PER CURIAM.

Enoch Hall appeals an order of the postconviction circuit court denying his initial motion to vacate his conviction of first-degree murder and sentence of death filed pursuant to Florida Rule of Criminal Procedure 3.851. He also petitions this Court for a writ of habeas corpus. We have jurisdiction. See art. V, § 3(b)(1), (9), Fla. Const. For the reasons that follow, we affirm the postconviction court's denial of relief on all claims and deny Hall's petition for a writ of habeas corpus.

Trial and Appeal

Enoch Hall was convicted and sentenced to death for the first-degree premeditated murder of Corrections Officer (CO) Donna Fitzgerald. Hall v. State, 107 So.3d 262, 267 (Fla. 2012). In affirming Hall's convictions, this Court previously detailed the facts surrounding the murder:

Guilt Phase

Penalty Phase

Spencer [n.2] Hearing

Id. at 267-71 (footnote omitted).

On direct appeal, this Court held that the trial court's finding of the cold, calculated, and premeditated aggravator was not supported by competent, substantial evidence and thus it was stricken. Id. at 278-79. Nevertheless, the Court ultimately affirmed Hall's conviction and sentence. Id. at 281. The United States Supreme Court denied certiorari review on October 7, 2013. Hall v. Florida, ___ U.S. ___, 134 S.Ct. 203, 187 L.Ed.2d 137 (2013).

Postconviction Proceedings

Pursuant to Florida Rule of Criminal Procedure 3.851, on September 17, 2014, Hall filed a motion to vacate his judgment of conviction and sentence. Hall claimed that his counsel were ineffective during both the guilt and penalty phases of his trial and that he was deprived of a fair trial by the individual and cumulative effect of any errors. Hall also claimed that his execution will violate his constitutional rights because he may be incompetent at the time of execution. Furthermore, in his petition for writ of habeas corpus to this Court, Hall presents two claims: (1) the jury instructions in capital sentencing are unconstitutional; and (2) trial counsel was ineffective in litigating the facial and as-applied constitutional challenges to Florida's capital sentencing statute.

Hall presented ten witnesses during the evidentiary hearing: (1) Lt. Stephan Farrow, the officer who recorded Hall's transport video from the Volusia County Jail to Florida State Prison; (2) John Joiner, the officer who conducted the investigation with regard to PRIDE prison procedures for the Inspector General's Office; (3) Elizabeth Lasseter, Hall's half-sister; (4) Rodney Callahan, a fellow inmate and PRIDE employee; (5) Jesse Eugene Hall, Hall's uncle; (6) Enoch James Hall, Hall's father; (7) Walter Schell, a fellow inmate and PRIDE employee; (8) Dr. Michael Maher, M.D., a psychiatrist; (9) James Valerino, one of Hall's two trial attorneys; and (10) Matthew Phillips, Hall's second trial attorney. The State presented three witnesses: (1) Agent Steven Miller, a Special Agent with FDLE who investigated the crime and interviewed Hall after the murder; (2) Investigator Robert Ryan, an investigator for the Office of the Public Defender who conducted Hall's mitigation investigation; and (3) Dr. Jeffrey Danziger, M.D., a psychiatrist for the State.

Hall's motion for postconviction relief was denied on July 8, 2015, and his motion for rehearing was denied on August 7, 2015. This appeal follows.

ANALYSIS

Strickland Standard of Review

Under Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668, 687, 104 S.Ct. 2052, 80 L.Ed.2d 674 (1984), a defendant seeking relief on the basis of ineffective assistance of counsel must establish both that counsel's performance was deficient and that this deficient performance prejudiced the defendant, thus depriving him of a reliable proceeding.

Because both prongs of the Strickland test present mixed questions of law and fact, this Court employs a mixed standard of review, deferring to the court's factual findings that are supported by competent, substantial evidence, but reviewing the court's legal conclusions de novo. See Sochor v. State, 883 So.2d 766, 771-72 (Fla. 2004). Moreover, because Strickland requires that a defendant establish both deficiency and prejudice, an appellate court evaluating a claim of ineffectiveness is not required to issue a specific ruling on one component of the test when it is evident that the other component is not satisfied. See Mungin v. State, 932 So.2d 986, 996 (Fla. 2006).

There is a strong presumption that trial counsel's performance was not ineffective. See Strickland, 466 U.S. at 690, 104 S.Ct. 2052. "A fair assessment of attorney performance requires that every effort be made to eliminate the distorting effects of hindsight, to reconstruct the circumstances of counsel's challenged conduct, and to evaluate the conduct from counsel's perspective at the time." Id. at 689, 104 S.Ct. 2052. This Court has held that "strategic decisions do not constitute ineffective assistance of counsel if alternative courses have been considered and rejected and counsel's decision was reasonable under the norms of professional conduct." Occhicone v. State, 768 So.2d 1037, 1048 (Fla. 2000).

Juror Challenge

Hall first asserts that trial counsel was ineffective for using a peremptory strike on prospective juror Rapone, instead of striking her for cause, and that this peremptory strike should have been used to challenge prospective juror Roddy instead. Hall argues that Roddy was biased because he supervised a full time TCI corrections officer at his work and he had discussed Hall's case with this officer. We disagree.

Deficiency

First, Hall has failed to establish deficient performance. There is competent, substantial evidence to support the postconviction court's conclusion that trial counsel's failure to challenge juror Rapone for cause and the subsequent use of a peremptory challenge, rather than a for-cause challenge, was likely the result of reasonable trial strategy and, therefore, did not rise to deficient performance. See Evans v. State, 995 So.2d 933, 942 (Fla. 2008) ("Although [the juror] clearly supported the death penalty and initially indicated that a case of self-defense would be the only time she would recommend life, she immediately confirmed that she would listen to the judge's instructions, `consider all circumstances' and follow the law. Based on her clear confirmation of her ability to follow the law and counsel's belief that she would be a good guilt-phase juror, counsel's decision not to challenge [the juror] was reasonable and a matter of trial strategy.") (citing Dufour v. State, 905 So.2d 42, 54-55 (Fla. 2005)). Specifically, although juror Rapone initially stated that she had a preexisting opinion as to Hall's guilt, she retreated from that view during extensive questioning by attorney Valerino.1

Furthermore, this strategic decision was reinforced by Valerino's testimony that juror Rapone had been sufficiently rehabilitated, thus explaining counsel's use of a peremptory challenge. Specifically, attorney Valerino explained:

Thus, we hold that Hall has failed to show deficient performance for this claim.

Prejudice

Furthermore, Hall has not established prejudice. In the postconviction context, we have held that a defendant must establish that an actually biased juror sat on the jury to succeed on a claim of ineffective assistance of counsel for failing to make a cause challenge. See Carratelli v. State, 961 So.2d 312, 324 (Fla. 2007). This is a higher standard than on direct appeal — mere doubt about a juror's impartiality is insufficient under this standard. See id.; see also Johnston v. State, 63 So.3d 730, 744-45 (Fla. 2011).

Hall has failed to show that the juror in question was actually biased. Competent, substantial evidence supports the postconviction court's determination that juror Roddy's work relationship with a TCI officer did not establish actual bias. Notably, the postconviction court judge was the same judge that presided over the jury selection process and was therefore in a better position to observe juror Roddy's demeanor and the genuineness of his answers relating to his ability to be fair and impartial. See Carratelli, 961 So.2d at 319 ("[T]he trial court `has a unique vantage point in the determination of juror bias' that is unavailable to us in the record.").

