, col. 5 lines 17-26)) This basic dosing regimen was used to develop additional inventions "focused on the biopharmaceutical properties—such as the urinary metabolite profile, the plasma concentration profile, and the dissolution profile—necessary to effectively
The '428 patent was filed on January 14, 1995 and issued on June 27, 2000, naming David Bova as the inventor. The disputed terms to be construed in the '428 patent appear in independent claim 1 and dependent claim 3 and are highlighted below:
('428 patent, col. 12 lines 17-22, 26-27)
The '930 patent was filed on March 6, 1997 and issued on October 10, 2000 as a continuation-in-part of the '428 patent, naming David Bova as the inventor. The disputed terms to be construed in the '930 patent appear in independent claims 18, 51, 115, and 133. Claims 18, 51, and 115 are shown below as examples, with the disputed language emphasized:
('930 patent, col. 16 lines 23-35, col. 18 lines 47-63, col. 24 lines 5-20)
The '229, '691, '715, and '967 patents (collectively, the "OP patents") are continuation-in-part patents to the '930 patent. Many of the same disputed terms appear several times throughout these patents,
('229 patent, col. 30 lines 5-17)
('715 patent, col. 28 line 54 to col. 29 line 4)
('967 patent, col. 30 lines 22-62)
The '848 patent was filed on December 22, 1999 and issued on March 14, 2006, with David Bova as the named inventor. The disputed terms in the '848 patent appear in claims 1 and 3 as follows:
('848 patent, col. 15 line 66 to col. 16 lines 32-37, col. 16 lines 41-43)
"It is a bedrock principle of patent law that the claims of a patent define the invention to which the patentee is entitled the right to exclude." Phillips v. AWH Corp., 415 F.3d 1303, 1312 (Fed.Cir. 2005) (internal quotation marks omitted). Construing the claims of a patent presents a question of law. See Markman v. West-view Instruments, Inc., 52 F.3d 967, 977-78 (Fed.Cir.1995), aff'd, 517 U.S. 370, 388-90, 116 S.Ct. 1384, 134 L.Ed.2d 577 (1996). "[T]here is no magic formula or catechism for conducting claim construction." Phillips, 415 F.3d at 1324. Instead, the court is free to attach the appropriate weight to appropriate sources "in light of the statutes and policies that inform patent law." Id.
While "the claims themselves provide substantial guidance as to the meaning of particular claim terms," the context of the surrounding words of the claim also must be considered. Phillips, 415 F.3d at 1314. Furthermore, "[o]ther claims of the patent in question, both asserted and unasserted, can also be valuable sources of enlightenment . . . [b]ecause claim terms are normally used consistently throughout the patent. . . ." Id. (internal citation omitted).
It is likewise true that "[d]ifferences among claims can also be a useful guide. . . . For example, the presence of a dependent claim that adds a particular limitation gives rise to a presumption that the limitation in question is not present in the independent claim." Id. at 1314-15 (internal citation omitted). This "presumption is especially strong when the limitation in dispute is the only meaningful difference between an independent and dependent claim, and one party is urging that the limitation in the dependent claim should be read into the independent claim." Sun-Race Roots Enter. Co. v. SRAM Corp., 336 F.3d 1298, 1303 (Fed.Cir.2003).
It is also possible that "the specification may reveal a special definition given to a claim term by the patentee that differs from the meaning it would otherwise possess. In such cases, the inventor's lexicography governs." Phillips, 415 F.3d at 1316. It bears emphasis that "[e]ven when the specification describes only a single embodiment, the claims of the patent will not be read restrictively unless the patentee has demonstrated a clear intention to limit the claim scope using words or expressions of manifest exclusion or restriction," Liebel-Flarsheim Co. v. Medrad, Inc., 358 F.3d 898, 906 (Fed.Cir.2004) (internal quotation marks omitted), aff'd, 481 F.3d 1371 (Fed.Cir.2007).
In addition to the specification, a court "should also consider the patent's prosecution history, if it is in evidence." Markman, 52 F.3d at 980. The prosecution history, which is "intrinsic evidence," "consists of the complete record of the proceedings before the PTO [Patent and Trademark Office] and includes the prior art cited during the examination of the patent." Phillips, 415 F.3d at 1317. "[T]he prosecution history can often inform the meaning of the claim language by demonstrating how the inventor understood the invention and whether the inventor limited the invention in the course of prosecution, making the claim scope narrower than it would otherwise be." Id.
A court also may rely on "extrinsic evidence," which "consists of all evidence external to the patent and prosecution history, including expert and inventor testimony, dictionaries, and learned treatises." Markman, 52 F.3d at 980. For instance, technical dictionaries can assist the court in determining the meaning of a term to those of skill in the relevant art because
Finally, "[t]he construction that stays true to the claim language and most naturally aligns with the patent's description of the invention will be, in the end, the correct construction." Renishaw PLC v. Marposs Societa' per Azioni, 158 F.3d 1243, 1250 (Fed.Cir.1998). It follows that "`a claim interpretation that would exclude the inventor's device is rarely the correct interpretation.'" Osram GmbH v. Int'l Trade Comm'n, 505 F.3d 1351, 1358 (Fed. Cir.2007). Thus, if possible, claims should be construed to uphold validity. See In re Yamamoto, 740 F.2d 1569, 1571 (Fed.Cir. 1984).
The parties present over 50 disputed claim terms across the Abbott patents. Fortunately, however, the number of issues that must be resolved is far fewer. As is set out in detail below, the proper construction of the disputed terms follows from the answers to the following six questions: (A) do the Abbott patents exclude an "internal hydrophobic component"; (B) whether the "treatment-limiting" terms should be numerically defined; (C) whether "sustained release" can be defined in relation to "immediate release"; (D) whether "significant increase" should be numerically defined; (E) whether "intermediate release" can be defined in relation to both "sustained release" and "intermediate release"; and (F) whether "about" should be numerically defined.
The critical dispute between the parties over the construction of several claims of the Abbott patents is whether they should be construed to exclude "an internal hydrophobic component." (D.I. 55 at 2; D.I. 54 at 5-6) The parties agree that the resolution of this issue should apply to all the claims for which Lupin proposes this exclusionary language. (Tr. at 89-90) The disputed claims and the parties' proposed constructions for them are as follows:
Abbott's Proposed Lupin's Proposed
Term/Phrase (Claim Nos.) Construction Construction
"Oral solid dosage form" a drug product in a solid a drug product in a solid
('428 patent, claim 1) form to be administered by form to be administered by
mouth mouth a solid dosage form
not containing an internal
hydrophobic component designed for oral administration "sustained release A composition which when A composition not containing composition" administered to a patient to an internal hydrophobic component ('930 patent, claims 18 & be treated, the active designed to release 133) ingredient will be released an active ingredient slower for absorption into the blood than an immediate release stream over a period of time formulation which is slower than that of immediate release formulations"oral sustained release A drug product sold in a solid A solid dosage form not containing solid dosage form" form to be administered an internal hydrophobic ('930 patent, claims 51 & by mouth and which when so component designed for 115) administered to a patient to oral administration and be treated, the active designed to release an ingredient will be released active ingredient slower than for absorption into the blood an immediate release stream over a period of time formulation which is slower than that of immediate release formulations"dosing" administering a dose administering a dosage form ('848 patent, claim 1) containing an active ingredient but not containing an internal hydrophobic component"intermediate release A nicotinic acid formulation A dosage form not containing nicotinic acid formulation" which, when administered to an internal hydrophobic (('715 patent, claims 1, 3, 5, 7, a patient to be treated, the component that releases an 9, & 11) active ingredient will be active ingredient, namely, released for absorption into nicotinic acid, in vitro or in ('229 patent, claims 17 & 25) the blood stream over a period vivo over a period of time of time which is slower which is greater than 1 hour ('691 patent, claim 13) than that of immediate release but less than 24 hours niacin formulations, but ('967 patent, claim 16) faster and different than other sustained release niacin formulations
Abbott argues that Lupin's proposed constructions excluding an "internal hydrophobic component" are facially incorrect. (D.I. 55 at 12) For instance, several of the '428 patent's dependent claims "expressly provide for tablets comprising a lubricating agent, such as stearic acid or magnesium stearate, which are hydrophobic components." (Id. (citing '428 patent, claims 8, 9)) Additionally, the '428 patent's specification describes the use of swelling agents, which "`include, but are not limited to, polymers such as . . . ethylcellulose and waxes. . . .'" (Id. at 13-14 (quoting '428 patent, col. 4 lines 14-18)) The specification also states that "[p]rocessing aids, such as lubricants, including stearic acid," may be used. ('428 patent, col. 4 lines 44-45) Ethylcellulose, waxes, and stearic acid are all hydrophobic components. (D.I. 55 at 14) Further, the specification provides that the swelling agent may be "`compounded with the nicotinic acid,' making it an `internal' component of the tablet." (Id. (quoting '428 patent, col. 4 lines 5-12,
Regarding Lupin's argument that the '930 patent's specification excludes hydrophobic components by utilizing a "hydrophilic matrix controlled drug delivery system," Abbott responds that this description in the specification is merely "the best mode" for producing Niaspan®, which is only one embodiment of the '930 invention, and that nothing in the asserted claims requires use of a hydrophilic matrix delivery system. (D.I. 58 at 14) Moreover, Abbott contends that use of a hydrophilic matrix controlled delivery system does not preclude using hydrophobic components. (Id.) According to Abbott and its expert. Dr. McGinity, a person of ordinary skill in the art would understand that "hydrophobic components (e.g., ethylcellulose or waxes) may be combined with the hydrophilic swelling agent to achieve the desired release of the active ingredient." (Id. (citing Supp. McGinity Decl. ¶ 18))
Abbott also argues that the prosecution history of the '428 patent's claim 1 undermines Lupin's proposed construction of "oral solid dosage form." According to Abbott, during "much" of the '428 patent's prosecution, the PTO Examiner took the position that the pending application and another patent, U.S. Patent No. 5,268,181 (the "O'Neill patent"), claimed the same invention, thereby requiring an interference to determine which inventor had priority of invention. (D.I. 55 at 15 (citing JA000270, '428 File History, June 10, 1996 Office Action and JA000292, '428 File History, Nov. 22, 1996 Office Communication)) The PTO applies a two-way test in order to decide whether the same invention is claimed by two patents: the claims of the application being examined "must anticipate or render obvious" the claims of the other patent and vice versa. Eli Lilly & Co. v. Bd. of Regents of the Univ. of Wash., 334 F.3d 1264, 1268-69 (Fed.Cir.2003).
