Supreme Court of Florida
                                  ____________

                                 No. SC13-1872
                                 ____________

                          ENOCK PLANCHER, etc.,
                                Petitioner,

                                        vs.

               UCF ATHLETICS ASSOCIATION, INC., et al.,
                            Respondent.

                                  ____________

                                 No. SC13-1874
                                 ____________

                          ENOCK PLANCHER, etc.,
                                Petitioner,

                                        vs.

               UCF ATHLETICS ASSOCIATION, INC., et al.,
                            Respondent.

                                 [May 28, 2015]

POLSTON, J.

      The Planchers seek review of the decision of the Fifth District Court of

Appeal in UCF Athletics Ass’n, Inc. v. Plancher, 

(Fla. 5th DCA
2013).1 For the reasons expressed below, we approve the Fifth District’s holding

that UCF Athletics Association, Inc., is entitled to limited sovereign immunity but

quash the Fifth District’s statement remanding for entry of a judgment that shall be

reduced to the statutory cap.

                                 BACKGROUND

      In 2008, Ereck Plancher, a University of Central Florida (UCF) football

player, collapsed and tragically died during football practice conditioning drills.

“After his death, Ereck’s parents (the Planchers) filed a negligence

action against UCF[2] and UCF Athletics Association, Inc. (UCFAA), the

statutorily authorized direct-support organization responsible for administering

UCF’s athletics department.” 

The trial court denied

UCFAA’s motion for summary judgment, which had argued that UCFAA is

entitled to limited sovereign immunity under section 768.28, Florida Statutes

(2008). 

The trial court ruled “that the undisputed evidence

demonstrated that UCFAA had not been substantially controlled by UCF in either

day-to-day decisions or major programmatic decisions.” 

Subsequently, “the jury found UCFAA liable and awarded the Planchers damages



      1. We have jurisdiction. See art. V, § 3(b)(3), Fla. Const.

        2. “The Planchers dismissed UCF as a party to the lawsuit on the first day of
trial.” 

n.2.


                                         -2-
in the amount of $10 million.” 

(footnote omitted). But, on appeal, the

Fifth District reversed and held that UCFAA is entitled to limited sovereign

immunity. 

analysis, the Fifth District discussed Shands Teaching Hospital &

Clinics, Inc. v. Lee, 

(Fla. 1st DCA 1985), Prison Rehabilitative

Industries & Diversified Enterprises, Inc. v. Betterson, 

(Fla. 1st

DCA 1994), and Pagan v. Sarasota County Public Hospital Board, 

(Fla. 2d DCA 2004), and noted that “[t]he key factor in determining whether a

private corporation is an instrumentality of the state for sovereign immunity

purposes is the level of governmental control over the performance and day-to-day

operations of the corporation.” 

The Fifth District rejected “the

Planchers’ assertion that for UCFAA to have sovereign immunity, UCF had to

actually control UCFAA’s day-to-day operations.” 

      Ultimately, “[c]omparing the facts of this case to the facts set forth in

Keck[v. Eminisor, 

(Fla. 2012)], Pagan, and Betterson, [the Fifth

District determined] that UCFAA primarily acts as an instrumentality of UCF” and

is, therefore, entitled to limited sovereign immunity pursuant to section 768.28. 

District also stated that “[t]he judgment entered against UCFAA shall be

reduced to $200,000 in accordance with section 768.28(5), Florida Statutes. Any




                                         -3-
amount over the statutory cap must be sought by the Planchers in a claim bill filed

in the Florida Legislature.” 

n.17.

                                      ANALYSIS

      The Planchers argue that UCF does not have sufficient control over

UCFAA’s day-to-day operations to entitle UCFAA to limited sovereign immunity

under section 768.28. We disagree.3

      Section 768.28 provides a waiver of sovereign immunity in tort actions but

only to a specified extent. Pursuant to section 768.28(5), Florida Statutes (2008),

“[t]he state and its agencies and subdivisions shall be liable for tort claims in the

same manner and to the same extent as a private individual under like

circumstances, but liability shall not include punitive damages or interest for the

period before judgment.” The statute also sets a recovery limit of $100,000 for a

claim or judgment by one person and a recovery limit of $200,000 per occurrence

or incident. § 768.28(5), Fla. Stat. (2008).