Upon being questioned by trial counsel, juror Roddy assured the court that he was willing to "weigh all the facts, both pro and con, for and against, and render a decision based on that." Further, Roddy also assured counsel that his work relationship with a TCI corrections officer would not pressure or affect his decision-making process as a juror. Similar to the facts in Carratelli, where the Court found the record supported the challenged juror's lack of bias because he "held no firm opinion except that he could be fair, listen to the evidence, and follow the law," 961 So.2d at 327, here, juror Roddy similarly assured the court that he had no set opinion and would abide by the law and consider the evidence presented in making his determination. Therefore, we conclude that Hall has failed to establish juror Roddy's actual bias as required under Carratelli.

In addition, even if counsel was deficient for failing to ask the court for an additional peremptory challenge in order to strike juror Roddy, this deficiency is unlikely to have prejudiced Hall, given the fact that the trial court had already granted the defense three additional peremptory challenges and was unlikely to grant another for juror Roddy. Thus, juror Roddy would likely have still served on Hall's jury, even if counsel had requested an additional peremptory challenge, and the result of Hall's case thus would have remained the same. Therefore, we conclude that this claim fails.

Ineffectiveness at the Guilt Phase

Hall next argues that his trial counsel was ineffective at the guilt phase for failing to adequately investigate, develop a defense, and challenge the State's case. We disagree.

Primarily, Hall has failed to establish prejudice. Competent, substantial evidence supports the postconviction court's findings that trial counsel were not ineffective at the guilt phase. Notably, for all of the sub-claims addressed below, none of the alleged deficiencies would have rebutted Hall's own confession that he hid from CO Fitzgerald in the welding shed with a shank after she confronted him in Prince's office while he was looking for pills. This confession established the requisite premeditation in the State's case, and none of the alleged deficiencies would have rebutted this evidence. Therefore, we conclude that Hall has failed to establish prejudice with regard to this claim.

Stress at PRIDE

In his first sub-claim, Hall claims that trial counsel was deficient for failing to introduce evidence of the stressful work conditions at PRIDE in an attempt to explain what caused Hall to "freak out" on the night of the murder. We hold that Hall has failed to establish deficiency under this sub-claim.

We have repeatedly stated that, under Strickland, reasonable strategic decisions do not constitute ineffective assistance of trial counsel. See Bradley v. State, 33 So.3d 664, 671-72 (Fla. 2010). We have also stated that mere disagreement by a subsequent counsel with a strategic decision of a predecessor does not result in a showing of deficient performance. See Occhicone, 768 So.2d at 1048. Differing, yet reasonable trial strategy comes in various forms. One example is trial counsel's decision to not call certain witnesses to testify. See Johnston, 63 So.3d at 741.

The postconviction evidence indicated, and the postconviction court found, that counsel chose not to present evidence of stress to the jury during the guilt phase because it was inconsistent with counsel's theory of defense. Attorney Valerino testified during the evidentiary hearing that the theory of Hall's defense was that he had taken pills earlier in the day and needed more, and he stayed late to look for more pills.

Attorney Valerino further testified that presenting testimony from other inmates about the stressful work conditions at PRIDE would not have helped Hall's case or been consistent with Hall's theory of defense. Rather, attempting to present testimony about stress would have potentially hurt Hall's case due to the lack of corroborating evidence to show that Hall was particularly stressed on the day of the murder. Specifically, attorney Valerino testified:

We find that competent, substantial evidence supports the postconviction court's finding that attorneys Valerino and Phillips made a strategic decision not to present evidence of the alleged stressful work conditions at PRIDE in light of the lack of corroborating evidence from co-workers. Had they chosen to present this evidence, the State almost certainly would have rebutted the evidence by bringing to light the fact that all of the inmates at PRIDE may have experienced stress, yet none of them murdered CO Fitzgerald. Furthermore, evidence about stressful work conditions would likely have also led to rebuttal testimony about Hall's seemingly normal behavior on the days leading up to the murder and on the day of the murder, which would directly contradict the defense's theory that Hall was high on the pills that caused him to "freak out." Therefore, we find that this sub-claim fails.

PRIDE Overtime Closing Procedures

Hall next argues that trial counsel were deficient for failing to present evidence of PRIDE's closing procedures for the overtime shift and officers' use of chemical agents and body alarms when supervising the PRIDE facility as a way to rebut the State's contention that he was lying in wait for CO Fitzgerald and place fault on the victim for the murder. We find that Hall has failed to establish deficiency under this sub-claim.

Competent, substantial evidence supports the postconviction court's finding that Valerino and Phillips considered the relevance of this evidence and ultimately decided against presenting it due to the potential that the jury would see this evidence as an attempt to blame the victim. In fact, attorney Valerino justified his reasoning as follows:

Moreover, attorneys Valerino and Phillips testified that they considered presenting evidence about PRIDE closing procedures and CO Fitzgerald's unusual actions of dismissing all of the other PRIDE inmates before going to find Hall by herself, without carrying any chemical agents or body alarms, and they weighed the pros and cons of doing so. Ultimately, they decided not to present this evidence to avoid the potential negative impact it could have on the jury. Trial counsel's decision not to present evidence that could potentially be seen as advocating that CO Fitzgerald "deserved what she got" is certainly a reasonable strategic decision under the norms of professional conduct. Therefore, we conclude that Hall has failed to establish trial counsel's deficiency.

Unsupervised Access to Sheet Metal and Grinders

Hall's next sub-claim contends that trial counsel was deficient for failing to introduce additional testimony to show that all inmates working at PRIDE had unsupervised access to sheet metal and grinders, rather than the evidence presented that the welders had unsupervised access to sheet metal and grinders.

We find that Hall has failed to establish trial counsel's deficiency for failing to present evidence of PRIDE inmates' unsupervised access to sheet metal. Testimony was presented at trial that other PRIDE welders had access to sheet metal and grinders, and that these other inmates could have made the shank that Hall ultimately used to kill CO Fitzgerald. Moreover, attorney Valerino testified at the evidentiary hearing that he did not present additional evidence about the issue of who made the shank because he was relying on Hall's statement that he found the shank. Thus, presenting more evidence about who had unsupervised access to sheet metal and grinders would have been merely cumulative to Hall's own confession that he found the shank in Prince's office while looking for pills and to Captain Wiggins' testimony about PRIDE welders' access to sheet metal and grinders. The failure to present cumulative evidence does not constitute deficient performance. See Beasley v. State, 18 So.3d 473, 484 (Fla. 2009). We therefore hold that counsel were not deficient because they made a reasonable decision not to present additional evidence about the unsupervised access to sheet metal and grinders at PRIDE. This sub-claim thus fails.

Toxicology Screen

Hall's next sub-claim asserts that trial counsel were deficient for failing to request a toxicology screen to corroborate Hall's own statement that he was under the influence of Tegretol pills at the time of the murder.

We conclude that Hall has failed to establish trial counsel's deficiency for this sub-claim. Competent, substantial evidence supports the postconviction court's finding that trial counsel were not deficient for failing to request a toxicology screen to test for drugs in Hall's system. Attorney Phillips testified at the evidentiary hearing that, to request a toxicology screen from an independent lab, the request must specifically allege what substances the lab must test for.2 Attorney Valerino testified that his first encounter with Hall was at first appearance, and that he recalled having a brief conversation with Hall at that time, but no mention was made of the facts of the case. There is no evidence in the record demonstrating that Hall informed Valerino during their brief conversation at first appearance that he was under the influence of drugs at the time of the murder.