The '428 patent inventor argued that no interference should be declared for two reasons: (1) the O'Neill patent was not anticipated by nor obvious in light of the '428 application because the O'Neill patent's claimed method "required a specific composition (that included an internal hydrophobic component), while the '428 application did not require such a specific composition;" and (2) the '428 application's claimed method centered around the dosing and time of administration, neither of which were anticipated by nor obvious in light of the O'Neill patent. (D.I. 55 at 16 (citing JA000277-78, '428 File History, Aug. 5, 1996 Amendment and Response at 3-4)) In concluding that an interference was not necessary, the Examiner appeared to accept the inventor's distinctions, stating that:
(Id. at 16-17 (quoting JA000473, '428 File History, June 30, 1999 Notice of Allowability at 2)) In response, the '428 patent
With respect to the term "dosing" in claim 1 of the '848 patent, Abbott argues that its construction is confirmed by the term's plain language and the '848 patent's specification. (D.I. 55 at 36-37 (citing '848 patent, col. 3 lines 32-36, col. 9 lines 58-60)) Abbott also argues that the prosecution history confirms its construction. Original claim 1 of the '848 patent contained the term "dosing" and issued without amendment or argument between the Examiner and the applicant about the meaning of the term. (Id. at 37)
Lupin asserts that both the specification and prosecution history of the '428 patent demonstrate that the disputed claims should be construed to include the negative limitation "not containing an internal hydrophobic component." (D.I. 54 at 6-7) Lupin maintains that the specification "identifies hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (a well-known hydrophilic material) as the preferred swelling agent" and discloses "no mechanism other than the use of a swelling agent to obtain a sustained release."
In Lupin's view, the word "internal" means a "a hydrophobic component intimately mixed with niacin in the dosage form, e.g., intimately mixed with niacin in granules later compressed into tablets." (D.I. 60 at 2) The hydrophobic lubricating agents listed in the '428 patent are not "internal" to the niacin mixture, however. (Id. at 2) Rather, they are "external" components, "blended" with a granulated material (composed of niacin, the swelling agent Methocel, and the granulating/binding agent povidone) and then "pressed into tablets." (Id. at 2 (citing '930 patent, col. 7 lines 20-65 to col. 8 lines 25-32))
Additionally, Lupin argues that the portion of the '930 specification describing the "`hydrophilic matrix controlled delivery system'" used to manufacture the preferred embodiment demonstrates that the patent excludes use of an internal hydrophobic component. (D.I. 54 at 8 (quoting '930 patent, col. 5 lines 20-36)) According to Lupin, to achieve the desired controlled-release delivery system as described in the '930 patent, the Abbott inventors
With respect to the '428 patent's prosecution history. Lupin contends that because the Abbott patents constitute a family of patents stemming from a common patent application and containing common disclosures, "the claims must be interpreted consistently across all asserted patents." (Id. at 10) Further, "the prosecution histories of all the relatives in the family are relevant to the claim-construction analysis for a shared term or phrase, including the prosecution histories of later issued patents in the family." (Id. at 10-11 (citing Verizon Servs. Corp. v. Vonage Holdings Corp., 503 F.3d 1295, 1306-07 (Fed.Cir.2007); MBO Labs., Inc. v. Becton, Dickinson & Co., 474 F.3d 1323, 1327 (Fed.Cir.2007))) Lupin acknowledges that the wording differs in the limitations among the various Abbott patents,
Specifically, in June 1995, the PTO Examiner rejected claims in the '428 patent application as "clearly anticipated" by the O'Neill patent. (Id. at 11 (citing JA000191, '428 File History, June 30, 1995 Office Action at 3)) The patentee responded that "the O'Neill patent claims are distinct at least because the O'Neill formulation requires a `hydrophobic component'" and is based on prior art that "teach[es] that the hydrophobic component is an `essential component of the invention,'" whereas the '428 patent inventor "did not find that `a hydrophobic component' was essential for the efficacy of his nicotinic acid composition." (Id. at 11-12 (quoting JA000280-81, '428 File History, Aug. 5, 1996 Amendment and Response at 6-7)) Similarly, the '428 patentee explained during an October 1997 interview that the "`O'Neill patent requires `hydrophobic component' where as in the instant claimed application there is no `hydrophobic component.'" (Id. at 12 (quoting JA000351, '428 File History, Oct. 8, 1997 Interview Summary))
Thereafter, the patentee responded to the Examiner's final rejection by arguing that "`the specification of the . . . ['428 patent does not] teach or suggest the `hydrophobic component' as claimed in independent claim 1 of the O'Neill patent.'" (Id. (quoting JA000397, '428 File History, Feb. 26, 1999 Response After Final at 9)) The Examiner was "apparently persuaded," and allowed the patent, stating that "the composition employed in the methods
Further, Lupin asserts that the '428 patentee repeated this "disclaimer" during prosecution of the continuation-in-part application that issued as the '930 patent. (Id. at 12-13) During an October 1998 interview with the Examiner, the Abbott patent inventor sought to overcome the PTO's rejection (based on the O'Neill patent) of some of the '930 patent's claims by agreeing to include the limitation that "`wherein said . . . [dosage form or tablet or preparation or composition] does not contain an internal hydrophobic component.'" (Id. at 13 (quoting JA00000957, '930 Patent File History, Oct. 28, 1998 Interview Summary)) The Examiner also noted that the prior art patents "have an internal hydrophobic component which is essential whereas in the instant ['930 patent] application there is no internal hydrophobic component. . . ." (Id. at 13 (quoting JA00000957, '930 Patent File History, Oct. 28, 1998 Interview Summary)) Additionally, Lupin argues that in a November 1998 amendment, the '930 patentee divided the pending claims into four groups and assigned the limitation "`wherein said . . . [dosage form or tablet or preparation or composition] does not contain an internal hydrophobic component'" to group I. (Id. (quoting JA00001009, '930 File History, Nov. 20, 1998 Amendment at 38)) While acknowledging that the '930 patentee chose to proceed with different claims, Lupin still contends that the proposed negative limitation "clearly disavowed nicotinic-acid compositions containing an internal hydrophobic component." (Id.)
Additionally, Lupin argues that the Abbott patent inventor's alleged disclaimer of formulations and dosage forms having an internal hydrophobic component in the patents issued after the '428 patent should be imputed to all the Abbott patents by virtue of their familial relationship. (Id. at 14) Lupin's argument regarding the term "dosing" in claim 1 of the '848 patent, however, is unique to that term. Lupin asserts that although the '848 patent does not contain an express formulation or dosage-form limitation, it includes an implied limitation on the dosage form—i.e., "dosing" in a dosage form containing an active ingredient ("nicotinic acid") and inactive ingredients ("pharmaceutically acceptable carriers"), but not containing an "internal hydrophobic component." (Id. at 14-15) Lupin also repeats its argument that the Abbott patents' prosecution histories support its proposed limitation of "no internal hydrophobic component." (Id.) In particular. Lupin contends that the fact that the '848 inventor changed the application's title from "Nicotinic Acid Compositions . . ." to "Hydrophobic Component Free Sustained Release Nicotinic Acid Compositions. . ." as part of a preliminary amendment shows that the patentee intended to limit the '848 patent dosage forms to those not containing an internal hydrophobic component. (D.I. 60 at 19-20) Although the patentee later changed the title back to its original form after the application was accepted, Lupin argues that its stated reason for doing so—that "[n]either the specification nor the claims contain the term `hydrophobic'"—is merit less, because the specification recites "hydrophobic" when discussing the O'Neill patent's parent patent and contains the antonym "hydrophilic" to describe Niaspan®'s controlled-delivery
After reviewing the claims, specifications, and prosecution histories of the Abbott patents, as well as the extrinsic evidence of record, I am not persuaded that the disputed claim terms should include Lupin's proposed negative limitation "not containing an internal hydrophobic component." I recommend that the Court adopt Abbott's proposed constructions.
