Third District Court of Appeal
                               State of Florida

                            Opinion filed July 2, 2014.
         Not final until disposition of timely filed motion for rehearing.

                               ________________

                               No. 3D12-1338
                         Lower Tribunal No. 08-43845
                             ________________


                      Bank of America Corporation,
                                    Appellant,

                                        vs.

                            Rodolfo Valladares,
                                    Appellee.



      An Appeal from the Circuit Court for Miami-Dade County, Diane V. Ward,
Judge.

      Liebler, Gonzalez & Portuondo, P.A., and J. Randolph Liebler and Tricia J.
Duthiers, for appellant.

      Mark G. DiCowden, P.A., and Mark G. DiCowden; Joel S. Perwin, P.A.,
and Joel S. Perwin; Russell S. Adler( Delray Beach), for appellee.


Before SALTER, FERNANDEZ, and LOGUE, JJ.

      LOGUE, J.
      Bank of America Corporation appeals a final judgment entered in favor of

Rodolfo Valladares. Valladares sued the Bank for personal injuries he suffered at

the hands of the police when the Bank mistakenly reported Valladares to be a bank

robber. The jury returned a verdict for Valladares finding that the Bank was

negligent. Because a person cannot be held liable for simple negligence when

contacting the police to report suspected criminal activity, we reverse.

                FACTS AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND

      On July 3, 2008, Valladares visited a branch of the Bank to cash a check. A

teller at the branch mistook Valladares for a bank robber. In the ensuing events,

police responded to the scene and ordered all persons in the lobby to lie face down.

Valladares assumed a position in which one of his hands was located under his

body and out of the view of the officers. When he failed to obey a command to

show his hand, an officer used his toe to execute a “foot tap,” or kick, to

Valladares’s head. The officer later explained that he was concerned Valladares

might have been concealing a firearm.

       Valladares sued the Bank for personal injuries. His complaint contained

causes of action for battery, false imprisonment, and negligence. The complaint

also requested punitive damages for the battery and false imprisonment claims.

      The jury returned the following special verdict: the Bank was negligent;

Valladares was not comparatively negligent; the Bank did not cause a battery to be



                                          2
committed on Valladares; and the Bank did not cause Valladares to be falsely

imprisoned. The jury awarded the following damages: $3,000 for past medical

expenses; $100,000 for future medical expenses; $1,500,000 for past pain and

suffering; $1,000,000 for future pain and suffering; and $700,000 in punitive

damages. The trial court subsequently entered a final judgment against the Bank.

      Throughout the proceedings, citing to Pokorny v. First Federal Savings &

Loan Association of Largo, 

(Fla. 1980), the Bank maintained that a

party could not be liable in Florida for negligently calling the police to report a

crime. The Bank raised this issue in a motion for summary judgment, a motion for

directed verdict at the end of Valladares’s case, and in its motion to set aside the

verdict and judgment. The trial court rejected the Bank’s argument in this regard.

                                     ANALYSIS

      On appeal, the Bank argues the following matters justify reversal: (1) the

trial court’s denial of the motion to set aside the verdict on the negligence cause of

action; (2) the trial court’s refusal to find the cause of action preempted under

federal law; (3) the trial court’s refusal to grant an instruction on the police conduct

as a superseding cause and to allow the police to be named as a Fabre1 defendant;

(4) the trial court’s refusal to set aside the punitive damages because they were


1 Fabre v. Marin, 

(Fla. 1995), receded from in part on other
grounds, Wells v. Tallahassee Mem’l Reg’l Med. Ctr., Inc., 

(Fla.
1995).

                                           3
requested only for the counts of battery and false imprisonment and the jury found

no liability on those counts; and (5) the trial court’s denial of the Bank’s motion to

interview two jurors who denied being sued, although they were allegedly

defendants in mortgage foreclosure actions. Without reaching the merits of the

other arguments, we address only the first issue because we find it to be

dispositive.

      The Bank argues the trial court erred in allowing this matter to go to the jury

on a theory of simple negligence. On this point, the case presents an issue of

everyday concern—under what circumstance is a person who mistakenly reports a

possible crime liable if the individual reported was (a) actually innocent and (b)

physically injured during the ensuing interaction with the police.

      Two legitimate and competing interests are at odds here. On one hand, an

individual should be protected from abusive accusations. On the other hand, people

must feel free, and indeed must be encouraged, to contact the police to report

suspected criminal activity. The Florida Supreme Court described these competing

interests as they arise in the context of actions for malicious prosecution as

follows:

       The tort of malicious prosecution is premised on the right of an
       individual to be protected from unjustifiable litigation or unwarranted
       criminal prosecution. Against this right, the need of society to bring
       criminals to justice by protecting those who, in good faith, report and
       legally prosecute persons apparently guilty of crime must be
       balanced. The latter need, in addition to the public policy in favor of


                                          4
        the termination of litigation, dictates the plaintiff’s heavy burden of
        proof.