Without having any notice about Hall's alleged drug use at first appearance or soon thereafter, trial counsel could not have had any way of knowing that a toxicology screen was needed. Upon learning that Hall had taken white pills, there was still no way for trial counsel to request a toxicology screen because Hall could not specify what kind of pills he had ingested. Presumably, had Hall exhibited any signs at first appearance evidencing he was still under the influence of drugs, trial counsel might then have requested a court-ordered toxicology screen. However, no mention was made about Hall exhibiting any type of unusual behavior that would have placed trial counsel on notice of the need for a drug screening. Moreover, the testimony of those closest to Hall immediately before and immediately after the murder supports the assertion that Hall was not acting as though he was intoxicated.3

In light of trial counsel's lack of notice that a toxicology screen may have been warranted, attorneys Valerino and Phillips cannot be deficient for failing to request this screen. As the postconviction court noted, "Counsel cannot be considered deficient for failing to do something they could not do." Furthermore, counsel was not provided with discovery that revealed Prince's Tegretol blister pack until three weeks after the murder, at which point a drug screen would have been unreliable. Upon learning that Tegretol was found in Prince's office, counsel then diligently proceeded to hire Dr. Buffington to provide neuropharmacological testimony about the effects of the drug.

Hall also contends that the State did not present any expert testimony at the evidentiary hearing to prove that no comprehensive toxicological test exists. This claim, however, ignores the fact that the defendant carries the burden to show that counsel's performance was deficient. See Robinson v. State, 707 So.2d 688, 694 (Fla. 1998). Thus, it was Hall's responsibility, not the State's, to present testimony that such comprehensive toxicological tests do in fact exist and could have been utilized by trial counsel. Hall's claim attempts to establish trial counsel's deficiency by using the distorting effects of hindsight to allege error. We conclude that competent, substantial evidence supports the postconviction court's finding that counsel were not deficient.

Dr. Buffington's Testimony

Hall next asserts that trial counsel were deficient for failing to successfully present Dr. Buffington's neuropharmacological testimony by arguing that this testimony was relevant to prove motive, rather than a mental health defense.

We hold that Hall has once again failed to demonstrate that counsel was deficient. Competent, substantial evidence supports the postconviction court's finding that counsel's choice of argument was a strategic one and thus was not deficient. Hall asserts that counsel argued for the admission of this testimony based on the wrong legal justification, a mental health defense, and that this amounted to deficient performance. At its core, however, this alleged failure is based on postconviction counsel's disagreement with trial counsel's strategic choice of argument, rather than trial counsel's failure to do something that any reasonable attorney would do under the norms of professional conduct.

Notably, although Hall contends that trial counsel failed to present Dr. Buffington's testimony to the jury, attorneys Valerino and Phillips did attempt to present Dr. Buffington's testimony by proffering his statement to Judge Walsh, but were simply unsuccessful. See Bradley, 33 So.3d at 680 ("Although the strategy chosen by trial counsel ... did not prevail, that fact alone does not render the strategy unreasonable or deficient."); Heath v. State, 3 So.3d 1017, 1029 (Fla. 2009) ("The fact that this defense strategy was ultimately unsuccessful... does not render counsel's performance deficient."); Henry v. State, 948 So.2d 609, 616 (Fla. 2006) ("It is all too tempting for a defendant to second-guess counsel's assistance after conviction or adverse sentence...." (quoting Strickland, 466 U.S. at 689, 104 S.Ct. 2052)).

Attorney Valerino testified at the evidentiary hearing that he attempted to offer Dr. Buffington's testimony to challenge premeditation,4 but the court found the argument to be one of diminished capacity due to mental illness, which was inadmissible at the guilt phase. Similarly, at the evidentiary hearing, when attorney Phillips was asked if he considered "offering Dr. Buffington to explain to a jury what Tegretol is, why you might want more, you know, motive for staying [behind]," Phillips explained, "[Y]ou know, first off, we would like Dr. Buffington to be able to testify to that, but I just don't think there is — there is a mechanism for that kind of testimony to come in during a — the guilt phase." Trial counsel's testimony reflects that they attempted to present Dr. Buffington's testimony to challenge premeditation, but were ultimately unsuccessful in doing so because the court ruled that the testimony was inadmissible. Additionally, attorney Phillips' opinion that this testimony would not have been admissible to show Hall's motive for staying late further exemplifies the reasoning for the argument presented after the proffer. See Lukehart v. State, 70 So.3d 503, 513 (Fla. 2011) ("Counsel cannot be deemed ineffective for failing to pursue a meritless claim." (citing Ferrell v. State, 29 So.3d 959, 975 (Fla. 2010); Mungin v. State, 932 So.2d 986, 997 (Fla. 2006))).

Therefore, we conclude that trial counsel were not deficient for failing to proffer Dr. Buffington's testimony by not arguing that it was relevant to explain Hall's motive for staying late to search for pills, rather than unmasking an underlying mental illness.

Inconsistencies in Hall's Confessions

Hall next alleges that trial counsel were deficient, both at the suppression hearing and the guilt phase of trial, for failing to present testimony and medical evidence of Hall's injuries to explain the inconsistencies in Hall's confessions. We hold that Hall has failed to establish deficiency under this sub-claim.

Suppression Hearing

With regard to deficiency for failing to obtain and present expert medical testimony with regard to Hall's black eye and alleged limp, we conclude that competent, substantial evidence supports the postconviction court's finding that trial counsel were not deficient. The record reflects that the injury that was primarily noticed by everyone who came into contact with Hall on the night of the murder was his black eye. When asked why no medical expert testimony was presented to attempt to explain when exactly might Hall have incurred the black eye, attorney Valerino offered the following testimony:

Valerino further supported his decision not to call a medical expert to testify about Hall's black eye, and compare its development to CO Fitzgerald's black eye to determine when the injury occurred, by explaining that he felt that he would not have been able to "draw a corollary between the two because Officer Fitzgerald was found with her head below her body, hanging upside-down, essentially, and that she was deceased, so the blood would not have been pooling the same way and along the same time lines."

Similarly, Hall contends that he was limping after the alleged injuries and that this limp was noted by a nurse who examined him the night of the murder and was also evident in a video of him being transported to Florida State Prison. However, aside from the nurse who originally noted a limp, whose testimony was never presented, and Dr. Maher, who was retained for the evidentiary hearing, no other witness noted Hall's limp, including attorney Valerino, who briefly observed him walking at first appearance. FDLE Special Agent Steven Miller testified that Hall was shuffling his feet due to belly shackles, but did not seem to be in any pain.

Hall also presented a picture of his shoulders and back at the evidentiary hearing to show his bruised and scratched skin. Attorney Valerino testified that this photo was not presented during the suppression hearing because he did not feel that the photo definitively showed the existence of injuries. In sum, Hall asserts that these injuries could have been used, and explained through expert testimony, to corroborate his allegations of abuse. This assertion, however, is predicated on Hall's disagreement with trial counsel's underlying strategy and his ability to find a more favorable witness to testify at the evidentiary hearing.

Attorney Valerino testified that his strategy at the suppression hearing was to try to call into question the correction officers' testimony through cross-examination to ultimately argue the possibility that the officers were not being truthful. He considered presenting the picture of Hall's back and shoulders but did not find it to be persuasive. He also reviewed the video that Hall claims shows him using the wall to support himself and testified that he did not note Hall limping, but he did notice that he was belly-shackled, chained at the ankles, and shuffling to walk in shower shoes. Attorney Valerino assessed the persuasiveness of the evidence he had available to him and attempted to anticipate any shortcomings that the State could capitalize on in deciding how to proceed at the suppression hearing.