Among Lupin's strongest evidence for its proposed exclusion is the statement in the specification of the '428 patent—the "grandparent" patent—disclosing a hydrophilic substance as the preferred type of swelling agent. Specifically, as Lupin emphasizes, the '428 patent's specification states: "[a]n exemplary and preferred swelling agent is hydroxypropyl methylcellulose.. . ." ('428 patent, col. 4 lines 23-26) The force of this statement, however, is undermined by the following statement, which appears in the same portion of the '428 patent's specification:
('428 patent, col. 4 lines 14-18) Ethylcellulose and waxes are hydrophobic components. (D.I. 56 AA Ex. B, McGinity Declaration ("McGinity Decl.") ¶ 44) Thus, the specification expressly contemplates use of hydrophobic components as swelling agents.
Lupin's proposal would inappropriately limit the '428 patent's invention to its preferred embodiment (i.e., one containing hydrophilic, but not hydrophobic, components). The '428 patent's preferred embodiment is Niaspan®, which does not contain a hydrophobic material as a swelling agent.
Lupin's assertion that the Summary of the Invention discloses a formulation "containing only nicotinic acid and the hydrophilic swelling agent hydroxypropyl methylcellulose" (D.I. 54 at 7 (emphasis added)) is also incorrect. That passage states that the '428 invention "comprises" nicotinic acid and hydroxypropyl methylcellulose. ('428 patent, col. 3 lines 8-12) "Comprising is a term of art used in claim language which means that the named elements are essential, but other elements
For the reasons just explained in connection with the '428 patent, the '930 patent's specification also does not support including Lupin's proposed limitation of "no internal hydrophobic component." This conclusion is not altered by the '930 specification's description of a "hydrophilic matrix controlled delivery system." Such a delivery system is an exemplary mode of manufacturing the preferred embodiment, but is itself only one way of practicing the '930 patent. ('930 patent, col. 4 line 65 to col. 5 line 37) Given that Lupin fails to direct the Court to support for Lupin's assertion that hydrophobic components could not be used in conjunction with a "hydrophilic matrix controlled delivery system," and that this kind of delivery system is not required by any of the asserted claims, I am not persuaded that the '930 patent should be construed to exclude hydrophobic components.
I turn now from the specifications to the prosecution histories. When the prosecution history of the '428 patent is considered as a whole, as it must be, see Elbex Video, Ltd. v. Sensormatic Elecs. Corp., 508 F.3d 1366, 1372 (Fed.Cir.2007), Lupin's contention that it contains a disclaimer (warranting inclusion of Lupin's proposed negative limitation) is revealed to be unpersuasive. A party seeking to show a prosecution disclaimer must demonstrate an "unambiguous" disclaimer, based on "clear and unmistakable evidence" that some of the scope that would otherwise be captured by the claim was relinquished during prosecution. See Voda v. Cordis Corp., 536 F.3d 1311, 1321 (Fed.Cir.2008). The same is true of disclaimers made during the prosecution history of a patent in the same family as the patent-in-suit. See Verizon Servs. Corp., 503 F.3d at 1306-07.
Even when considering the prosecution histories of all of the Abbott patents,
The analysis begins with the '428 patent. At first the Examiner rejected the '428 patent's claims as anticipated by the O'Neill patent. (D.I. 62, JA000270, '428 File History, June 10, 1996 Office Action) Then, however, the Examiner withdrew that rejection and indicated that an interference proceeding was necessary. (Id.) In response, the '428 inventor amended his claims and distinguished the O'Neill patent based on (1) the O'Neill patent's requirement of using a particular composition, whereas the '428 invention did not require a particular composition, and (2) the O'Neill patent's disclosure of administering the invention once per day, whereas the '428 patent requires its invention to be administered once daily at a specific time of day. (D.I. 62 JA000280, '428 File History, Aug. 5, 1996 Amendment and Response (hereinafter "August 1996 Amendments") at 3-8)
(D.I. 62, JA000280-281, August 1996 Amendments at 6-7) (emphasis added) While Lupin emphasizes the final sentence of this passage, the entirety of the passage demonstrates only that the hydrophobic component "required" by O'Neill and its parent application is not required by the '428 patent's then-pending claim 15. See Elbex Video, 508 F.3d at 1372 (finding no prosecution disclaimer, even though certain prosecution statements "could be argued to be a disclaimer," because, "[w]hen the prosecution history as a whole is considered, the inventor's response to the PTO is not as clear").
The same conclusion arises from review of the Examiner's October 7, 1997 Interview Summary. There, the Examiner
(D.I. 62, JA000351, '428 File History, Oct. 7, 1997 Interview Summary) This is not a clear disavowal of "hydrophobic components," internal or otherwise. The phrase "where as in the ['428] application there is no `hydrophobic component'" refers to the "hydrophobic component" required by O'Neill. It is as natural to infer that counsel meant that the '428 application has no required "hydrophobic component" as it is to assume that counsel intended to disavow hydrophobic components completely. Thus, it is improper to conclude that the '428 patent's applicant intended to disavow an internal hydrophobic component. See W.E. Hall Co. v. Atlanta Corrugating, LLC, 370 F.3d 1343, 1351-53 (Fed.Cir. 2004) (giving disputed terms their plain and ordinary meaning where Examiner's interview summary was susceptible to both limited reading and full ordinary meaning); see also generally Univ. of Pittsburgh v. Hedrick, 573 F.3d 1290, 1296-97 (Fed.Cir. 2009) (Examiner's interview summary too terse to inform definition of claim terms).
Lupin points to the '428 inventor's response to the Examiner's final rejection, in a section the inventor entitled "The Specification of the ['428 Application] Does Not Have Support for All Limitations Found in Independent Claim 1 in the O'Neill Patent," There the inventor stated:
(D.I. 62, JA000397, '428 File History, Feb. 26, 1999 Response After Final at 9) When viewing this February 26, 1999 Response as a whole, the '428 inventor repeatedly asserted that the key distinctions from the O'Neill patent are, inter alia, the '428 patent's lack of a specific nicotinic acid composition and the '428 patent's requirement of a particular time of day for dosing. (D.I. 62, JA000394-95, '428 File History, Feb. 26, 1999 Response After Final at 6-7) The excerpt relied on by Lupin, then, most reasonably shows that the '428 inventor was arguing that the O'Neill patent's claim 1 "
This conclusion is further supported by the Examiner's eventual decision to allow
(D.I. 62, JA000473, '428 File History, June 30, 1999 Notice of Allowability at 2) (emphasis added) Thus, the Notice of Allowability shows that the Examiner agreed with the inventor's argument that while the O'Neill patent "requires" an "added hydrophobic component to be mixed with Niacin prior to tablet formulation," the '428 patent does not. The inventor confirmed this distinction in his Comments on Reasons for Allowance, stating:
(D.I. 62, JA000484-485, '428 File History, Oct. 15, 1999 Comments on Reasons for Allowance at 1-2) (emphasis added) In sum, the prosecution history of the '428 patent contains no unambiguous, clear, and unmistakable disavowal of "internal hydrophobic components."
Lupin's argument that a "repeated disclaimer" of "compositions or dosage forms that contain an internal hydrophobic component" is found in the prosecution history of the '930 patent is similarly unavailing. The inventor's March 3, 1998 amendments in response to the Examiner's rejection primarily address the inventor's attempt to distinguish the O'Neill patent on the grounds that the '930 patent accomplished its goals "without inducing hepatotoxicity" and without being limited to a particular nicotinic acid composition. (D.I. 62, JA000633, '930 File History, Mar. 3, 1998 Amendment at 27, 33-34) According to the Examiner's interview summary of October 1998, the Examiner and the applicants agreed that:
(D.I. 62, JA000957, '930 File History, Oct. 28, 1998, Interview Summary) (emphasis added) Lupin urges that this statement demonstrates the '930 inventors' disclaimer of internal hydrophobic components. When read in the context of the entire prosecution history of the '930 patent, however, this statement (which is a statement of the Examiner, not the applicants) is not an unambiguous, clear, or unmistakable disclaimer.
After the interview summarized above, the '930 inventors submitted in November 1998 a group of claims ("Group I") that contained the agreed-upon limitation— "wherein said (dosage form or tablet or preparation form) does not contain an internal hydrophobic component." (D.I. 62, JA001028, '930 File History, Nov. 20, 1998
The key here is that the inventors submitted claims that would have excluded a hydrophobic component, but these claims were rejected. Thus, the claims as issued were not limited to the narrower scope proposed by the inventors. By implication, the claims that did issue—which do not contain the rejected narrowing limitation—are broader, indeed sufficiently broad to allow for the possibility of internal hydrophobic components. See generally Schriber-Schroth Co. v. Cleveland Trust Co., 311 U.S. 211, 220-21, 61 S.Ct. 235, 85 L.Ed. 132 (1940) ("[A] claim in a patent as allowed must be read and interpreted with reference to claims that have been cancelled or rejected, and the claims allowed cannot by construction be read to cover what was thus eliminated from the patent."). Certainly, this is at least one reasonable interpretation of the prosecution history of the '930 patent. Therefore, again, these portions of the prosecution history do not provide the support Lupin requires to read into the claims the "internal hydrophobic component" exclusion Lupin proposes.
