Supreme Court of Florida
                                  ____________

                                  No. SC13-2416
                                  ____________

                            HOWARD BROWNING,
                                Petitioner,

                                        vs.

                            LYNN ANNE POIRIER,
                                Respondent.

                                  [May 28, 2015]

POLSTON, J.

      We review the decision of the Fifth District Court of Appeal in Browning v.

Poirier, 

(Fla. 5th DCA 2013), a case in which the Fifth District

certified a question of great public importance.1 We rephrase the certified question

to the following as suggested by Chief Judge Torpy:

      Is a terminable-at-will agreement to pool lottery winnings
      unenforceable in the absence of an express agreement to continue the
      agreement for a period of time exceeding one year, when full
      performance of the agreement is possible within one year from the
      inception of the agreement[?]




      1. We have jurisdiction. See art. V, § 3(b)(4), Fla. Const.


(Torpy, C.J., concurring in part and dissenting in part). We answer the

rephrased question in the negative and quash the Fifth District’s decision.

                                I. BACKGROUND

      Petitioner Howard Browning and Respondent Lynn Anne Poirier lived

together in a romantic relationship beginning in 1991. 

In

approximately 1993, the parties entered into an oral agreement in which they each

agreed to purchase lottery tickets and to equally share in the proceeds of any

winning lottery tickets. 

2, 2007, Poirier purchased a winning ticket

and “collected one million dollars minus deductions for taxes.” 

requested half of the proceeds, Poirier refused, and Browning filed the

underlying suit for breach of an oral contract and unjust enrichment. 

denied the existence of any oral agreement to split lottery proceeds and

raised the defense of the statute of frauds. 

close of Browning’s case, Poirier moved for a directed verdict on two

counts in Browning’s complaint, and the trial court granted the directed verdict on

both counts. 

trial court granted a directed verdict on

Browning’s claim for breach of an oral contract, finding that the action was barred

by the statute of frauds. 

trial court “granted a directed verdict

on Browning’s claim for unjust enrichment, holding that a party seeking to enforce

an express contract cannot simultaneously disavow the contract and seek equitable


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relief in quasi-contract.” 

court entered final judgment in favor of

Poirier. 

a panel of the Fifth District entered an opinion on March 8, 2013,

reversing the trial court. Browning v. Poirier, 

(Fla. 5th DCA

2013), withdrawn and superseded on reh’g en banc by 

(Fla. 5th

DCA 2013). However, the Fifth District granted a motion for rehearing en banc,

withdrew the panel opinion, and substituted an opinion in its place on November 8,

2013. 

.

      Regarding Browning’s claim for breach of an oral contract, the Fifth District

looked to the statute of frauds as stated in section 725.01, Florida Statutes, and the

“leading case interpreting this statute,” Yates v. Ball, 

(1937), to find

that “the trial court was correct in granting a directed verdict” and correct to

“conclude[ ] that ‘the intent was that the contract was to last and it did last, as it

turns out, much longer than a year.’ ” 

-46.

Specifically, the Fifth District discussed that Browning and Poirier intended the

oral contract to last as long as they were in a romantic relationship, and “ ‘the

parties contemplated that the relationship would last more than one year . . . .’ ”

(quoting 

).

      Therefore, the Fifth District “affirm[ed] the judgment under review

regarding the count for breach of the alleged oral contract, but reverse[d] that part


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of the judgment regarding the count for unjust enrichment and remand[ed] this

case to the trial court for further proceedings.” 

      In this Court, Browning argues that his oral agreement with Poirier to

equally share in the proceeds of any winning lottery tickets they purchased falls

outside the statute of frauds. We agree.2

      Section 725.01, Florida Statutes, commonly referred to as the statute of

frauds, provides the following:

            No action shall be brought . . . upon any agreement that is not to
      be performed within the space of 1 year from the making thereof . . .
      unless the agreement or promise upon which such action shall be
      brought, or some note or memorandum thereof shall be in writing and
      signed by the party to be charged therewith or by some other person
      by her or him thereunto lawfully authorized.

(Emphasis added.) The issue here focuses on interpreting the one year

performance provision of the statute of frauds for oral agreements of indefinite

duration, where no time is fixed by the parties for the performance of their

agreement.

      In 1937, with its decision in Yates, 

, this Court interpreted the

one year performance provision of the statute of frauds. Yates, the plaintiff, was



      2. We review this legal question de novo. See Christensen v. Bowen, 

, 501 (Fla. 2014) (“The rephrased certified question presents a pure
question of law, which is reviewed de novo.”).


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the holder by assignment of second mortgage bonds secured by a trust deed, falling

due approximately four years from the date of entering the agreement. 

The defendant contended that the agreement was within the statute of frauds. 