We have observed that mere disagreement by a defendant's subsequent counsel with a strategic decision of a predecessor does not result in deficient performance. See Occhicone, 768 So.2d at 1048. In addition, we have previously held that trial counsel's strategy of relying on cross-examination of a witness — in lieu of calling additional witnesses — was sound trial strategy. See id. Postconviction counsel's ability to find a more favorable witness for the evidentiary hearing has no bearing on the effectiveness of trial counsel's not having done so. Stephens v. State, 975 So.2d 405, 413-14 (Fla. 2007).

The record reflects that counsel chose to elicit testimony on cross-examination to support the theory that Hall had been injured, through evidence establishing the timeline of when Hall's eye injury became noticeable to the officers, rather than relying on expert medical testimony that would likely be rebutted by the State. Counsel considered the possibility of introducing additional evidence of the injuries through the photo of Hall's back and the limp that was only noted by one person, despite Hall's encounter with multiple people on the night of the murder, yet he ultimately rejected these avenues as being unpersuasive. Hall's current claim challenges trial counsel's strategic decisions at the suppression hearing and uses the more favorable testimony of Dr. Maher to support it. Based on attorney Valerino's testimony with regard to his actions at the suppression hearing, we hold that competent, substantial evidence supports the postconviction court's finding that counsel's conduct was justified as reasonable trial strategy, and thus Hall has failed to show deficiency at the suppression hearing.

Guilt Phase

With regard to the claim of deficiency for failing to present evidence of the alleged injuries to the jury and failing to obtain a mental health expert to testify as to the effects of fear, head trauma, epilepsy, cognitive disorders, and PTSD on memory to justify the inconsistencies in Hall's confessions, Hall has also failed to establish deficient performance. While no testimony was elicited from trial counsel at the evidentiary hearing about why a mental health expert did not testify to the effects that epilepsy, cognitive disorders, and PTSD might have on memory, attorney Phillips' testimony regarding his decision not to call Dr. Krop during the guilt or penalty phase provides some explanation. Throughout the trial, counsel was careful not to elicit any testimony concerning Hall's previous history of violent sexual offenses or his mental health issues in an attempt to not taint the jury's mind with potentially negative information. For example, Dr. Krop did not testify at the penalty phase because trial counsel wanted to avoid the jury hearing the State's rebuttal mental health expert testimony, including Hall's paraphilia diagnosis and his inconsistent statements to the State's mental health expert.

Presumably, trial counsel did not want to elicit testimony with regard to Hall's numerous mental health issues because they did not want to taint the jury's mind, rather than supplement their case. Specifically, had trial counsel chosen to present this testimony, the State would likely have presented their rebuttal expert to testify about Hall's mental health issues, including his diagnosis of paraphilia, which could have significantly damaged the defense's case, rather than help explain the inconsistencies in Hall's confessions.

Attorney Valerino testified at the evidentiary hearing that he filed Hall's motion to suppress because he felt obligated to do so upon learning of Hall's allegations against the TCI officers, but that the suppression of Hall's confessions would have been problematic in light of their anticipated theory of defense. Once the motion to suppress was denied, trial counsel chose to pursue a different theory for Hall's trial than they had during the suppression hearing. Counsel made the strategic decision not to present the alleged abuse to the jury because they felt that it was inconsistent with the theory they were presenting. Specifically, at the evidentiary hearing, Valerino explained:

(Emphasis added.)

Attorney Valerino had a similar explanation for why he chose not to present evidence to the jury of the effect that fear and head trauma from beatings could have on memory. He also explained the confession inconsistencies as being due to Hall's attempts to clarify his statements as he remembered more about what had transpired. Thus, counsel justified his reasoning for not presenting evidence of the injuries to the jury as being a reasonable strategic decision that was consistent with the theory of defense presented. We conclude that Hall has failed to establish deficiency in light of the pervasive evidence in the record that trial counsel's actions were strategic and reasonable.

CO Evins' Testimony

Hall's next claim contends that trial counsel was ineffective for failing to object to CO Evins' trial testimony concerning the procedures that he followed when closing down the PRIDE overtime shift because he was not listed on the State's witness list and only testified about the procedures that he personally followed in closing down PRIDE, rather than those that CO Fitzgerald and all supervising PRIDE officers followed. We disagree.

Frederick Evins, who testified at trial for the State, worked the overtime shift at PRIDE around the time of the murder. CO Evins testified as to the procedures he followed when closing down the PRIDE overtime shift, which included locking up all tools and offices before closing and searching all inmates before dismissing them. Evins testified that he noticed that Hall had developed a habit of being the last inmate to leave PRIDE, but he would never allow an inmate to stay behind after the supervising officer left. Evins also testified that Hall usually worked alongside another welder. When Hall was late coming to check out, the other welder he worked with was, on occasion, also one of the last inmates to check out of PRIDE.

Deficiency

Hall has failed to establish deficiency for this claim. Competent, substantial evidence supports the postconviction court's finding that trial counsel was not deficient for failing to object to CO Evins' testimony at trial. The record shows that, although CO Evins was not listed on the State's witness list before trial, attorneys Valerino and Phillips were not surprised by Evins' testimony because they had already deposed him for their own mitigation investigation and thus had knowledge of the substance of his testimony before trial. Moreover, attorney Valerino testified at the evidentiary hearing that he did not object to CO Evins' testimony because he "did not feel that his testimony was objectionable." Attorney Valerino explained that he would have objected, had he felt that the testimony was irrelevant or had some valid theory under which to do so.

This Court, in Brown v. State, 846 So.2d 1114, 1122 (Fla. 2003), agreed with the trial judge's finding that counsel was not deficient for failing to object to the statements made by a witness because he found that counsel's failures to object were "trial tactics on his part not to object to what he perceived as very minor hearsay matters." Id.5 We ultimately agreed with the trial court that counsel's decisions not to object were strategic and thus not deficient, stating:

Id.; see also Peterson v. State, 154 So.3d 275, 280 (Fla. 2014) (counsel is not deficient for failing to raise a meritless objection).

Hall further argues that CO Evins' testimony was irrelevant because PRIDE officers received no formal training and there were no administrative procedures for PRIDE officers to follow. Thus, CO Evins' testimony only reflected his own individual closing procedures, rather than those of PRIDE officers as a whole. This assertion, however, disregards the internal operating practice that, while PRIDE officers may have received no formal training, training procedures are in fact informally passed down from previous PRIDE supervisors. This sheds light on the relevance of CO Evins' testimony by providing circumstantial evidence of informal procedures that are passed down from one officer to another. In light of this informal training, CO Evins' testimony could reflect the possible procedures that CO Fitzgerald used to close down PRIDE on the night of the murder, based on these verbally transmitted training procedures. Thus, we conclude that trial counsel was not deficient for failing to object to CO Evins' testimony at trial because it was a reasonable strategic decision.

Prejudice

Even if counsel was deficient for failing to object to CO Evins' testimony, Hall has failed to show that this deficiency prejudiced the outcome of his case. Had this objection been sustained and Evins' testimony not been presented to the jury, the outcome of Hall's case would likely have been the same because Evins' brief testimony did not lay any foundation to establish the State's case of premeditation. While Hall contends that the lack of this testimony would have allowed counsel to challenge the State's theory of premeditation, this again ignores Hall's own confession that, after being confronted by CO Fitzgerald in Prince's office while Hall was looking for pills, he ran and hid in the welding shed with Prince's shank, knowing that she was looking for him, and stabbed her to death once she found him. Hall's anticipation that CO Fitzgerald was coming to look for him alone and unarmed was not what established the State's theory of premeditation; rather, Hall's own rendition of what happened on the night of the murder established premeditation. Thus, the outcome of Hall's case would likely have been the same even without CO Evins' testimony. Therefore, we conclude that Hall was not prejudiced by counsel's failure to object, and this claim of ineffective assistance fails.