In sum, therefore, even when considering the '930 patent's prosecution history in conjunction with the '428 patent's history, there is not sufficient evidence to support a finding a prosecution disclaimer of "no internal hydrophobic component."
The "treatment-limiting terms" are a series of claim terms relating to various measures of liver enzymes, uric acid, and blood glucose levels that are referenced in various claims of the Abbott patents. For
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Abbott's Proposed Lupin's Proposed
Term/Phrase (Claim Nos.) Construction Construction
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
"little or no serious liver No treatment-limiting hepatotoxicity An increase in bloodstream
damage" that would require liver enzyme levels, including
('428 patent, claim 3; '848 treatment to be discontinued aspartate aminotransferase,
patent, claim 3) by the patient alanine aminotransferase and
alkaline phosphatase of no
more than 9%
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
"minimum liver damage, No treatment-limiting hepatotoxicity An increase in the blood-stream
uric acid increases, or or elevations in liver enzyme levels,
elevations in fasting uric acid levels or glucose including aspartate amino-transferase,
glucose levels" levels which would require alanine amino-transferase
('848 patent, claim 3) treatment to be discontinued and alkaline
by the patient phosphatase of no more than
9%, or repeated increases in
bloodstream uric acid levels
of no more than 8.4% or an
increase in bloodstream fasting
glucose levels of no more
than 7.5%
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
"abnormalities in either Repeated elevations in either Repeated levels of either uric
uric acid or glucose levels uric acid levels, glucose levels acid in the bloodstream beyond
or both to an extent which or both to a level that is 7.5 mg/dl in women or
would require said daily clinically significant and that 8.5 mg/di in men or a level of
treatment to be discontinued requires discontinuation of glucose in the bloodstream
by the patient" current treatment beyond 115 mg/dl in women
('930 patent, claim 51) or 125 mg/dl in men
"treatment-limiting . . .
elevations in uric acid levels
or glucose levels or both
in the patient to a level
which would require said
treatment to be discontinued
by the patient"
('930 patent, claim 115)
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
"treatment-limiting (i) Repeated elevations in liver A bloodstream level beyond
hepatotoxicity . . . which enzymes (AST, ALT and/or 150 mU/mL of aspartate aminotransferase,
would require said treatment alkaline phosphatase) to a a level of Beyond
to be discontinued by level that is clinically significant 165 mU/mL of alanine
the patient" and that requires aminotransferase and/or a
('930 patent, claim 115) discontinuation of current level beyond 420 mU/mL of
treatment alkaline phosphatase
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
"treatment-limiting hepatotoxicity Repeated elevations in liver A bloodstream level beyond
. . . in the individual enzymes (AST, ALT and/or 150 mU/mL of aspartate aminotransferase,
to a level which alkaline phosphate) to a level a level of beyond
would require use of the that is clinically significant 165 mU/mL of alanine
intermediate nicotinic acid and that requires discontinuation aminotransferase and/or a
formulation by the individual of current treatment level beyond 420 mU/mL of
to be discontinued" alkaline phosphatase ('967 patent, claim 16) ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------"treatment-limiting elevations Repeated elevations in either Repeated levels of either uricin uric acid or glucose uric acid levels, glucose levels acid in the bloodstream beyoundlevels or both in the or both to a level that is 7.5 mg/dl in women orindividual to an level which clinically significant and that 8.5 mg/dl in men or a level ofwould require use of the requires discontinuation of glucose in the bloodstreamintermediate nicotinic acid current treatment beyond 115 mg/dl in womenformulation by the individual or 125 mg/dl in mento be discontinued" ('967 patent, claim 16) ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Abbott contends its proposed construction of the treatment-limiting terms is supported by the '428 patent's specification
Abbott argues that Lupin's proposed construction of the '428 patent's claim term "little or no serious liver damage," which imposes a cap of 9% on increases of particular liver enzymes, is inappropriate. The 9% figure is derived from Table IV in the specification, "which shows the results of tests for ALT levels in patients treated according to the invention of the '428 patent." (D.I. 55 at 19)
Abbott also argues that the '428 prosecution history supports its construction. Claim 3 of the '428 patent was allowed in its amended form, containing the limitation "little or no serious liver damage," without further amendment or argument during prosecution. Yet, the inventor described the '428 invention as a method of treatment that did not cause "`treatment-limiting side effects,'" such as hepatotoxicity. (D.I. 55 at 20 (quoting JA000392, '428 File History, Feb. 26, 1999 Response After Final Action at 4, and citing JA000484, '428 File History, Oct. 15, 1999 Comments on Statement for Reasons for Allowance at 1)) Abbott further asserts that nowhere in the prosecution history did the '428 inventor define or limit the disputed phrase to a particular upper numerical limit. By contrast, the invention was repeatedly characterized "as a treatment that did not cause treatment-limiting side effects such as liver damage." (Id.)
Additionally, Abbott's expert, Dr. Sacks, attests that a person ordinarily skilled in the art would agree that "little or no serious liver damage" should be interpreted according to Abbott's proposal. "A common threshold used by clinicians for assessing potential hepatotoxicity is if these liver enzymes exceed three times the upper limit of normal." (D.I. 56 AA Ex. C, Sacks Declaration (hereinafter "Sacks Decl.") ¶ 42) A patient's actual individual tolerable level of those liver enzymes, however, is determined by the patient's unique characteristics, "including factors such as the patient's starting level of liver enzymes before treatment, other medical conditions, and personal and family medical history." (Id.) This inherent variability can result in one patient withdrawing from treatment due to only a doubling of liver enzyme levels, whereas another patient's enzyme levels could exceed three times the normal amount and yet not require withdrawal. (Id.) Consistent with this view, the Abbott patents' inventor, David Bova, in deposition testimony repeatedly rejected any assertion that there is a specific numerical threshold that constitutes "serious liver damage," (D.I. 58 at 32 n. 16)
With respect to claims 15 and 115 of the '930 patent and claim 16 of the '967 patent, the parties' arguments supporting their respective proposals are very similar to the arguments just described (which relate to claim 3 of the '428 patent and claim 3 of the '848 patent). Essentially, Lupin wants to import the numerical limits disclosed in the Niaspan® clinical trial tables into the claim terms. Abbott argues that the specification does not support such importation, especially because a person ordinarily skilled in the art would understand that the meaning of "treatment-limiting" and "clinically significant" necessarily depends on the particular patient, physician, and laboratory involved.
Regarding these '930 and '967 claim terms, Abbott again emphasizes that Lupin's proposed "reference ranges" do not account for the fact that some patients were not withdrawn from the McKenney Study even though they experienced glucose levels that exceeded Lupin's proposed ranges. (D.I. 55 at 30) Abbott also observes that Lupin's construction does not employ the same methodology as the clinical trial tables to derive its proposed reference
In addition to repeatedly characterizing the '930 invention with reference to its lack of treatment-limiting side effects, the '930 inventor stated to the PTO that a person ordinarily skilled in the art would know that, in the context of liver function tests, "normal" reference ranges for each individual patient are provided by the particular laboratory conducting the tests. (D.I. 55 at 31) Although "variations" in the normal reference ranges may occur, depending on how the particular testing laboratory validates its assay methodology, "normal and abnormal ranges for uric acid and glucose levels are well understood by those of skill in the art, regardless of which laboratory is selected to perform the assays," (Id. (quoting JA001061-62, '930 File History, Dec. 7, 1998 Transmittal Letter at 6-7)) Thus, another drawback to Lupin's proposals is that they attempt to read into the claims a set of "arbitrary, `one-size-fits-all' numerical limitations," despite the fact that normal reference ranges vary by gender and age group. (Id.)
Further, Abbott's expert, Dr. Sacks, declares that a person of ordinary skill in the art would know that (1) niacin therapies necessitate regular testing of a patient's uric acid and glucose levels; (2) there is no single range of "normal" because the range varies from laboratory to laboratory; (3) if one test shows levels above "normal," second tests are commonly performed; and (4) even if later tests confirm an increase in levels, "the clinician will evaluate the results in the context of other factors, such as the patient's baseline levels, other medical conditions, and personal and family medical history." (Sacks Decl. ¶ 51)
Lupin argues that its proposed constructions, which add upper numerical limits to the claims, are necessary to give definition to the various claims, starting with claim 3 of the '428 patent and claim 3 of the '848 patent. (D.I. 54 at 42, 27) Lupin notes that several of the Abbott patents discuss uric acid levels (related to gout), glucose levels (related to diabetes), or hepatotoxicity (related to liver damage). (Id. at 3) Three liver enzymes (ALT, AST, and ALK) are tested to discover if liver inflammation or damage is present, and, according to Lupin, the liver toxicity measures for each enzyme generally do not differ by gender. (Id. at 4 (citing '428 patent, cols. 7-9); id. at 24 (citing '848 patent, col. 9 lines 61-67 to cols. 10-12)) Acceptable ranges for uric acid and glucose levels do differ by gender, however, with the normal range somewhat higher for men than for women. (Id. at 4 (citing '428 patent, cols. 9-10))
Tables III-V in the '428 and '848 patent specifications contain data from Niaspan® clinical trials demonstrating the product's improved safety over prior art products. (Id. at 24) The patents' specifications also
Lupin argues that the doctrine of claim differentiation also supports its proposals. For instance, Abbott wants to construe the "minimum" and "little or no serious" phrases in the '428 and '848 patents in the same way it construes the phrases "treatment-limiting hepatotoxicity" and "treatment-limiting elevations" in claims 51 and 115 of the '930 patent: so that they all include the "requires discontinuation of current treatment" limitation.