      Section 768.28(2), Florida Statutes (2008), defines the state entities entitled

to this limited sovereign immunity:

      “state agencies or subdivisions” include the executive departments,
      the Legislature, the judicial branch (including public defenders), and

      3. The issue of sovereign immunity in this case is a legal issue subject to a
de novo standard of review. See 

n.3 (“[H]ere the
proof of control rests entirely on statutory provisions, which leaves the issue to be
decided as a matter of law.”).


                                          -4-
      the independent establishments of the state, including state university
      boards of trustees; counties and municipalities; and corporations
      primarily acting as instrumentalities or agencies of the state, counties,
      or municipalities, including the Florida Space Authority.

(Emphasis added.)

      It is undisputed that UCF meets the definition of a state agency or

subdivision entitled to limited sovereign immunity under section 768.28. Further,

in 

, this Court explained that “corporations primarily acting

as instrumentalities of independent establishments of the State are included in the

definition within section 768.28(2) of ‘state agencies or subdivisions.’ ”

Therefore, if UCFAA is primarily acting as an instrumentality of UCF, it is a state

agency or subdivision entitled to limited sovereign immunity under section 768.28.

      UCF created and certified UCFAA as a university direct-support

organization (DSO) pursuant to section 1004.28, Florida Statutes. A university

DSO is statutorily defined as a not-for-profit Florida corporation “[o]rganized and

operated exclusively to receive, hold, invest, and administer property and to make

expenditures to or for the benefit of a state university in Florida or for the benefit

of a research and development park or research and development authority

affiliated with a state university.” § 1004.28(1)(a)2., Fla. Stat. The statute requires

“a state university board of trustees, after review, [to certify that the DSO is]

operating in a manner consistent with the goals of the university and in the best

interest of the state.” § 1004.28(1)(a)3., Fla. Stat.


                                          -5-
      Besides the Fifth District’s decision in this case, three Florida district court

decisions have addressed whether an entity was primarily acting as an

instrumentality of the state and, therefore, entitled to limited sovereign immunity

under section 768.28, and all three decisions focused upon governmental control

over the entity. First, in 

, the First District concluded that

Shands Teaching Hospital and Clinics, Inc. was not entitled to limited sovereign

immunity. The First District examined the statute authorizing the leasing of

Shands to a private not-for-profit corporation as well as an appropriations act and

legislative reports, concluding that “the intent of the legislature was to treat Shands

as an autonomous and self-sufficient entity, one not primarily acting as an

instrumentality on behalf of the state.” 

(emphasis in original). The First

District also, by analogy, looked to federal law and explained that “section 240.513

reflects that Shands’ day-to-day operations are not under direct state control.” 

Betterson, 

, the First District determined that

PRIDE, a prison work program, was primarily acting as an instrumentality of the

state and, therefore, entitled to limited sovereign immunity under section 768.28.

Specifically, the First District concluded that “while PRIDE was accorded

substantial independence in the running of the work programs, its essential

operations nevertheless remained subject to a number of legislatively mandated

constraints over its day-to-day operations.” 

                                         -6-
      Third, in 

, the Second District affirmed the trial

court’s ruling that First Physicians Group was entitled to limited sovereign

immunity under section 768.28 as to the particular parties involved in that case.

The Second District explained that the Hospital Board and First Physicians Group

“successfully argued [to the trial court] that ‘the structure dictates the control’ and

that the Hospital Board had structural control of First Physicians Group and

therefore First Physicians Group and its employees were ‘agencies’ of the Hospital

Board entitled to sovereign immunity.” 

      Additionally, in 

, this Court examined a claim of

immunity asserted by virtue of employment with Jax Transit Management

Corporation (JTM). In Keck, the plaintiff had conceded that JTM was an

instrumentality of the Jacksonville Transit Authority (JTA). 

And “all

parties agree[d] that JTA falls within the definition of a state agency” under section

768.28(2). 

However, the trial court had ruled that “while JTA is an

independent establishment of the State and thus is entitled to sovereign immunity,

the same cannot be said as to JTM because the statutory definition in section

768.28(2) does not expressly include corporations that are acting primarily as

instrumentalities or agencies of independent establishments of the State.” 

disagreed with the trial court and held that “JTM is a ‘state agenc[y] or

subdivision[]’ under section 768.28(2) because it primarily acts as an


                                          -7-
instrumentality of JTA, which is within the statutory definition of a state agency.”

This Court in Keck briefly described the relationship between JTM and

, but did not address the level of governmental control

necessary for a corporation to be an instrumentality of the state.

      However, in Elend v. Sundome, Inc., 2005 U.S. Dist. Lexis 35264 (M.D.