Mitigation Investigation

Hall next asserts that trial counsel were ineffective for failing to adequately investigate and present mitigating evidence at the penalty phase. We disagree.

Deficiency

First, Hall has failed to establish deficiency. "An attorney has a duty to conduct a reasonable investigation, including an investigation of the defendant's background, for possible mitigating evidence," but not necessarily to run down every possible lead. Sochor, 883 So.2d at 772 (quoting Rose v. State, 675 So.2d 567, 571 (Fla. 1996)). "Strickland does not require counsel to investigate every conceivable line of mitigating evidence no matter how unlikely the effort would be to assist the defendant at sentencing." Taylor v. State, 3 So.3d 986, 998 (Fla. 2009) (quoting Wiggins v. Smith, 539 U.S. 510, 533, 123 S.Ct. 2527, 156 L.Ed.2d 471 (2003)). Furthermore, as the Supreme Court noted in Strickland, "[t]he reasonableness of counsel's actions may be determined or substantially influenced by the defendant's own statements or actions." Strickland, 466 U.S. at 691, 104 S.Ct. 2052. We have previously concluded that trial counsel is not ineffective for failing to discover mitigation that the defendant and his family have concealed. Asay v. State, 769 So.2d 974, 987-88 (Fla. 2000) (finding no ineffectiveness for failing to discover that the defendant was sexually abused when the defendant and his family were not forthcoming with the information, even though trial counsel was aware of the defendant's rough childhood); Diaz v. State, 132 So.3d 93, 114 (Fla. 2013) (finding no ineffectiveness for failing to discover information regarding sexual abuse that Diaz and his family did not disclose).6

Competent, substantial evidence supports the postconviction court's finding that trial counsel's investigation into Hall's family background was comprehensive and thus not deficient. The record supports the assertion that trial counsel, Investigator Ryan, and Dr. Krop all, whether individually or together, traveled to Hall's hometown to interview his family, friends, and old coaches, extensively searched the Florida Panhandle for any records that could serve as mitigation, and presented testimony of relatives and friends to the jury to establish mitigation at the penalty phase. Despite numerous interviews with Hall's parents and brother, no information surfaced with regard to adverse consequences related to his mother's infidelity, even when Hall's father was briefly asked about his divorce.

Hall's current claim exists only because he and his family were not forthcoming with information concerning his mother's infidelity and because Hall specifically asked that Investigator Ryan not contact certain family members. Nevertheless, trial counsel still provided effective representation by continuing to investigate other avenues of mitigation, and doing so in such a diligent manner that they were able to recover records concerning Hall's alleged rape in Escambia County Jail, despite encountering numerous hurdles along the way. Cf. Ventura v. State, 794 So.2d 553, 570 (Fla. 2001) (finding counsel deficient for relying on the defendant as the sole source for mitigation after the defendant instructed counsel not to involve his family in his trial).

Hall relies on two cases to show that trial counsel's mitigation investigation was not reasonable: Sears v. Upton, 561 U.S. 945, 130 S.Ct. 3259, 177 L.Ed.2d 1025 (2010), and Ferrell v. Hall, 640 F.3d 1199 (11th Cir. 2011). We find both of these cases to be distinguishable from Hall's case. In Sears, counsel was found deficient for presenting evidence of Sears' "ideal" childhood, when Sears was in fact seriously intellectually disabled and was verbally, physically, and emotionally abused as a child. Sears, 561 U.S. at 946, 948, 130 S.Ct. 3259. This is distinguishable from Hall's case because Hall's counsel presented accurate mitigation about his childhood, but simply failed to discover and present his mother's infidelity. Moreover, in Ferrell, counsel was deficient because of a failure to uncover pervasive mental health mitigation, despite clear signs in the medical and academic records, due to the seriously limited investigation and questioning by the defense team and mental health expert. Ferrell, 640 F.3d at 1227-28. Conversely, here, Hall's defense team conducted extensive questioning, mental health testing, and investigation without limiting their search, but were still unsuccessful in uncovering his mother's infidelity or any alleged adverse consequences. We conclude that the cases Hall relies on are inapposite and that trial counsel were not deficient for failing to uncover evidence of Hall's mother's infidelity in light of the comprehensive investigation conducted.

Prejudice

Even if trial counsel was deficient for failing to adequately investigate Hall's family history, we hold that Hall has failed to establish prejudice. "To assess [the] probability [of a different outcome under Strickland], we consider the totality of the available mitigation evidence — both that adduced at trial, and the evidence adduced in the [evidentiary hearing] — and reweig[h] it against the evidence in aggravation." Sears, 561 U.S. at 955-56, 130 S.Ct. 3259 (first, second, and fourth alterations in original) (quoting Porter v. McCollum, 558 U.S. 30, 41, 130 S.Ct. 447, 175 L.Ed.2d 398 (2009)). "[T]his Court has reasoned that where the trial court found substantial and compelling aggravation, such as commission while under sentence of imprisonment, prior violent felonies, commission during a burglary, and CCP, there was no reasonable probability that the outcome would have been different had counsel presented additional mitigation evidence...." Asay, 769 So.2d at 988.

In Hall's case, the trial court found five aggravators: (1) previously convicted of a felony and under sentence of imprisonment; (2) previously convicted of another capital felony or of a felony involving the use or threat of violence to the person; (3) committed to disrupt or hinder the lawful exercise of any governmental function or the enforcement of laws; (4) especially heinous, atrocious or cruel; (5) cold, calculated, and premeditated (CCP); (6) the victim of the capital felony was a law enforcement officer engaged in the performance of his or her official duties — merged with aggravator number 3. We later rejected the CCP aggravator on direct appeal. However, each of the four remaining aggravators were afforded great weight or very great weight. Given the significant aggravators found against Hall, and the comparatively weak mitigation found, it is unlikely that evidence of Hall's mother's infidelity, and Hall's alleged resulting hostility towards women, would have sufficed to outweigh the established aggravation. Therefore, we conclude that Hall's case was not prejudiced by trial counsel's failure to further investigate and present Hall's family background.

Failure to Present Dr. Krop

Hall's next claim contends that trial counsel were ineffective for failing to present the expert mental health testimony of Dr. Krop during the penalty phase. We disagree.

Deficiency

Hall has failed to establish deficiency with regard to this claim. Competent, substantial evidence supports the postconviction court's finding that trial counsel was not deficient for failing to call Dr. Krop to testify as to mental mitigation in light of his negative testimony about Hall and the potential for the jury's exposure to even more negative evidence through the State's rebuttal expert.

After the jury returned Hall's guilty verdict, the State's rebuttal expert, Dr. Danziger, interviewed Hall. In preparation for his final meeting with Hall, Dr. Krop reviewed Danziger's interview and identified several inconsistencies in the statements made by Hall to both experts, such as his motive for pulling CO Fitzgerald's pants down and how many pills he had ingested on the night of the murder. When confronted with these inconsistencies, Hall admitted that he had considered raping Fitzgerald after he had killed her. Attorney Phillips met with appellate attorney Chris Quarles and Dr. Krop to discuss whether these new statements changed Dr. Krop's testimony. In his memo to the file, Dr. Krop explained:

Ultimately, the defense team made the decision not to present Dr. Krop, in light of Hall's harmful statements and Dr. Danziger's opinion that Hall was malingering and had paraphilia, not otherwise specified.