Lupin further contends that David Bova testified that "little liver damage" referred to "elevations in the liver function tests" and that Tables III-V of the '428 patent reflect those elevations. (D.I. 54 at 27) Because the maximum elevation of the ALT enzyme was 9%, and the presence of any one of the three liver enzymes indicates potential liver damage, "the `little or no serious liver damage' tolerated by the patient should be a 9% increase from baseline." (Id.)
Lupin asserts that the declaration of Dr. Sacks, Abbott's expert—which argues that the threshold for determining liver damage in any one patient is based on a number of factors—fails to explain how ordinarily skilled artisans other than doctors could determine whether liver damage met or exceeded the "minimum" level, according to claim 3 of the '848 patent. (D.I. 60 at 29-30) Additionally, with respect to the term "minimum . . . uric acid increases, or elevations in fasting glucose levels," Lupin maintains that absent the "objective standards" supplied by its proposal (as derived from Tables VI-VII in the '848 patent), a doctor may "repeatedly test a patient and evaluate the test results based on personal
Similarly, Lupin faults Abbott's reliance on the McKenney Study, because Abbott's conclusion—that "`little or no serious liver damage' equates to `no treatment-limiting hepatotoxicity'"—is one which would "require[] a doctor's judgment to discern." (Id.) In Lupin's view, the McKenney Study used objective criteria for patient withdrawal based on liver toxicity, specifically, when patients' liver function tests "were greater than three times the upper limit of normal." (Id. at 31) (internal quotation and citation omitted) Twelve of eighteen patients were withdrawn from the study based on that criteria; "with only 6 patients was there some degree of [subjective] clinical judgment," and even then the clinical judgment "applied to nonspecific symptoms not necessarily addressed by the asserted patent claims." (Id. (citing LA000891, Table III (noting that withdrawn patients experienced rashes, diarrhea, and fatigue)))
Lupin's proposed construction with respect to "treatment-limiting" levels of uric acid and glucose levels is, again, derived from the '930 specification's tables showing the results of Niaspan® clinical trials. (D.I. 60 at 21-22) Lupin's proposal to triple the "reference ranges" for liver enzymes, however, is drawn from inventor David Bova's deposition and from Dr. Sacks' declaration. (Id. at 22) In Lupin's view, Bova testified that patients in Niaspan® clinical trials were discontinued when any liver enzyme reached three times the upper limit of normal according to FDA guidance. (Id. (citing D.I. 61, LA000433, Bova Dep. at 113)) Dr. Sacks declares that "a patient may have liver enzymes lower than three times [the upper limit of normal] and yet have symptoms indicative of hepatotoxicity that may warrant discontinuation of niacin treatment." (Sacks Decl. ¶ 43) Lupin argues that its proposal is not strict in any sense; instead its construction incorporates "liver enzyme, glucose, and uric acid levels well above the results disclosed in the specifications for subjects taking Niaspan®." (D.I. 60 at 23; D.I. 54 at 19 & n. 4)
Lupin also contends that during the '930 patent's prosecution, the '930 patent inventor undermined his position that "treatment-limiting" must be determined by physicians, when he stated:
(D.I. 60 at 25 (quoting JA000855-56, '930 File History, Aug. 28, 1998 Amendment After Final at 15-16)) As Lupin observes, here the inventor was citing to portions of the specification that include the clinical trial Tables III-VIII. (Id. (citing JA000536-48))
Finally, Lupin argues that Abbott's proposal to import the term "clinically significant" into the claims finds no support in the specification and is itself ambiguous. (D.I. 54 at 19-20) Also, Lupin notes that what is "clinically significant" will vary by laboratory, patient, or treating physician, rendering it too subjective a criterion to use as a measure. (Id. at 20)
I recommend that the Court adopt Abbott's proposed constructions of these disputed terms. Abbott's proposals comport with both the specifications and prosecution histories of the '428 and '848 patents. The '428 and '848 specifications repeatedly characterize the invention by its lack of treatment-limiting side effects, in contrast to studies (such as the McKenney Study) in which a majority of patients were withdrawn due to such side effects. Similarly, the Abbott patents' inventor stated several times during prosecution that the invention did not cause "treatment-limiting" side effects, including hepatotoxicity, (D.I. 62, JA000392, '428 File History, Feb. 26, 1999 Response After Final at 4; D.I. 62, JA000484, '428 File History, Oct. 15, 1999, Comments on Statement for Reasons of Allowance at 1)
Both parties agree that what constitutes "treatment-limiting" (or causes discontinuation of treatment) for a particular patient necessarily turns on the judgment of the patient's individual treating physician. The dispute, then, is whether a physician's subjective discernment of a "normal" level of liver enzymes for a particular patient may permissibly be part of a claim's construction. The Federal Circuit has held that the use of functional claim terms (such as "enhancing amount" or "effective amount") are not indefinite, provided one of ordinary skill in the art could determine the bounds of the claims without undue experimentation. See Geneva Pharms., Inc. v. GlaxoSmithKline PLC, 349 F.3d 1373, 1383-84 (Fed.Cir.2003) ("`[E]ffective amount' is a common and generally acceptable term for pharmaceutical claims and is not ambiguous or indefinite, provided that a person of ordinary skill in the art could determine the specific amounts without undue experimentation."); Moore U.S.A., Inc. v. Standard Register Co., 229 F.3d 1091, 1111 (Fed.Cir.2000) ("There is nothing wrong with defining the dimensions of a device in terms of the environment in which it is to be used."); accord Tristrata Tech., Inc. v. ICN Pharms., Inc., 313 F.Supp.2d 405, 410-11 (D.Del.2004) ("[T]he Federal Circuit has held that the use of functional claim terms such as `enhancing amount' or `effective amount' are not indefinite, provided one of ordinary skill in the art could determine the bounds of the claims without undue experimentation."). "Treatment-limiting" and "require treatment to be discontinued" are, in the context of the patents-in-suit, such functional claim terms, and there is no persuasive reason to infer that a person having ordinary skill in the art would not be able to understand and follow them.
Lupin's argument that claim differentiation precludes interpreting the terms "minimum liver damage, uric acid increases, or elevations in fasting glucose levels," "little or no serious liver damage," and "no
Turning to the "treatment-limiting" terms in the '930 and '967 patents, for the same reasons already given in connection with claim 3 of the '428 patent and claim 3 of the '848 patent, I recommend that the Court not import the specific numerical limitations proposed by Lupin. Additionally, even though the '930 inventor stated that the "treatment-limiting" phrases in the '930 patent claims "mean or refer to that level or range which is not or would not be acceptable to the [FDA]," I do not view this as a clear, unambiguous, unmistakable disclaimer of all amounts that trigger even a single abnormal result for a single patient above the FDA range. See generally Elbex Video, 508 F.3d at 1372. The specification discloses that some patients in the Niaspan® clinical trials experienced glucose levels above the disclosed tables' upper limits but were not withdrawn from the study. ('930 patent, col. 13 lines 25-60) Also, the Examiner himself was uncertain about the meaning of "treatment-limiting abnormalities," even after reviewing the applicant's statement quoted above. (D.I. 62, JA000961, '930 File History, Nov. 23, 1998 Office Action Summary at 3) Yet the claims were ultimately allowed with the "treatment-limiting" language intact and without further explanation. (D.I. 55 at 20)
Moreover, although Lupin argues that "treatment-limiting" does not give the public sufficient notice of the bounds of the claims' scope, here, reliance on the informed medical judgment of a trained physician in the relevant art is notice enough. See, e.g., Astra Aktiebolag v. Andrx Pharms., Inc., 222 F.Supp.2d 423, 481 (S.D.N.Y.2002) (construing "therapeutically effective amount" to mean "an amount that is effective for therapy" and explaining that "[a]n amount that is effective in therapy . . . will depend, among other things, on the individual"), aff'd sub nom. In re Omeprazole Patent Litig., 84 Fed. Appx. 76 (Fed.Cir.2003).
