Supreme Court of Florida
                                    ____________

                                    No. SC15-497
                                    ____________


    IN RE: AMENDMENTS TO THE FLORIDA RULES OF JUDICIAL
              ADMINISTRATION—NEW RULE 2.340.

                                [September 10, 2015]

PER CURIAM.

      The Court, on its own motion, adopts new Florida Rule of Judicial

Administration 2.340 (Judicial Attire) to govern judges’ attire during judicial

proceedings.1 The demeanor of judges in a public courtroom, including the attire

they wear there, is a crucial indicator of the seriousness of the judicial office and of

the proceedings. In this regard, this Court has a major responsibility to provide

leadership and direction to advance the judicial branch’s ongoing effort to enhance

public trust and confidence in the third branch of government. As part of this

responsibility, we adopt new rule 2.340 to provide guidance to Florida’s judges

and emphasize that the attire worn by judges during judicial proceedings must




      1. See Fla. R. Jud. Admin. 2.140(d).
promote public trust and confidence in the proceedings and the judicial system as a

whole.2

      Prior to adopting the new rule, the Court published notice that it was

considering adopting a rule to govern judges’ attire during judicial proceedings,

specifically seeking comments from the Rules of Judicial Administration

Committee and the conferences of judges. The Court received eight comments.

      The Conference of County Court Judges has no comment on the rule. The

Conference of Circuit Court Judges reports that it takes no position on the rule

because of a lack of clear direction from the membership, some of whom support

the rule and some of whom object to it. The Conference of District Court of

Appeal Judges does not see a need for the rule and is unaware of “any

inappropriate circumstances which it believes would be curtailed by the rule.” The

Rules of Judicial Administration Committee agrees the new rule is appropriate and

within the Court’s purview. Other commenters question the need for the rule or its

application. Some commenters express concern that the Court does not trust

judges to dress appropriately or otherwise exercise good judgment.

      After considering the comments and reflecting on this Court’s responsibility

to provide clear direction when needed to promote public trust and confidence in




      2. We have jurisdiction. See art. V, § 2(a), Fla. Const.


                                        -2-
the judicial branch, we adopt new rule 2.340, as published for comment, to provide

that “[d]uring any judicial proceeding, robes worn by a judge must be solid black

with no embellishment.”3

      In adopting the new rule, we want to assuage any concern that this Court

does not have confidence in Florida’s judges. To the contrary, this Court holds the

judges of this state in the utmost esteem and is confident the vast majority of

judges fully fulfill their ethical responsibilities to respect and honor the judicial

office they hold, and to present and conduct themselves in a manner that promotes

trust and confidence in our judicial system. See Fla. Code of Jud. Conduct,

Preamble (recognizing that “intrinsic to all sections of [the Code of Judicial

Conduct] are the precepts that judges, individually and collectively, must respect

and honor the judicial office as a public trust and strive to enhance and maintain

confidence in our legal system”). Our Code of Judicial Conduct recognizes that as

the “arbiter of facts and law for the resolution of disputes,” Florida’s judges are the

face of the judicial branch of government. And, as such, judges must conduct

themselves accordingly, both in their actions and their appearance. 

Ala. R. Jud. Admin. 22 (requiring judges to wear suitable black robes
during judicial proceedings); Alaska R. Admin. Cts. 21 (requiring judges to wear a
suitable black robe while presiding in public session of court); Cal. R. Ct. 10.505
(governing style of black robes worn by judges in open court, as prescribed by
statute); Wis. Sup. Ct. R. 62.02 (requiring judges to wear black robes while
presiding from bench).


                                          -3-
(recognizing the judge as “a highly visible symbol of government under the rule of

law”). When a litigant appears in court, it is the presiding judge who sets the tone

of the proceedings, puts those in attendance at ease, and maintains order and

decorum throughout the proceedings, all of which establishes confidence in the

legal process.

      Consistent with the overarching precept of the Code of Judicial Conduct that

judges, individually and collectively, must promote trust and confidence in the

judicial system, it is the policy of the judicial branch and of this Court to develop

strategies to promote public trust and confidence in the judiciary. In fact, the long-

range strategic plan for the Florida judicial branch approved by this Court includes,

as one of its “long-range issues”4 and core tenets, the enhancement of public trust

and confidence in the judicial branch:

      Long-Range Issue #5—Enhancing Public Trust and Confidence

            Public trust and confidence in the judicial branch is at the core
      of maintaining a peaceful and democratic society. The judicial branch


      4. According to the long-range strategic plan,

      The long-range issues are high priority strategic areas presenting
      significant challenges that must be addressed over the long term in
      order to move toward fulfilling the vision and mission [of the Judicial
      Branch].

The Florida Supreme Court Task Force on Judicial Branch Planning, The Long-
Range Strategic Plan for the Florida Judicial Branch 2009-2015, 2 (on file with
Office of State Court Adm’r).


                                         -4-
      must consistently strive to maintain and improve the public’s trust and
      confidence by: fulfilling its mission of protecting rights and liberties,
      upholding and interpreting the law, and providing for the peaceful
      resolution of disputes; and by achieving its vision of being accessible,
      fair, effective, responsive, and accountable to all Floridians.
      Regardless of the economic and political challenges, the branch must
      remain steadfast in its commitment to maintain and consistently build
      the public’s trust and confidence.

The Florida Supreme Court Task Force on Judicial Branch Planning, The Long-

Range Strategic Plan for the Florida Judicial Branch 2009-2015, 20 (on file with

Office of State Court Adm’r).