Hall relies on a number of cases in support of his assertion that counsel's actions concerning Dr. Krop were unreasonable. However, the cases presented fail to address the issue of whether counsel's strategic decision not to present mental mitigation was reasonable under the circumstances. Instead, the cases Hall relies on in support of his claim involve situations where counsel failed to investigate or develop any mental mitigation, despite the clear warnings that this mitigation existed. Hildwin,7 Orme,8 and Willacy9 all involve the total failure of counsel to investigate mental health mitigation that existed and the resulting failure to present this mitigation to the jury, rather than counsel's strategic decision not to call certain potentially harmful witnesses. Duncan10 involved trial counsel failing to call his previously hired mental health expert to testify as to mental mitigation. Unlike in Hall's case, the Court in Duncan found no evidence in the record to support the failure to present this mental health expert, nor could counsel justify his decision not to do so at the evidentiary hearing. Duncan, 894 So.2d at 825-26.

Conversely, counsel in the present case made the strategic decision not to present Dr. Krop during the penalty phase based on Krop's damaging testimony about Hall's inconsistent statements to the State's mental health expert, his statements that he considered raping CO Fitzgerald after he murdered her, his statements that he was plotting to escape with CO Fitzgerald's uniform, and his varying statements concerning how many pills he consumed on the day of the murder. Counsel's ultimate decision was not unreasonable based on the evidence in the record and the testimony from the evidentiary hearing; rather, it was a calculated decision aimed at avoiding exposing the jury to further damaging testimony that could be considered additional aggravation.

We hold that Hall's case is more comparable to that of Gaskin v. State, 822 So.2d 1243 (Fla. 2002), because in Gaskin, the expert similarly warned trial counsel that his testimony would likely be damaging due to Gaskin's extensive criminal history, sexual deviancy, and lack of remorse. Id. at 1248. Counsel in Gaskin assessed the pros and cons of presenting the expert in light of his damaging testimony and ultimately decided not to use the witness due to the risk that the jury would consider Gaskin's negative past as aggravation. Id. In Gaskin, we found this to be a reasonable strategic decision because counsel did, in fact, conduct a diligent mental health mitigation investigation, but later made the strategic decision not to present that mitigation witness to the jury. Id.

Id. at 1248. We conclude that the decision on this expert witness was a reasonable strategic decision, in light of the circumstances, and hold that Hall has failed to establish deficiency.

Prejudice

Hall has also failed to establish prejudice for this claim. Due to the significant aggravation in Hall's case, there is no reasonable probability that Dr. Krop's testimony regarding his mental health diagnoses would have outweighed the substantial and compelling aggravation. It is more likely that the jury would have heard Dr. Krop's testimony and the State's rebuttal mental health expert's testimony and decided that the testimony justified finding further aggravation.

Therefore, we conclude that trial counsel's failure to call Dr. Krop to present evidence that would include damaging mental evidence did not prejudice the outcome of Hall's case and Hall's claim thus fails.

Extreme Mental and Emotional Disturbance Instruction

Hall's next claim contends that trial counsel were ineffective for failing to request the statutory mitigating instruction of extreme mental and emotional disturbance. We disagree.

Deficiency

Hall has failed to establish trial counsel's deficiency with regard to this claim. Competent, substantial evidence supports the postconviction court's finding that trial counsel was not deficient for failing to request the statutory mitigating instruction for extreme mental and emotional disturbance. We have previously held:

Bryant v. State, 601 So.2d 529, 533 (Fla. 1992) (emphasis in original) (footnote omitted).

The State and the postconviction court correctly compare Hall's case to Nelson v. State, 43 So.3d 20 (Fla. 2010), where trial counsel was not found to be ineffective for failing to request the statutory mitigating instruction of extreme mental or emotional disturbance because it was a reasonable tactical decision based on counsel's concern that the State would successfully argue that this mitigation was not established. Id. at 32. Postconviction counsel in Nelson attempted to argue that trial counsel's strategy was not reasonable because it was based on ignorance of controlling case law. Id.

Similarly, here, Hall alleges that counsel's failure to request this mitigating instruction was also based on ignorance rather than strategy. However, the record reflects otherwise. As discussed above, counsel made a strategic decision not to present Dr. Krop to address mental mitigation. Furthermore, Dr. Buffington's testimony at the penalty phase was limited only to the potential side effects that Tegretol could produce, although counsel had originally hoped that Dr. Buffington would also testify that Tegretol may have unmasked Hall's underlying mental illness on the night of the murder. Consequently, counsel did not have the predicate evidence needed to support the request for the statutory mitigating instruction of extreme mental and emotional disturbance and thus decided to use the "catch all" instruction under the circumstances. See Looney v. State, 941 So.2d 1017, 1030 (Fla. 2006) ("[S]trategic decisions do not constitute ineffective assistance of counsel if alternative courses have been considered and rejected and counsel's decision was reasonable under the norms of professional conduct." (quoting Howell v. State, 877 So.2d 697, 703 (Fla. 2004))). Therefore, we conclude that Hall has failed to establish trial counsel's deficiency for failing to request this statutory mitigating instruction.

Prejudice

Even if counsel were deficient in failing to request the statutory mitigating instruction of extreme mental or emotional disturbance, Hall has also failed to establish prejudice. Competent, substantial evidence supports the postconviction court's conclusion that this failure did not prejudice Hall. Even if the instruction had been given, the outcome in Hall's case still would not have changed because the State presented significant evidence to disprove that Hall was under any mental or emotional disturbance on the night of the murder. Thus, Hall cannot establish a reasonable probability that this instruction would have changed the jury's decision to recommend the death penalty and our confidence is not undermined. Moreover, as discussed above, given the substantial aggravation found in Hall's case, it is highly unlikely that the finding of the extreme mental or emotional disturbance mitigator would have shifted the balance of the significant aggravation. Therefore, we find that Hall has failed to establish that the outcome of his case was prejudiced by the lack of this instruction and thus this claim fails.

Hall's Medical History

Hall's next claim argues that trial counsel were ineffective for failing to bring Hall's medical history of epilepsy to Dr. Krop's attention through Hall's Department of Corrections (DOC) medical records, where he self-reported experiencing a seizure in 2002, despite having no medical documentation of any seizures in his records since 1995. Hall claims that trial counsel's failure to explicitly point this fact out to Dr. Krop amounted to ineffective assistance of counsel. We disagree.

Deficiency

First, we conclude that Hall has failed to establish deficiency with regard to this claim. We note that Hall's brief merely incorporates the arguments made under Issues 2, 4, and 5, rather than providing any independent analysis to support this claim.11 Due to our conclusions above, we similarly conclude here that Hall has failed to establish either deficiency or prejudice. Additionally, because Hall did not present Dr. Krop to testify at the postconviction hearing as to what evidence he did or did not consider in his analysis, Hall has failed to meet his burden of proof on this issue. Nevertheless, in reviewing this claim on the merits, we hold that competent, substantial evidence supports the postconviction court's finding that counsel was not deficient because Dr. Krop had the information at issue and there is no evidence that he did not consider this information in making his report.