However, I do not agree with Abbott that the phrases "clinically significant" and "repeatedly" should be included in the constructions of the disputed terms in the claims of the '930 and '967 patents. While it seems likely that a physician would typically require "clinically significant" and "repeated" elevations before discontinuing or limiting a patient's treatment, in the context of these patents the important issue is whether the side effects are such that the physician and patient decide to limit or discontinue the patient's treatment. If this decision, for a particular patient, is reached without the presence of "clinically significant" or "repeated" elevations, the amount of hepatotoxicity that
Therefore, I recommend the following construction of the disputed claim terms in the '930 and '967 patents:
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------Disputed Term/Phrase Recommended Construction ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------"abnormalities in Elevations in either uriceither uric acid or gulcose acid levels, glucose levelslevels or both to or both to a levelan extent which would that requires discontinuationrequire said of currentdaily treatment to be treatmentdiscontinued by the patient" ('930 patent, claim 51)"treatment-limiting . . . elevations in uric acid levels or glucose levels or both in the patient to a level which would require said treatment to be discontinued by the patient" ('930 patent, claim 115) ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------"treatment-limiting (i) Elevations in liverhepatotoxicity . . . enzymes (AST, ALT,which would require and/or alkaline phosphatase)said treatment to be to a level thatdiscontinued by the requires discontinuationpatient" of current treatment ('930 patent, claim 115) ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------"treatment-limiting Elevations in liverhepatotoxicity . . .in enzymes (AST, ALT,the individual to a and/or alkaline phosphatase)level which would to a level thatrequire use of the requires discontinuationintermediate nicotinic of current treatmentacid formulation by the individual to be discontinued" ('967 patent, claim 16) ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------"treatment-limiting Elevations in either uricelevations in uric acid acid levels, glucoseor glucose levels or levels or both to a levelboth in the individual that requires discontinuationto an level which of currentwould require use of treatmentthe intermediate nicotinic acid formulation by the individual to be discontinued" ('967 patent, claim 16) ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Abbott's Proposed Lupin's Proposed
Term/Phrase (Claim Nos.) Construction Construction
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
"sustained release A composition which when A composition not containing
composition" administered to a patient to an internal hydrophobic component
('930 patent, claims 18 & 133 be treated, the active ingredient designed to release
will be released for an active ingredient slower
absorption into the blood than an immediate release
stream over a period of time formulation
which is slower than that of
immediate release
formulations
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
"oral sustained release A drug product sold in a solid A solid dosage form not containing
solid dosage form" form to be administered an internal hydrophobic
('930 patent, claims 51 & 115) by mouth and which when so component designed for
administered to a patient to oral administration and
be treated, the active designed to release an active
ingredient will be released ingredient slower than an
for absorption into the blood immediate release
stream over a period of time formulation
which is slower than that of
immediate release
formulations
In addition to the question of whether to import the limitation "no internal hydrophobic component," which has already been addressed, claims 18, 51, 115, and 133 of the '930 patent present another question: how to construe the "sustained release" elements of the terms. Abbott's suggested construction is taken from the '930 patent's specification, which defines "sustained release" as "a composition which when orally administered to a patient to be treated, the active ingredient will be released for absorption into the blood stream over a period of time" ('930 patent, col. 3 lines 63-67) The '930 specification also states that, compared to immediate release products, "[s]ustained release formulations are designed to slowly release the compound." ('930 patent, col. 1 lines 58-60) Lupin's proposed construction— "designed to release an active ingredient slower than an immediate release formulation" —does not appear to be materially different than Abbott's proposal. Lupin did not, in either its briefing or during the Markman hearing, address this distinction between its proposal and Abbott's.
I recommend that the Court adopt Abbott's proposed construction of claims 18, 51, 115, and 133 of the '930 patent. Abbott's proposed construction of "sustained release" comports with the specification's definition of "sustained release" as well as its plain and ordinary meaning.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Abbott's Proposed Lupin's Proposed
Term/Phrase (Claim Nos.) Construction Construction
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
"significant increase in No construction needed. If A 20% increase or greater in a
HDL cholesterol" construed, then: "substantial patient's HDL profile.
(`848 patent, claim 1) increase in the level of HDL
cholesterol in the patient's
blood."
The dispute over the meaning of "significant increase" in claim 1 of the '848 patent again revolves around whether the Court should import a specific numerical limitation found in the portion of the '848 patent's specification describing the results of Niaspan® clinical trials.
Abbott argues that no construction is needed for this phrase because courts have repeatedly recognized that "terms of degree such as `significant' or `substantial' are descriptive terms not susceptible to precise numerical limitations." (D.I. 55 at 38 (citing Playtex Prods., Inc. v. Procter & Gamble Co., 400 F.3d 901, 907 (Fed.Cir. 2005); Anchor Wall Sys. v. Rockwood Retaining Walls, Inc., 340 F.3d 1298, 1310-11 (Fed.Cir.2003); Johnson & Johnson Vision Care, Inc. v. CIBA Vision Corp., 540 F.Supp.2d 1233, 1269 (M.D.Fla.2008))) Abbott also argues that the specification offers no support for Lupin's proposed numerical limits, which appear to be based on a mean increase in HDL levels of 23% and 25.3%, respectively. (Id. at 39) According to Abbott, there is no evidence that the inventor intended to claim a particular percentage that the HDL levels must exceed to be "significant;" indeed, David Bova rejected any rigid numerical threshold. (Id.; see also D.I. 58 at 35; D.I. 61, LA000467-68, Bova Dep. at 147-48) Additionally, Abbott notes that original claim 1 of the '848 patent contained this term ("significant increase") and it issued without amendment.
Lupin, on the other hand, observes that the specification states that dosing with a sustained release product once a day in the evening or at night achieves a "significant" reduction in LDL cholesterol and triglycerides along with a "significant increase" in the desired HDL cholesterol. (D.I. 54 at 22 (citing '848 patent, col. 3 lines 35-40)) To Lupin, the meaning of "significant" is set forth in the Niaspan® clinical trial results listed in Table 11; specifically, the specification notes that 13 out of 25 patients who had increases of HDL cholesterol of over 20% had "significant" "increases" in HDL cholesterol. (Id. (citing '848 patent, col. 9 lines 59-60)) Lupin's proposed 20% threshold for "significant" is lower than the increases actually referred to in the supporting study, and is roughly the average from the study discussed in the patent's Background section. (Id. (citing '848 patent, col. 2 lines 5-18)) Lupin insists that its construction avoids the vagueness inherent in Abbott's proposal, fulfilling the specification's express goal of providing SR products with "balanced lipid alteration" between prior art IR and SR products. (Id. at 23)
I recommend that the Court construe "significant increase in HDL cholesterol" as "an increase in HDL cholesterol that results in a meaningful decrease in an individual's risk of developing cardiovascular disease."
As an initial matter, the word "significant," as used in the disputed claim term, does require construction. The '848 patent's specification implicitly links "significant" to average increases in HDL cholesterol of 23% and 25.3%, but it gives no guidance regarding which number should determine the meaning of "significant." ('848 patent, col. 9 lines 53-60) I agree with Abbott that the inventor wanted to avoid limiting this claim to a specific numerical threshold. (See generally D.I. 61, LA000467-68, Bova Dep. at 147-48.) The inventor, Bova, testified that the disputed phrase would mean a "clinically significant or statistically significant increase" compared to the baseline/placebo, and that "[c]linically significant would mean have a positive effect on cardiovascular risk." (Id.) The inventor's testimony is consistent with Dr. Sacks' discussion of how a person ordinarily skilled in the art would understand the term.
As Dr. Sacks and Bova point out, an increase in HDL cholesterol is considered significant because it reduces a patient's risk for cardiovascular disease. (See id.;
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Abbott's Proposed Lupin's Proposed
Term/Phrase (Claim Nos.) Construction Construction
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
"intermediate release nicotinic A nicotinic acid formulation A dosage form not containing
acid formulation" which, when administered to an internal hydrophobic
('229 patent, claims 17 & 25) a patient to be treated, the component that releases an
active ingredient will be active ingredient, namely,
('691 patent, claim 13) released for absorption into nicotinic acid, in vitro or in
the blood stream over a period vivo over a period of time
('715 patent, claims 1, 3, 5, 7, of time which is slower which is greater than 1 hour
9, & 11) than that of immediate release but less than 24 hours
niacin formulations, but
('967 patent, claim 16) faster and different than other
sustained release niacin
formulations
With respect to the proper understanding of the temporal aspect of the disputed phrase, Abbott observes that the CIP patents' specifications all state that:
('229 patent, col. 16 lines 33-40; '691 patent, col. 16 lines 30-38; '715 patent, col. 17 lines 2-9; '967 patent, col. 17 lines 2-9) The same specifications also state:
('229 patent, col. 5 lines 33-39; '691 patent, col. 5 lines 35-41; '715 patent, col. 5 lines 35-41; '967 patent, col. 5 lines 31-37) Abbott denies that the latter description's numerical high and low endpoints should control (as they do in Lupin's construction), however, because the very purpose of using numerical time periods and the word "about" in describing them—as opposed to fixed endpoints—is to avoid numerical certainty. Abbott attests that "[i]t is axiomatic that the term `about' avoids strict numerical limitations." (D.I. 55 at 43-44 n. 9 (citing Cohesive Techs., Inc. v. Waters Corp., 543 F.3d 1351, 1368 (Fed. Cir.2008)))
Lupin responds that the second quotation shown above should control, since it is more specific than the first. (D.I. 60 at 17) Additionally, the word "about" is not in the actual claim language being construed, just in the specifications, so precedents construing "about" as a claim term are inapposite. (Id. at 16) Lupin also objects that Abbott's proposed construction is ambiguous because it lacks limits. (Id. at 17) For example, the phrase "faster and different than other sustained release niacin
I have concluded that neither Abbott nor Lupin has properly construed the disputed claim term "intermediate release nicotinic acid formulation." Instead, I recommend that the Court construe this term as "a nicotinic acid formulation which, when administered to a patient to be treated, the active ingredient will be released for absorption into the blood stream over a period of time which is greater than about 1 to 2 hours, i.e., slower than immediate release niacin, but less than about 10 to 24 hours, i.e., faster than sustained release niacin."