Burns v. GCC Beverages, Inc., 

, 1219 (Fla. 1986) (citation

omitted).

        In the context of a false arrest that arises from a person’s mistaken report of

a crime to the police, the Court similarly held that the public policy of Florida is to

give wide latitude to an individual reporting a suspected crime to ensure a free

flow of information between the people and the police. In this regard, the Court

said:

        Prompt and effective law enforcement is directly dependent upon the
        willingness and cooperation of private persons to assist law
        enforcement officers in bringing those who violate our criminal laws
        to justice. Unfortunately, too often in the past witnesses and victims of
        criminal offenses have failed to report crimes to the proper law
        enforcement agencies. Private citizens should be encouraged to
        become interested and involved in bringing the perpetrators of crime
        to justice and not discouraged under apprehension or fear of
        recrimination.

(quoting Manis v. Miller, 

(Fla. 2d DCA

1976)); see also Fridovich v. Fridovich, 

, 68 (Fla. 2006) (“The

fundamental public policy . . . is the need to encourage free and unhindered

communication to assist the authorities in detecting and prosecuting perpetrators of

criminal activity.”).

         In light of these declarations by our highest court, it should come as no

surprise that Florida law in many different contexts recognizes that a person who


                                           5
reports a suspected crime to the police has a qualified privilege: the person making

the report cannot be liable if the report is based upon a good faith mistake. In other

words, the person making the report cannot be liable unless she acted maliciously.

      Under the common law of Florida, for example, a mistaken report to the

police that leads to an innocent person being prosecuted rises to the tort of

malicious prosecution only when it is done with malice. 

. A mistaken report to the police of suspicions of a crime rises to the level of

defamation only if done with malice. 

(adopting a

qualified privilege for defamatory statements voluntarily made to police). A

mistaken report to the police rises to the level of slander only if it is done with

malice. Myers v. Jim Russo Prison Ministries, Inc., 

, 412 (Fla. 2d

DCA 2009) (recognizing a qualified privilege attaches to slanderous statements

made to police). A mistaken report to the police that leads to a false arrest rises to

the level of a tort only if the reporting person acted with malice or specifically

requested the arrest and detention. 

(“A plaintiff

contending that he had been improperly arrested as the result of negligence in

swearing out a warrant must bear the burden of establishing malice and want of

probable cause. Mere negligence alone is insufficient.”).

      These judicial decisions dovetail with many statutes that balance the

competing interests by affording individuals qualified immunity for good faith



                                          6
mistakes when reporting wrongful acts to enforcement authorities. Regarding

mistaken reports of abuse at nursing homes, for example, Florida law provides:

      Any person who submits or reports a complaint concerning a
      suspected violation of the resident’s rights or concerning services or
      conditions in a facility or who testifies in any administrative or
      judicial proceeding arising from such complaint shall have immunity
      from any criminal or civil liability therefor, unless that person has
      acted in bad faith, with malicious purpose, or if the court finds that
      there was a complete absence of a justiciable issue of either law or
      fact raised by the losing party.

§ 400.022(4), Fla. Stat. (2013). The Legislature has enacted a similar qualified

immunity for mistaken reports to numerous enforcement agencies.2

      We found only one authority that cuts against the trend of recognizing a

qualified privilege for reporting a crime. In Harris v. Lewis State Bank, 

, 1384 (Fla. 1st DCA 1986), the court held that the trial court erred in

dismissing a count of negligently reporting a crime, although it also stated that

“[t]he allegations upon which all the counts of appellant’s complaint are based

include acts beyond the innocent misunderstanding portrayed in Pokorny.” To the

2 See § 39.203, Fla. Stat. (2013) (reporting child abuse, abandonment, or neglect);
§ 397.482, Fla. Stat. (2013) (conveying information in connection with a lawyer
assistance program); § 415.1113(10), Fla. Stat. (2013) (providing information to a
central abuse hotline); § 429.28(7), Fla. Stat. (2013) (describing services and
conditions in assisted care facilities); § 560.123(3)(d), Fla. Stat. (2013) (filing a
report on money laundering); § 626.989(4)(c), Fla. Stat. (2013) (furnishing
information on insurance fraud); § 937.021(5), Fla. Stat. (2013) (reporting a
missing person); § 937.025(3), Fla. Stat. (2013) (reporting missing children); §
943.043(4), Fla. Stat. (2013) (providing information on sexual predators and sexual
offenders); § 1003.32(8), Fla. Stat. (2013) (reporting criminal activity on school
property); § 1006.147(6), Fla. Stat. (2013) (reporting bullying or harassment).