      According to the long-range strategic plan, “[s]urvey respondents in 2008

reported higher levels of trust and confidence in Florida’s courts than did

respondents to a survey in 1996.” However, the plan goes on to recognize that

despite the strides that the branch has made in improving the public’s trust and

confidence,

      confusion still exists among the public about the role, purposes, and
      function of courts, and a compelling need remains to better educate
      and inform the public about the role and accomplishments of the
      branch, according to recent survey findings. Effective public
      education about the courts helps to better inform the public and
      positively shape public perception and understanding of the judicial
      branch. These ongoing efforts are vitally important to enhancing
      public trust and confidence. . . .

             To fulfill its mission and achieve its vision, the judicial branch
      must perform its duties with impartiality, integrity, and honesty.
      Additionally, the courts’ performance must be perceived to be fair and
      free from systemic bias, particularly concerning race. . . .

            Finally, the State Courts System can enhance public trust and
      confidence by maintaining the highest standards of accountability for

                                        -5-
      its use of public resources, adhering to statutory and constitutional
      mandates, and continuing to improve its overall performance. The
      State Courts System should inform the public, demonstrate
      transparency, and ultimately maintain and build the public’s trust and
      confidence by regularly and accurately reporting on its use of
      resources and its accomplishments.

identified in issue number 5 of the long-range plan are just some

of the ways that the judicial branch as a whole can instill public trust and

confidence. This Court and the Chief Justice have a separate, yet concomitant,

obligation as the head of the judicial branch to identify and implement additional

strategies to ensure the public trust.5

      Presiding judges wearing different colored robes or robes with varying

embellishments could result in uncertainty for those coming before our courts and



      5. According to the long-range strategic plan, it is:

      intended to assist the Supreme Court of Florida and the chief justice of
      Florida in leading the State Courts System as well as the judicial
      branch. In addition to exercising direct control over the
      administration of the State Courts System, the supreme court and the
      chief justice provide leadership and direction within the broader
      justice system. The supreme court makes rules governing the courts
      and the legal profession, oversees the regulation of lawyers and the
      admission of new lawyers into the practice of law, imposes judicial
      discipline based upon recommendations by the Judicial Qualifications
      Commission, and provides critical oversight over other aspects of the
      justice system. Therefore, within this plan some goals and strategies
      are explicitly directed to the State Courts System, and others are
      addressed more broadly to the overall justice system.
The Long-Range Strategic Plan for the Florida Judicial Branch 2009-2015, at 2.


                                          -6-
serve to counter the efforts the branch has employed to gain the public’s trust. For

example, one could question whether there is a “status” attributed to the varying

colors or embellishments worn by different judges, e.g., whether the color or

embellishment denotes a rank of judge based on tenure, ability, or some other

factor—is this judge more or less qualified or maybe the chief judge? Depending

on the color or pattern of the robe or the type of embellishment worn, some may

wonder whether the presiding judge is a “real judge” or whether the judge will take

the proceedings seriously. Robe color also could be seen as a reflection of a

judge’s mood or attitude that day. Should a defendant facing the death penalty feel

trepidation when the presiding judge appears in a red robe or feel more at ease

when the robe is green? The possibility that the unique attire of the judge assigned

to one’s case could raise these concerns and thereby diminish public trust and

confidence in the proceedings is not acceptable.

      The public should not have to guess as to the meaning of different colored,

patterned, or embellished robes. Promoting uniformity in judicial attire, by

requiring all judges to wear unembellished, solid black robes, will no doubt avoid

these concerns and promote public trust and confidence. The people of Florida

have a right to expect equal justice every day, in every court in this state, and

should not have to question whether equal justice is being dispensed based on the

color of a judge’s robe.


                                         -7-
      It is also reasonable for the people of Florida to expect the members of their

judiciary to conduct themselves as professionals consistent with the rules and

guidelines adopted by this Court. We have no doubt that the clear majority of

judges conduct themselves in the most exemplary manner and hold themselves to

the highest of standards, and would do so without any rules governing their

conduct or attire. Unfortunately, that is not the case with all judges. One need

only read the myriad opinions from this Court disciplining judges after a finding of

misconduct by the Judicial Qualifications Commission to agree that this Court

must provide guidance when it identifies an area of potential concern. Adopting

new rule 2.340 is but another step this Court takes in furtherance of its oversight

and leadership role in identifying and implementing strategies to enhance the

public trust and confidence in the third branch of government.

      Accordingly, we amend the Florida Rules of Judicial Administration as

reflected in the appendix to this opinion. The new language is indicated by

underscoring. The new rule shall become effective immediately upon the release

of this opinion.

      It is so ordered.

LABARGA, C.J., and PARIENTE, LEWIS, QUINCE, POLSTON, and PERRY,
JJ., concur.
CANADY, J., concurs in result.

THE FILING OF A MOTION FOR REHEARING SHALL NOT ALTER THE
EFFECTIVE DATE OF THESE AMENDMENTS.

                                         -8-
Original Proceeding – Florida Rules of Judicial Administration

Honorable Merrilee Ehrlich, Broward County Circuit Judge, 17th Judicial Circuit,
Fort Lauderdale, Florida; Honorable Robert Eugene Belanger, Circuit Judge, 19th
Judicial Circuit, Fort Pierce, Florida; Honorable David L. Tobin, Retired Circuit
Judge, Miami, Florida; James Byington McAfee, Jr., Richmond Virginia;
Honorable William David Palmer, President, Conference of District Court of
Appeal Judges, Daytona Beach, Florida; Honorable Jeffrey J. Colbath, Chair,
Florida Conference of Circuit Judges; West Palm Beach, Florida; and Honorable
Claude Robert Hilliard, President, Conference of County Court Judges of Florida,
Milton, Florida,

      Responding with Comments




                                       -9-
                                  APPENDIX

                      PART. III JUDICIAL OFFICERS

                                      ***

RULE 2.340        JUDICIAL ATTIRE

      During any judicial proceeding, robes worn by a judge must be solid black
with no embellishment.




                                      - 10 -