Fla. Dec. 22, 2005), a federal district court persuasively concluded that a university

DSO created by the University of South Florida pursuant to section 1004.28 was

entitled to Eleventh Amendment immunity as an arm of the State of Florida.

Similar to the sovereign immunity analyses employed by Florida’s district courts

of appeal, the federal court’s analysis in Elend included a focus upon governmental

control over the corporation. Specifically, the federal court considered the

following factors: “(1) how state law defines an entity; (2) what degree of control

the state maintains over the entity; (3) where funds for the entity are derived; and

(4) who is responsible for judgments against the entity.” 

(citing Tuveson

v. Fla. Governor’s Council on Indian Affairs, Inc., 

, 732 (11th Cir.

1984)). And under the second factor, the federal court concluded that USF has

control over the Sun Dome, noting that USF controls the Sun Dome’s board of

directors, that facilities must be made available to USF when directed by USF’s

president, and that the Sun Dome must permit auditors of USF and the Legislature

to “audit, inspect, examine and copy any and all [of the Sun Dome’s] books,


                                         -8-
papers, reports, [and] correspondence.” 

Furthermore, under the third

factor, the federal court determined that USF “oversees the Sun Dome’s fiscal

circumstances.” 

The federal court explained that “the Sun Dome’s

operating budget is submitted to the Board of Trustees [and t]he duties of USF’s

president include monitoring and controlling the Sun Dome’s use of university

resources, recommending an annual budget, reviewing and approving

expenditures, and approving the Sun Dome’s employees’ salaries, other

compensation and benefits.” 

      In this case, the Planchers argue that actual state control over a corporation’s

day-to-day operations must be exercised for that corporation to be entitled to

limited sovereign immunity under section 768.28.4 However, it is unnecessary for

this Court to decide whether actual control, rather than the right of control, is




       4. The Planchers also argue that, even if UCFAA is entitled to limited
sovereign immunity, UCFAA’s liability insurance company is still responsible for
the entire judgment amount. However, this argument is without any merit. See
Stuyvesant Ins. Co. v. Bournazian, 

, 472 n.3 (Fla. 1976) (“The fact
that an injured person may proceed directly against the insurer as a third party
beneficiary of the insurance contract . . . in no way elevates the carrier’s
responsibility to pay amounts for which the insured himself would not have been
liable.”); § 768.28(5), Fla. Stat. (2008) (“[T]he state or agency or subdivision
thereof shall not be deemed to have waived any defense of sovereign immunity or
to have increased the limits of its liability as a result of its obtaining insurance
coverage for tortious acts in excess of the $100,000 or $200,000 waiver provided
above.”).


                                         -9-
required because here UCF exercises both levels of control over UCFAA and its

operations.

      Specifically, UCF maintains the right to control and actually controls

UCFAA’s board of directors as well as UCFAA’s continued existence. UCFAA’s

bylaws provide that the voting members of its board are composed of the

following: (1) the president of UCF; (2) the chairman of the UCF Board of

Trustees or designee; (3) the president of the UCF Alumni Association or

designee; (4) the president of the UCF Golden Knights Club or designee; (5) two

members of the public appointed by UCF’s president for terms designated by

UCF’s president; and (6) such members of UCF’s administration, faculty, or

student body as appointed by UCF’s president for terms designated by UCF’s

president. Further, the UCF Board of Trustees must approve any proposed

amendments to UCFAA’s bylaws. The UCF Board of Trustees also has the sole

authority to decertify UCFAA as a DSO and dissolve it as a corporation. If the

UCF Board of Trustees dissolves UCFAA, the articles of incorporation provide

that UCFAA’s assets “shall be distributed to the University of Central Florida

Foundation, Inc. [or] as directed by the President of the University of Central

Florida.”

      Additionally, UCF maintains and actually exercises its right to control

UCFAA’s operations and activities. UCFAA’s bylaws provide that UCF’s director


                                        - 10 -
of athletics serves as the executive vice president of UCFAA and “manage[s] the

day to day activities of [UCFAA].” And, importantly, UCF’s director of athletics

is “hired by, reports to, and serves at the pleasure and direction of UCF’s

[p]resident.” 

. Thus, through the president’s choice

and direct supervision of the director of athletics, UCF maintains and exercises

actual control over UCFAA’s day-to-day operations.