Hall has provided no evidence in support of his claim that Dr. Krop failed to review and consider Hall's previous diagnoses of epilepsy and psychosis in making his findings. Furthermore, the record shows that counsel provided Dr. Krop with all of Hall's medical records, including the DOC records that reflected Hall's report of a 2002 seizure. Hall now attempts to present Dr. Maher's more favorable diagnosis of epilepsy in support of his claim of ineffective assistance of counsel. Based on counsel's comprehensive investigation in developing mitigation and the fact that Dr. Krop had the records that Hall now claims were disregarded, we hold that Hall's claim of deficiency is meritless.

Prejudice

Furthermore, Hall has failed to establish prejudice. Competent, substantial evidence supports the postconviction court's findings that trial counsel's actions did not prejudice Hall. Hall's current claim seemingly ignores the fact that counsel chose not to have Dr. Krop testify at the penalty phase, due to his unfavorable testimony with regard to the inconsistent statements Hall made to Dr. Danziger, Hall's paraphilia disorder, and his statement that he considered raping CO Fitzgerald after he murdered her. In light of this fact, Hall cannot demonstrate that he was prejudiced by the allegedly flawed investigation because Dr. Krop's testimony would not have been presented to the jury regardless. None of the additional evidence that Hall uses to justify his claim would dispel trial counsel's concerns with regard to Dr. Krop's potentially harmful testimony. Further, Hall's diagnoses of epilepsy and psychosis were disputed by the State's mental health expert, Dr. Danziger. Hall simply has provided no evidence to support his argument that this testimony reasonably could have caused the jury to recommend a life sentence rather than the death penalty. Therefore, we conclude that Hall has failed to establish prejudice under Strickland in light of both the analysis in this section and our conclusions in the issues discussed above.

Cumulative Error

Hall further contends that the postconviction court erred in finding that he was not deprived of a fair trial as a result of cumulative errors during both the guilt and penalty phases. We disagree. This Court has repeatedly held that, "where the individual claims of error alleged are either procedurally barred or without merit, the claim of cumulative error also necessarily fails." See Israel v. State, 985 So.2d 510, 520 (Fla. 2008) (quoting Parker v. State, 904 So.2d 370, 380 (Fla. 2005)); see also Griffin v. State, 866 So.2d 1, 22 (Fla. 2003). In addition, individual claims that fail to meet the Strickland standard for ineffective assistance of counsel are also insufficient to establish cumulative error. See Israel, 985 So.2d at 520.

As discussed above, Hall has failed to demonstrate that the postconviction court erred in finding that no Strickland error occurred. As a result, Hall has not alleged a proper basis for cumulative error.

Incompetence at the Time of Execution

Hall asserts that his Eighth Amendment right under the United States Constitution against cruel and unusual punishment will be violated because he may be incompetent at the time of execution. We find that this claim is not ripe for consideration. Individuals who lack the mental capacity to understand their pending execution and the reasons for it cannot be executed. Fla. R. Crim. P. 3.811; see Barnes v. State, 124 So.3d 904, 918 (Fla. 2013). However, claims of future incompetence are not ripe for decision until a death warrant has been issued for a given individual. See Fla. R. Crim. P. 3.811(c) ("No motion for a stay of execution pending hearing, based on grounds of the prisoner's insanity to be executed, shall be entertained by any court until such time as the Governor of Florida shall have held appropriate proceedings for determining the issue pursuant to the appropriate Florida Statutes."); Barnes, 124 So.3d at 918 ("We have repeatedly held that this claim may not be asserted until a death warrant has been issued."); Israel, 985 So.2d at 521-22 ("Israel conceded that this claim is not ripe for review.... He contends that he is only raising this issue for preservation purposes. This Court has repeatedly found that no relief is warranted on similar claims."). No warrant has been signed in this case. We therefore reject Hall's claim as not ripe for review.

Petition for Writ of Habeas Corpus

Constitutionality of Section 921.141, Florida Statutes (2008)

In his habeas petition, Hall first asserts that appellate counsel was ineffective for failing to challenge the constitutionality of section 921.141, Florida Statutes because: (1) it is facially vague and overbroad in violation of the Eighth and Fourteenth Amendments to the United States Constitution, and (2) the trial court's instructions to the jury unconstitutionally diluted its sense of responsibility in determining the proper sentence. We disagree.

Claims of ineffective assistance of appellate counsel are appropriately presented in a petition for writ of habeas corpus. See Freeman v. State, 761 So.2d 1055, 1069 (Fla. 2000). Consistent with the Strickland standard, to grant habeas relief based on ineffectiveness of counsel, this Court must determine

Pope v. Wainwright, 496 So.2d 798, 800 (Fla. 1986); see also Freeman, 761 So.2d at 1069; Thompson, 759 So.2d at 660. In raising such a claim, "[t]he defendant has the burden of alleging a specific, serious omission or overt act upon which the claim of ineffective assistance of counsel can be based." Freeman, 761 So.2d at 1069; see also Knight v. State, 394 So.2d 997, 1001 (Fla. 1981). Claims of ineffective assistance of appellate counsel may not be used to camouflage issues that should have been presented on direct appeal or in a postconviction motion. See Rutherford v. Moore, 774 So.2d 637, 643 (Fla. 2000).

With regard to challenges to the standard jury instructions in death penalty cases, this Court has repeatedly held that

Dufour, 905 So.2d at 67.

"If a legal issue `would in all probability have been found to be without merit' had counsel raised the issue on direct appeal, the failure of appellate counsel to raise the meritless issue will not render appellate counsel's performance ineffective." Id. at 71 (quoting Rutherford, 774 So.2d at 643). Due to the clear and extensive case law that establishes that claims challenging the constitutionality of the standard jury instructions, as they apply to the jury's advisory role, are entirely without merit, we conclude that appellate counsel was not ineffective for failing to raise this meritless claim and thus deny Hall relief on this claim.

Florida's Unconstitutional Capital Sentencing Scheme

During the pendency of Hall's postconviction appeal, the United States Supreme Court issued Hurst v. Florida, ___ U.S. ___, 136 S.Ct. 616, 193 L.Ed.2d 504 (2016), in which it held that Florida's capital sentencing scheme violated the Sixth Amendment. Id. at 621. The Supreme Court in Hurst concluded that "[t]he Sixth Amendment requires a jury, not a judge, to find each fact necessary to impose a sentence of death. A jury's mere recommendation is not enough." 136 S.Ct. at 619. On remand from the Supreme Court, we held that "before a sentence of death may be considered by the trial court in Florida, the jury must find the existence of the aggravating factors proven beyond a reasonable doubt, that the aggravating factors are sufficient to impose death, and that the aggravating factors outweigh the mitigating circumstances." Hurst v. State, 202 So.3d 40, 53 (Fla. 2016). We further held that a unanimous jury recommendation is required before a trial court may impose a sentence of death. See id. at 53-54. Finally, this Court determined that Hurst error is capable of harmless error review. See id. at 67. Recently, in Mosley v. State, 41 Fla. L. Weekly S629, 209 So.3d 1248, 2016 WL 7406506 (Fla. Dec. 22, 2016), we further held that our decision in Hurst v. State applies retroactively to those postconviction defendants whose sentences were final after the United States Supreme Court's 2002 decision in Ring v. Arizona, 536 U.S. 584, 122 S.Ct. 2428, 153 L.Ed.2d 556 (2002). See Mosley, 41 Fla. L. Weekly at S638, 209 So.3d at 1276 ("We conclude that... Hurst [v. State] should be applied to... defendants whose sentences became final after the United States Supreme Court issued its opinion in Ring.").