This recommended construction is derived from the two specification excerpts quoted above, in which the inventor essentially defines the term "intermediate release" for purposes of the claims of these patents. The specifications' definitions are consistent with one another. Combining them, as I recommend, eliminates the ambiguity identified by Lupin in the phrase "different than other sustained release formulations." Additionally, while "about" does not appear in the disputed claim, it is appropriate here to include it in the construction, as it is part of the specifications' definitions. "About" is used in the specifications to show that the time periods within which SR and IR products are released vary based on metabolic factors and are thus difficult to predict, as is well known by those skilled in the art. (See, e.g., '715 patent, col. 1 lines 54-67 ("[IR] nicotinic acid formulations generally release nearly all of their nicotinic acid within about 30 to 60 minutes following ingestion . . . . [SR] nicotinic acid formulations are designed to release significant quantities of drug for absorption into the bloodstream . . . over an extended period such as 12 or 24 hours after ingestion."); id. col. 4 lines 34-37 ("The difficulty of correctly predicting the appropriate release pattern [for SR products] is well known to those of skill in the art.").)
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Abbott's Proposed Lupin's Proposed
Term/Phrase (Claim Nos.) Construction Construction
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Category I: "Dose Amount" limitations
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
"about 1000 mg" Approximately 1000 mg No less than 850 mg and no
(715 patent, claims 1, 3, 5, 7, more than 1150mg
& 9)
('967 patent, claim 16 (1000
mg only))
"at least about 750 mg" No less than approximately No less than 637.5 mg ('229 patent, claims 17 & 25) 750 mg -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Category II: "Blood Plasma Concentration and Urinary-Metabolite-Profile" limitations -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------"about 4.0% to about 26%" Approximately 4.0% to No less than 3.6% to no more ('715 patent, claims 1, 5, & 9) approximately 26% than 28.6% -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------"about 3 ug/ml" Approximately 3 ug/ml No less than 2.7 ug/ml ('229 patent, claims 17 & 25) -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------"about 5.6 hours" Approximately 5.6 hours No less than 5.04 hours ('229 patent, claims 17 & 25) -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------"about 11 ughr/ml" Approximately 11 ughr/m1 No less than 9.9 ughr/ml ('229 patent, claims 17 & 25) -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Category III: "Dissolution Profile" limitations -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------"about 15%" Approximately 15% At least 13.5%"about 15% and about Approximately 15% and Between 13.5% and 33%30%" approximately 30%"about 75%" Approximately 75% Not above 82.5% ('967 patent, claim 16) ('691 patent, claim 13) -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Category IV; "Fit Factor F2" limitations -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------"about 44" Approximately 44 No less than 43.5 ('967 patent, claim 16) ('691 patent, claim 13) -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
The central dispute regarding the "about" claim terms in the CIP patents is whether a person ordinarily skilled in the art would read those terms in reference to the United States Pharmacopeia ("USP"), a "non-governmental, official public standards-setting authority, which sets and publishes quality ... and consistency standards, as well as verification standards for... prescription and over-the-counter medicines, other health care products, food ingredients, and dietary supplements." (D.I. 58 at 36-37 & n. 18) (internal citation omitted)
Abbott contends that nowhere in the claims or specification is there an indication that the inventor intended to depart from the general principle that "about" avoids a strict numerical limitation. (D.I. 55 at 47-48 (citing Cohesive Techs., 543 F.3d at 1368; Verve, LLC v. Crane Cams, Inc., 311 F.3d 1116, 1120 (Fed.Cir.2002))) Abbott argues that where, as here, the patentee did not clearly redefine the word, "about" should be given its ordinary and customary meaning of "approximately." (Id. at 47-48 (citing Merck & Co. v. Teva Pharms., Inc., 395 F.3d 1364, 1369-72 (Fed.Cir.2005); UCB, Inc. v. KV Pharm. Co., 2009 WL 2524519, at *5-6, 2009 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 72764, at *15 (D.Del. Aug. 18, 2009); Unigene Labs., Inc. v. Apotex Inc., 2008 WL 3992294, at *8-9, 2008 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 66005, at *26-27 (S.D.N.Y. Aug. 28, 2008))) Additionally, according to Abbott, a person ordinarily skilled in the art would understand that "about" means "approximately," because the term "about" "reflects the inherent uncertainty in any scientific measurement—i.e., repeated measurements of the same property will not yield exactly the same result due to the limitations of accuracy and precision associated with measurement and testing techniques." (Id. at 49 (citing D.I. 56, AA
With respect to whether an ordinarily skilled artisan would refer to the USP to define the "about" terms in the CIP patent claims, Abbott argues that she would do so only for the particular purpose specified in the CIP patents, (D.I. 58 at 37-39 & n. 19) The CIP patents' specifications all include a single reference to the USP:
(E.g., '229 patent, col. 9 lines 13-16) The claims of the '691 and '967 patents also reference the USP in connection with this same "type I dissolution apparatus." ('691 patent, claims 1, 13 (referring to "a type I dissolution apparatus (basket) according to [USP XXII]"); '967 patent, claims 1, 16 (same)) According to Abbott, there is no reference to the USP in connection with any other aspect of the CIP claims. (D.I. 58 at 38) Thus, an ordinarily skilled artisan would know that the USP should be consulted to determine the parameters of the "about" claims in the '691 and '967 patents because those particularly refer to measuring an in vitro (i.e., laboratory testing) dissolution profile. (Id. at 38 n. 19)
Relying on the USP for other uses, Abbott continues, would be inappropriate because most of the contexts in which "about" appears are related to parameters that the USP does not govern. (Id. (citing D.I. 56 AA Ex. E, Supplemental Foster Decl. ("Supp. Foster Decl.") ¶¶ 16-28)) The USP sets performance standards for in vitro parameters of drug quality, purity, and consistency between batches. (Supp. Foster Decl. ¶¶ 8, 10) The USP does not, as Lupin suggests, set standards for in vivo (i.e., biological) parameters, such as pharmacokinetics or bioequivalence. (Id. ¶ 10) Thus, a person ordinarily skilled in the art would not have looked to the USP in the context of in vivo measurements, such as the plasma concentration parameters of the '229 patent or the urinary metabolic profile parameters of the '715 patent. (Id. ¶¶ 24-28) In Abbott's view, a person ordinarily skilled in the art would not even have looked to the USP for guidance regarding in vitro parameters, other than the specific parameter for the "type I dissolution apparatus" disclosed in the '691 and '967 patents, because she would have understood "about" to mean "approximately." (Id. at 39-40 (citing Supp. Foster Decl. ¶¶ 14-23))
Lupin, by contrast, argues that the "technological and stylistic context" of the "about" terms dictates that the USP parameters be consulted. (D.I. 54 at 28-29 (citing Pall Corp. v. Micron Separations, Inc., 66 F.3d 1211, 1217 (Fed.Cir.1995))) The CIP patents concern the fields of pharmaceutics (creating an appropriate dosage form for a drug) and biopharmaceutics. (Id. (citing '229 patent, col. 7 line 50 to col. 16 lines 1-27)) Lupin acknowledges that absolute precision in measuring active ingredient weights and concentrations in blood plasma and urine is not possible in these fields. (Id. at 29) However, boundaries of weights and in vivo concentrations can still be set, and are necessary to distinguish the CIP dosage forms from prior-art SR dosage forms. (Id. (citing D.I. 56, LA000683-84, Taft Declaration (hereinafter "Taft Decl.") ¶¶ 10-11))
Lupin's expert, Dr. Taft, declares that in the fields of pharmaceutics and biopharmaceutics, using "about" to modify a numerical range is understood to refer to a deviation acceptable around a particular data point. (Taft Decl. ¶¶ 10-12; see also D.I. 60 at 34-38 (discussing general agreement among Dr. Cefali, an inventor of most of
According to Lupin, the only numerical ranges that are not derived from a version of the USP are with respect to claim 13 of the '691 patent and claim 16 of the '967 patent, both of which require a particular "fit factor F
I recommend different constructions for each set of "about" claims in dispute, as follows.