                                         7
extent Harris holds that a person can be liable for a negligent, but good faith,

mistake in summoning the police, it conflicts with the authority summarized above

which governs analogous situations. We respectfully disagree with it.

      Admittedly, none of these authorities dealt with the exact cause of action

before us: a mistaken report of a crime that results in the person reported receiving

personal injuries at the hands of the police. But the same reasons for recognizing a

qualified privilege when the injury is wrongful prosecution, arrest, defamation, or

slander apply when the injury is physical. The purpose of the standard of conduct

is to govern the actions of the person when she is deciding whether to report the

suspected crime. If there are differing standards based on the type of harm, a

person would be unable to know when she was deciding to contact the police

whether she would be liable based on mere negligence or only upon a showing of

malice. Without knowing whether she had qualified immunity, she would be

chilled from calling the police, undermining the holdings of and frustrating the

policy announced by the Supreme Court in Burns, Pokorny, and 

.

The fact that a call to the police leads to one type of harm rather than another may,

of course, change the amount of damages, but it does not change the standard by

which liability for making the call will be judged.

      Under Florida law, therefore, an individual’s interest to be free from

mistaken accusations is balanced against the need to encourage people to report



                                          8
suspected crimes. A person calling the police to report a possible crime is not liable

for a good faith mistake even if the individual reported suffers personal injuries at

the hands of the police. Calling the police to report a crime rises to the level of a

tort only if the reporter acts maliciously, meaning the reporter either knows the

report is false or recklessly disregards whether the report is false.

      Having decided that the judgment below must be reversed, we must decide

whether the case should be remanded for entry of a judgment for the Bank or for a

new trial. Some authorities from outside Florida suggest this matter should be

remanded in the interest of fairness to allow Valladares to retry his case on the

standard of conduct announced in this decision. See, e.g., La Place v. Sun Ins.

Office, Ltd., 

, 767 (D.V.I. 1969) (“Since the above is a new rule

in this jurisdiction, and since [defendants] had no prior notice that it would be

called upon to show how and why it was prejudiced by anything [plaintiff] did or

failed to do, the court, in the interest of fairness, will grant defendants a new trial

so that they may comply with the standard announced today.”); Brakeman v.

Potomac Ins. Co., 

, 198 (Pa. 1977) (same).

      The Florida Supreme Court, however, has rejected such an approach. In

Arky, Freed, Stearns, Watson, Greer, Weaver & Harris, P.A. v. Bowmar

Instrument Corp., 

(Fla. 1988), the plaintiff proceeded to trial and

obtained a jury verdict over the objections of the defense that the plaintiff’s theory



                                           9
was not properly pled. 

The Court agreed with the defense and reversed.

Recognizing that a reversal might occur, the plaintiff had also argued that, in the

event of a reversal, the case should be remanded for a new trial. After all, the

plaintiff argued, it should not be penalized simply because it relied upon the trial

court’s ruling. The Court rejected this argument, explaining that “[b]y ‘relying’ on

the trial court’s ruling, counsel always proceeds at the clear risk of reversal if the

trial court was wrong.” 

Having elected to go to trial on a legal theory, a

party is not entitled to another trial on a different theory merely because the first

theory is later rejected on appeal. Id.; see also Dober v. Worrell, 

,

1324 (Fla. 1981) (“[A] procedure which allows an appellate court to rule on the

merits of a trial court judgment and then permits the losing party to amend his

initial pleadings to assert matters not previously raised renders a mockery of the

‘finality’ concept in our system of justice.”).

      The Court’s reasoning is particularly applicable here. Although the general

allegations of the complaint claimed the Bank’s conduct rose to the level of bad

faith, and those allegations were technically incorporated by reference into the

negligence count, Valladares persuaded the trial court to allow the negligence

count to go to the jury on a theory of simple negligence. Among other occasions,

he did this by successfully striking the Bank’s proposed jury instructions that

would have informed the jury that the Bank could not be liable for a good faith



                                          10
mistake in its report to the police. Having elected to go to trial on the theory of

simple negligence, Valladares ran the “clear risk” that simple negligence was not a

proper theory for the relief claimed. For this reason, he is not entitled to a new trial

based on another theory.

      Reversed and remanded for entry of judgment for the Bank.




                                          11