      Moreover, UCF controls UCFAA’s budget and finances for the sole benefit

of UCF. Pursuant to UCFAA’s bylaws, UCF’s president (as chairman of

UCFAA’s board) “shall retain the authority to monitor and control the use of

[UCFAA’s] resources” and “possess line-item authority over the budget.”

Additionally, under the bylaws, UCF’s president (or a designee that must be a

senior officer of UCF who reports directly to UCF’s president) “shall review and

approve [UCFAA’s] quarterly expenditure plans.” The services agreement

provides that “UCF shall have the right to audit the books and records of UCFAA,”

which must be made available to UCF within 30 days of its request. Also,

UCFAA’s budget is considered by its finance committee, which is chaired by

UCF’s CFO, who also serves as the secretary and treasurer of UCFAA. Further,

UCFAA receives the majority of its funding from UCF, see 

, and UCFAA’s articles of incorporation specify that it “is organized and shall




                                        - 11 -
be operated exclusively to receive, hold, invest, and administer property and to

make expenditure to or for the benefit of [UCF].”

      Finally, section 1010.62, Florida Statutes, places state constraints on

UCFAA’s ability to pursue financing mechanisms for its operations. Specifically,

section 1010.62(3)(a), Florida Statutes, provides that a “direct-support organization

may not issue debt without the approval of the Board of Governors” and that “[t]he

Board of Governors may approve the issuance of debt by . . . a direct-support

organization only when such debt is used to finance or refinance capital outlay

projects.” The statute also sets limitations on what revenues may secure such debt.

the above undisputed facts, UCFAA is not “an autonomous and

self-sufficient entity.” 

. Instead, UCFAA is subject to

substantial state “constraints over its day-to-day operations,” 

, and UCF has “structural control” of UCFAA. 

.

Accordingly, UCFAA is primarily acting as an instrumentality of the state and thus

is entitled to limited sovereign immunity under section 768.28. Cf. Elend, 2005

U.S. Dist. Lexis 35264, at *18, *20 (holding that a university DSO is entitled to

Eleventh Amendment immunity as a state entity and explaining that “[t]he state,

through USF, a state agency, has control over the Sun Dome” and that “[t]he

university also oversees the Sun Dome’s fiscal circumstances”).


                                        - 12 -
                                 CONCLUSION

      For the reasons expressed above, we approve the Fifth District’s holding that

UCFAA is entitled to limited sovereign immunity under section 768.28. However,

we quash the statement in the Fifth District’s decision that “[t]he judgment entered

against UCFAA shall be reduced to $200,000 in accordance with section

768.28(5), Florida Statutes.” 

n.17. Rather than

requiring a reduction of the judgment, we remand for entry of a judgment

corresponding to the jury’s award of damages but limiting UCFAA’s liability for

payment to $200,000 pursuant to section 768.28(5). See Pinellas Cnty. v. Bettis,

, 1368 (Fla. 2d DCA 1995). The Planchers must look to the

Legislature to collect any amount awarded above the statutory cap. See §

768.28(5), Fla. Stat.

      It is so ordered.

LABARGA, C.J., and PARIENTE, LEWIS, QUINCE, and CANADY, JJ., concur.
PERRY, J., recused.

NOT FINAL UNTIL TIME EXPIRES TO FILE REHEARING MOTION, AND
IF FILED, DETERMINED.

Application for Review of the Decision of the District Court of Appeal - Direct
Conflict of Decisions

      Fifth District - Case No. 5D11-2710 & 5D11-4253

      (Orange County)




                                       - 13 -
Christopher Vincent Carlyle, Shannon McLin Carlyle, and David Alfred Monaco
of The Carlyle Appellate Law Firm, The Villages, Florida; Stacy Delayne Blank
and Patrick Michael Chidnese of Holland & Knight LLP, Tampa, Florida; and
Charles Steven Yerrid of The Yerrid Law Firm, P.A., Tampa, Florida,

      for Petitioner

Matthew John Conigliaro of Carlton Fields Jorden Burt, P.A., Tampa, Florida;
Wendy Frank Lumish of Carlton Fields Jorden Burt, P.A., Miami, Florida; and
Peter D. Webster of Carlton Fields Jorden Burt, P.A., Tallahassee, Florida,

      for Respondent

Richard E. Mitchell of GrayRobinson, P.A., Orlando, Florida,

      for Amici Curiae The University of Central Florida Board of Trustees, The
      University of Florida Board of Trustees, and The Florida State University
      Board of Trustees, et. al.




                                     - 14 -