I recommend that the Court adopt Lupin's proposed construction of "about" for the dose-amount limitations claims in the '229, '715, and '967 patents. The "dose-amount" limitations claims are claims 17 and 25 of the '229 patent; claims 1, 3, 5, 7, and 9 of the '715 patent; and claim 16 of the '967 patent. (D.I. 54 at 29-30) Both parties agree that a person ordinarily skilled in the art would look to the USP for guidance on these issues, and the patent's inventors and all the experts agree that "about" in these claims essentially means within the range of scientifically acceptable error. Given that the USP edition in effect at the time of the invention set the standards for such scientifically acceptable manufacturing errors in pharmaceutical preparations, a person ordinarily skilled in the art would have consulted the USP to determine the meaning of "about." Abbott, however, objects that the USP XXIV—which is not the one in effect at the time of the invention—has a specific tablet strength tolerance for niacin compositions, which is +/-10%, rather than the "general" tolerance of +/-15%. (D.I. 58 at 39 n. 21) There is nothing in the record as to whether the USP XXII and XXIII—the versions of the USP that were in effect at the time the patents were being prosecuted—also had a specific tolerance for niacin compositions. In the absence of such evidence, I recommend that the Court construe the "dose-amount limitations" in accordance with Lupin's proposed construction (i.e., +/-15%).
With respect to the blood plasma concentration limitations and Urinary-Metabolite-Profile limitations in the '229 and '715 patents, I recommend that the Court adopt Abbott's construction of "about" in claims 17 and 25 of the '229 patent and claims 1, 5, and 9 of the '715 patent. Abbott's assertion that the USP standards are not designed to apply to in vivo parameters, such as blood plasma concentrations
Thus, it seems that not even Lupin's own expert believes that the USP provides the proper guidelines for measuring blood plasma concentrations and urinary metabolite profiles. In fact, Dr. Taft's reliance on "scientific literature" and other studies indicates that what he is really basing his opinion on is what a person ordinarily skilled in the art would rely upon—namely, the body of available published literature and conventions in the art. In these circumstances, Abbott's construction of "about" as "approximately" reflects the ordinary and customary meaning of the term as understood by a person ordinarily skilled in the art and is more appropriate than Lupin's more specific numerical range.
Both parties recognize that claim 13 of the '691 patent and claim 16 of the '967 patent expressly reference USP standards for measuring an in vitro dissolution profile. (D.I. 58 at 38 n. 19; D.I. 54 at 40) Although "about" generally avoids a "strict numerical boundary to the specified parameter," it must still be interpreted according to the patent's field and specification, and can be narrowed where the specification allows it. Cohesive Techs., 543 F.3d at 1368-69.
In Cohesive Techs., 543 F.3d at 1368-69, the Federal Circuit construed "about 30[mu]m" as "between 25.434[mu]m and 34.566[mu]m" because the specification provided the precise means of doing so. Specifically, another part of the specification treated "about 50[mu]m" as if it were the same as "42.39 [mu]m." Id. This deviation from the exact number 50 represented an "acceptable variance of at least 15.22%." Id. Therefore, the court applied a 15.22% variance to the "about 30[mu]m" term and decided it should encompass "at least 25.434[mu]m but not more than 34.566[mu]m." Id.
Similarly, here, before reciting a litany of percentage ranges using the term "about," the '691 and '967 patents teach that the in vitro dissolution profile to be used in the invention should be measured according to USP XXII's standards. ('691 patent, col. 30 lines 13-33; '967 patent, col. 30 lines 43-62) The claims of the '691 and '967 patents also reference the USP in connection with this same "type I dissolution apparatus," ('691 patent, claims 1, 13; '967 patent, claims 1, 16) Therefore, I recommend that the Court adopt Lupin's proposed construction of "about" in claim 13 of the '691 patent and claim 16 of the '967
With respect to the meaning of "about" in the "fit factor F
Here, the '691 and '967 patents' specifications explain that the range of potential "fit factor F
For the reasons set forth above, I recommend that the Court construe the disputed claim terms as follows:
-----------------------------------------------------------------------Term/Phrase (Claim Recommended Nos.) Construction -----------------------------------------------------------------------"Oral solid dosage A drug product in aform" solid form to be administered ('428 patent, claim 1) by mouth -----------------------------------------------------------------------"sustained release A composition whichcomposition" when administered to a ('930 patent, claims 18 patient to be treated, & 133) the active ingredient will be released for absorption into the blood stream over a period of time which is slower than that of immediate release formulations -----------------------------------------------------------------------"oral sustained release A drug product sold in asolid dosage form" solid form to be administered ('930 patent, claims 51 by mouth and & 115) which when so administered to a patient to be treated, the active ingredient will be released for absorption into the blood stream over a period of time which is slower than that of immediate release formulations -----------------------------------------------------------------------"dosing" Administering a dose ('848 patent, claim 1) -----------------------------------------------------------------------"intermediate release A nicotinic acid formulationnicotinic acid which releases itsformulation" medication in vitro or in ('715 patent, claims 1, 3, vivo over a period of 5, 7, 9, & 11) time which is greater than about 1 to 2 hours, ('967 patent, claim 16) i.e., slower than immediate release niacin, but ('691 patent, claim 13) less than about 10 to 24 hours, i.e., faster than ('229 patent, claims 17 sustained release niacin & 25) -----------------------------------------------------------------------"little or no serious No treatment-limitingliver damage" hepatotoxicity that ('428 patent, claim 3) would require treatment to be discontinued by the patient -----------------------------------------------------------------------"minimum liver damage, No treatment-limitinguric acid increases, hepatotoxicity or elevationsor elevations in in uric acid levels
fasting glucose levels" or glucose levels which ('848 patent, claim 3) would require treatment to be discontinued by the patient -----------------------------------------------------"abnormalities in Elevations in either uriceither uric acid or glu- acid levels, glucose lev-cose levels or both to els or both to a levelan extent which would that requires discontin-require said daily uation of currenttreatment to be treatmentdiscontinued by the patient" ('930 patent, claim 51) -----------------------------------------------------"treatment-limiting elevations in uric acid levels or glucose levels or both in the patient to a level which would require said treatment to be discontinued by the patient" ('930 patent, claim 115) -----------------------------------------------------"treatment-limiting (i) Elevations in liverhepatotoxicity ... enzymes (AST, ALT,which would require and/or alkaline phospha-said treatment to be tase) to a level thatdiscontinued by the requires discontinuationpatient" of current treatment ('930 patent, claim 115) -----------------------------------------------------"treatment-limiting Elevations in liverhepatotoxicity . . . in enzymes (AST, ALT,the individual to a and/or alkaline phospha-level which would re- tase) to a level thatquire use of the inter- requires discontinuationmediate nicotinic acid of current treatmentformulation by the individual to be discontinued" ('967 patent, claim 16) -----------------------------------------------------"treatment-limiting Elevations in either uricelevations in uric acid acid levels, glucoseor glucose levels or levels or both to a levelboth in the individual that requires discontin-to an level which uation of currentwould require use of treatmentthe intermediate nico- tinic acid formulation by the individual to be discontinued" ('967 patent, claim 16) -----------------------------------------------------"sustained release A composition whichcomposition" when administered to a ('930 patent, claims 18 patient to be treated, & 133) the active ingredient will be released for ab- sorption into the blood stream over a period of time which is slower than that of immediate release formulations -----------------------------------------------------"significant increase An increase that resultsin HDL cholesterol" in a meaningful de- ('848 patent, claim 1) crease in an individual's risk of developing car- diovascular disease -----------------------------------------------------"about 1000 mg" No less than 850 mg ('715 patent, claims 1, 3, and no more than 1150 5, 7, & 9) mg ('967 patent, claim 16 (1000 mg only)) -----------------------------------------------------"about 4.0% to about Approximately 4.0% to 26%" approximately 26% ('715 patent, claims 1, 5, & 9) -----------------------------------------------------"at least about 750 No less than 637.5 mgmg" ('229 patent, claims 17 & 25) -----------------------------------------------------"about 3 ug/ml" Approximately 3 ug/ml ('229 patent, claims 17 & 25) -----------------------------------------------------"about 5.6 hours" Approximately 5.6 hours ('229 patent, claims 17 & 25) -----------------------------------------------------"about 11 ughr/ml" Approximately 11 ughr/ml ('229 patent, claims 17 & 25) -----------------------------------------------------"about 15%" At least 13.5%"about 15% and about Between 13.5% and 33% 30%""about 75%" Not above 82.5% ('967 patent, claim 16) ('691 patent, claim 13) -----------------------------------------------------"about 44" No less than 43.5 ('967 patent, claim 16) ('691 patent, claim 13) -----------------------------------------------------
This Report and Recommendation is filed pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 636(b)(1)(B), Fed.R.Civ.P. 72(b)(1), and D. Del. LR 72.1. The parties may serve and file specific written objections
The parties are directed to the Court's Standing Order In Non-Pro Se Matters For Objections Filed Under Fed.R.Civ.P. 72(b), dated November 16, 2009, a copy of which is available on the Court's website, www.ded.uscourts.gov/StandingOrders Main.htm.
Dated: June 18, 2010
Wilmington, Delaware