In its analysis, this Court in Yates set out the following general and

qualifying rules for interpreting the statute of frauds:

              When, as in this case, no definite time was fixed by the parties
      for the performance of their agreement, and there is nothing in its
      terms to show that it could not be performed within a year according
      to its intent and the understanding of the parties, it should not be
      construed as being within the statute of frauds.
              The general rule so stated is subject to the qualifying rule that
      when no time is agreed on for the complete performance of the
      contract, if from the object to be accomplished by it and the
      surrounding circumstances, it clearly appears that the parties intended
      that it should extend for a longer period than a year, it is within the
      statute of frauds, though it cannot be said that there is any
      impossibility preventing its performance within a year.

      After setting out these rules, this Court in Yates reversed a directed verdict

and held that the oral agreement at issue was not subject to the statute of frauds.

This Court stated that “[w]hile the second mortgage bonds were not

due for four years and the interest was payable semi-annually, they were by their

terms susceptible of payment in full at any time upon notice given . . . .” 

This Court reasoned as follows:

            In our view, the agreement sued on was clearly within the
      general rule as here stated. It contains no express provision that it
      should not be performed within a year, nor is there anything embraced

                                          -5-
      within its terms that shows conclusively that it was intended to run for
      more than a year. Under its terms, it is susceptible of performance
      within a year, and the evidence shows that it was expected to have
      been performed within that time. When such is the case, even if
      actual performance runs beyond the year, it is not within the statute of
      frauds.

      Although the Yates decision was inartful in its discussion of a general and

qualifying rule,3 the manner in which this Court applied the statute of frauds in

Yates is in accord with the majority approach to interpreting a statute of frauds:

             It is well settled that the oral contracts made unenforceable by
      the statute because they are not to be performed within a year include
      only those which cannot be performed within that period. A promise
      which is not likely to be performed within a year, and which in fact is
      not performed within a year, is not within the statute if at the time the
      contract is made there is a possibility in law and in fact that full
      performance such as the parties intended may be completed before the
      expiration of a year.

9 Williston on Contracts § 24:3 (4th ed. 2011) (emphasis in original) (footnotes

omitted). Stated otherwise, judging from the time the oral contract of indefinite

duration is made, if the contract’s full performance is possible within one year

from the inception of the contract, then it falls outside the statute of frauds. See

Acoustic Innovations, Inc. v. Schafer, 

, 1143 (Fla. 4th DCA 2008);

Wilcox v. Lang Equities, Inc., 

, 320 (Fla. 3d DCA 1991); Gulf



       3. We recede from Yates to the extent that the general and qualifying rule
there conflicts with our decision today.


                                         -6-
Solar, Inc. v. Westfall, 

, 366 (Fla. 2d DCA 1984); but see LynkUs

Commc’ns, Inc. v. WebMD Corp., 

, 1165 (Fla. 2d DCA 2007);

Khawly v. Reboul, 

, 858 (Fla. 3d DCA 1986).

      In this case, the oral agreement between Browning and Poirier is one of

indefinite duration because, as the general rule in Yates states, “no definite time

was fixed by the parties for the performance of their agreement.” 

. Additionally, “at the time the contract [was] made there is a possibility in law

and in fact that full performance” of the agreement between Browning and Poirier

could have been “completed before the expiration of a year.” 9 Williston on

Contracts § 24:3. For example, if Browning or Poirier purchased a winning lottery

ticket and they split the proceeds before the expiration of one year, the agreement

would have been fully performed before the expiration of one year. Alternatively,

either Browning or Poirier could have ended the agreement at any time.

Accordingly, judging from the time the oral contract was made, nothing in the

terms of their contract demonstrates that it could not be performed within one year.

                                III. CONCLUSION

      Because the oral agreement between Browning and Poirier could have

possibly been performed within one year, it falls outside the statute of frauds.

Accordingly, we answer the rephrased question in the negative. We quash the

Fifth District’s decision and remand for further proceedings.


                                         -7-
      It is so ordered.

LABARGA, C.J., and PARIENTE, LEWIS, QUINCE, and PERRY, JJ., concur.
CANADY, J., recused.

NOT FINAL UNTIL TIME EXPIRES TO FILE REHEARING MOTION, AND
IF FILED, DETERMINED.

Application for Review of the Decision of the District Court of Appeal - Certified
Great Public Importance

      Fifth District - Case No. 5D12-1823

      (Seminole County)

Sean Patrick Sheppard of the Sheppard Firm, P.A., Fort Lauderdale, Florida,

      for Petitioner

Mark Alexander Sessums and Lauren E. Jensen of the Sessums Law Group, P.A.,
Lakeland, Florida,

      for Respondent




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