Accordingly, because Hall's sentence became final on October 7, 2013, when the United States Supreme Court denied Hall's petition for certiorari, Hall, 134 S.Ct. 203, we must consider whether any Hurst error during Hall's penalty phase proceedings was harmless beyond a reasonable doubt. In Hurst v. State, this Court explained the standard by which harmless error should be evaluated:

Id. at 68 (third alteration in original). Finally, in Davis v. State, 41 Fla. L. Weekly S528, 207 So.3d 142, 2016 WL 6649941 (Fla. Nov. 10, 2016), we determined that a Hurst error was harmless beyond a reasonable doubt and reiterated that "[a]s applied to the right to a jury trial with regard to the facts necessary to impose the death penalty, it must be clear beyond a reasonable doubt that a rational jury would have unanimously found that there were sufficient aggravating factors that outweighed the mitigating circumstances." Id. at S539, 174.

When the jury recommended that Hall be sentenced to death, it did not make specific factual findings with regard to the existence of any aggravating circumstances, nor did it make any findings with regard to the relative weight of the aggravating and mitigating circumstances. Therefore, we conclude that Hall's sentence was contrary to Hurst v. Florida.

However, as in Davis, we conclude that this is one of those rare cases in which the Hurst error was harmless beyond a reasonable doubt. We initially must emphasize the unanimous jury recommendation of death in this case. This unanimous recommendation lays a foundation for us to conclude beyond a reasonable doubt that a rational jury would have unanimously found that there were sufficient aggravators to outweigh the mitigating factors. The instructions that were given informed the jury that it needed to determine whether sufficient aggravators existed and whether any aggravation outweighed the mitigation before it could recommend a sentence of death. See Fla. Std. Jury Instr. (Crim.) 7.11 (2009) ("[T]he final decision as to what punishment shall be imposed is the responsibility of the judge; however, it is your duty to follow the law that will now be given you by the court and render to the court an advisory sentence based upon your determination as to whether sufficient aggravating circumstances exist to justify the imposition of the death penalty and whether sufficient mitigating circumstances exist to outweigh any aggravating circumstances found to exist.").12

Even though the jury was not informed that the finding that sufficient aggravating circumstances outweighed the mitigating circumstances must be unanimous, and even though it was instructed that it was not required to recommend death even if the aggravators outweighed the mitigators, the jury did in fact recommend death unanimously. See id. ("Should you find sufficient aggravating circumstances do exist, it will then be your duty to determine whether mitigating circumstances exist that outweigh the aggravating circumstances."); Trial T. 3593 ("Regardless of your findings with respect to aggravating and mitigating circumstance, you are never compelled nor required to recommend a sentence of death."). From these instructions, we conclude that the jury unanimously made the requisite factual findings to impose death before it issued the unanimous recommendation. Further supporting our conclusion that any Hurst error here was harmless are the egregious facts of this case — Hall, who was already imprisoned for four different rapes, hid from a corrections officer while armed with a shank, stabbed her twenty-two times when she found him, cracking multiple ribs and puncturing her heart, and then moved her body to a different location, bent her over a paint cart, and pulled down her pants and underwear. The evidence in support of the four aggravating circumstances13 found as to CO Fitzgerald's death was significant and essentially uncontroverted. Three of the four aggravators were without and beyond dispute.

Presuming that the jury did its job as instructed by the trial court, we are convinced that it would have still found that the aggravators greatly outweighed the mitigators in this case. Indeed, it is inconceivable that a jury would not have found the aggravation in Hall's case unanimously, especially given the fact that three of the aggravators found were automatic (i.e., under sentence of imprisonment, previously convicted of another violent felony, and the victim was a law enforcement officer).

Furthermore, Hall's claim that Florida's capital sentencing scheme is unconstitutional because it creates a presumption of death in any case where a single aggravator applies is also meritless.

Miller v. State, 926 So.2d 1243, 1260 (Fla. 2006). Therefore, we deny Hall's claims relating to the unconstitutionality of the death penalty, and specifically hold that any Hurst error with regard to Hall's sentence, which was based upon a unanimous recommendation of death, is harmless beyond a reasonable doubt.

CONCLUSION

For the reasons discussed, we affirm the postconviction court's denial of Hall's postconviction motion and deny his petition for a writ of habeas corpus.

It is so ordered.

LABARGA, C.J., and LEWIS, J., concur.

PARIENTE, CANADY, and POLSTON, JJ., concur in result.

QUINCE, J., concurs in part and dissents in part with an opinion. LAWSON, J., did not participate.

QUINCE, J., concurring in part and dissenting in part.

I agree with the majority's decision to affirm the postconviction court's denial of Hall's postconviction motion. I dissent, however, to the decision to deny Hall's petition for a writ of habeas corpus and would find that the Hurst error in this case was not harmless beyond a reasonable doubt.

In Hurst v. State, 202 So.3d 40 (Fla. 2016), we held that for a defendant to be eligible for the death sentence, a jury must unanimously find the existence of each aggravating factor, that the aggravating factors are sufficient, and that the aggravating factors outweigh the mitigating circumstances. Hurst, 202 So.3d at 44. Additionally, we held that the jury's death sentence recommendation must be unanimous. Id. While I agreed in Hurst that errors under Hurst v. Florida, ___ U.S. ___, 136 S.Ct. 616, 193 L.Ed.2d 504 (2016), are subject to harmless error review, see Hurst, 202 So.3d at 68, I do not believe that we can ever find Hurst error harmless when there are aggravating circumstances that require a factual determination based on evidence presented to the jury. Because Hurst requires "a jury, not a judge, to find each fact necessary to impose a sentence of death," Hurst v. Florida, 136 S.Ct. at 619, the error cannot be harmless where such a factual determination was not made.

The aggravating circumstances in this case were: (1) Hall was previously convicted of a felony and under sentence of imprisonment; (2) Hall was previously convicted of another capital felony or of a felony involving the use or threat of violence to the person; (3) the murder was committed to disrupt or hinder the lawful exercise of any governmental function or the enforcement of laws; (4) the murder was especially heinous, atrocious or cruel; and (5) the victim of the capital felony was a law enforcement officer engaged in the performance of his or her official duties, which was merged with aggravator number 3. Three of these aggravators are established without a factual determination by the jury, but the remaining aggravators each required factual findings that, under Hurst, must now be considered and weighed by a jury. As we stated in Hurst, without an interrogatory verdict, we cannot determine which aggravators the jury unanimously found beyond a reasonable doubt. See Hurst, 202 So.3d at 67.

In Hurst, we declined to speculate why the jurors voted the way they did, yet because here the jury vote was unanimous, the majority is comfortable determining that "it is inconceivable that a jury would not have found the aggravation in Hall's case unanimously, especially given the fact that three of the aggravators found were automatic." Maj. op. at 61. Even though the jury unanimously recommended the death penalty, whether the jury unanimously found each aggravating factor remains unknown.

The majority's reweighing of the evidence to support its conclusion is not an appropriate harmless error review. The harmless error review is not a sufficiency of the evidence test and the majority's analysis should instead focus on the effect of the error on the trier of fact. See State v. DiGuilio, 491 So.2d 1129, 1139 (Fla. 1986). By ignoring the record and concluding that all aggravators were unanimously found by the jury, the majority is engaging in the exact type of conduct the United States Supreme Court cautioned against in Hurst v. Florida. See Hurst v. Florida, 136 S.Ct. at 622. Because the harmless error review is not a sufficiency of the evidence review nor "a device for the appellate court to substitute itself for the trier-of-fact by simply weighing the evidence," DiGuilio, 491 So.2d at 1139, I conclude that the error here was harmful.