IN THE DISTRICT COURT OF APPEAL
                                       FIRST DISTRICT, STATE OF FLORIDA
THE LEAGUE OF WOMEN
VOTERS OF FLORIDA, COMMON              NOT FINAL UNTIL TIME EXPIRES TO
CAUSE, ROBERT ALLEN                    FILE MOTION FOR REHEARING AND
SCHAEFFER, BRENDA ANN                  DISPOSITION THEREOF IF FILED
HOLT, ROLAND SANCHEZ-
MEDINA, JR., JOHN STEEL                CASE NO. 1D14-3953
OLMSTEAD, RENO ROMO,
BENJAMIN WEAVER, WILLIAM
EVERETT WARINNER, JESSICA            CORRECTED PAGES: pg 2
                                     CORRECTION IS UNDERLINED IN RED
BARRETT, JUNE KEENER,                MAILED: October 2, 2014
RICHARD QUINN BOYLAN, and            BY: NMS
BONITA AGAIN,

     Appellants,

v.

KEN DETZNER and PAM BONDI,
KEN DETZNER, THE FLORIDA
SENATE, FLORIDA STATE
CONFERENCE OF THE NATIONAL
ASSOCIATION FOR THE
ADVANCEMENT OF COLORED
PEOPLE BRANCHES and FLORIDA
STATE ASSOCIATION OF
SUPERVISORS OF ELECTIONS,
INC., the FLORIDA HOUSE OF
REPRESENTATIVES, WILL
WEATHERFORD, in his official
capacity as Speaker of the Florida
House of Representatives, the
FLORIDA SENATE; and DON
GAETZ, in his official capacity as
President of the Florida Senate,

     Appellees.
_____________________________/
Opinion filed October 1, 2014.

An appeal from the Circuit Court for Leon County.
Terry P. Lewis, Judge.

David B. King, Thomas A. Zehnder, Frederick S. Wermuth, and Vincent Falcone
III of King, Blackwell, Zehnder & Wermuth, P.A., Orlando; Gerald E. Greenberg
and Adam M. Schachter of Gelber Schachter & Greenberg, P.A., Miami; John S.
Mills, Andrew D. Manko, and Courtney Brewer of The Mills Firm, P.A.,
Tallahassee; Mark Herron and Robert J. Telfer III of Messer Caparello, P.A.,
Tallahassee, for appellants.

Raoul G. Cantero, III, Jason N. Zakia, and Jesse L. Green of White and Case LLP,
Miami; George T. Levesque, General Counsel, The Florida Senate, Tallahassee,
for appellees.

PADOVANO, J.

      This is an appeal from a final judgment of the circuit court declaring parts of

the Florida Legislature’s 2012 congressional redistricting plan unconstitutional and

approving as a remedy a subsequent redistricting plan adopted by the Legislature

in a special session. For the reasons that follow, we certify the judgment for direct

review by the Florida Supreme Court.

      Article V, section 3(b)(5) of the Florida Constitution provides that the

supreme court “[m]ay review any order or judgment of a trial court, certified by the

district court of appeal in which an appeal is pending to be of great public

importance, or to have a great effect on the proper administration of justice

throughout the state, and certified to require immediate resolution by the supreme

court.” See also Crist v. Ervin, 

(Fla. 2010); Scott v. Williams, 107



                                          

(Fla. 2013). This grant of judicial power is implemented by Rule 9.125

of the Florida Rules of Appellate Procedure, see Harris v. Coalition to Reduce

Class Size, 

(Fla. 1st DCA 2002) (summarizing the requirements of

article v, section 3(b)(5) and Rule 9.125), and it is often referred to as “pass-

through jurisdiction.” See, e.g., Florida Patient’s Compensation Fund v. Rowe, 

(Fla. 1985).

      The plaintiffs appealed the final judgment in this case to the extent that it

was unfavorable to them and they now suggest that the appeal be certified for

direct review by the supreme court. The defendants object to the request for

certification. There is no dispute between the parties that the issue presented in the

appeal is one of great public importance. Nor could there be any reasonable

argument about the importance of the case. See League of Women Voters of Fla.

v. Data Targeting, Inc., 

, 511, 514 (Fla. 2014) (granting a

constitutional stay writ as to an earlier order in this case on the ground that the case

is one of great public importance).       Rather the controversy arising from the

suggestion for certification centers on the immediacy requirement of article v,

section 3(b)(5).

      When the complaint was filed in the circuit court, the plaintiffs sought a

remedy that would be implemented before the 2014 general election. However,

the time consumed by the litigation itself made that impossible. As it stands now,



                                            3
the remedy afforded by the final judgment will not go into effect until the election

in 2016. The dispute we must resolve now is whether the issue presented by this

appeal is one that requires an immediate resolution by the supreme court, given the

delay in the implementation of the remedy.

      The plaintiffs acknowledge that the 2016 election is approximately two

years away but they contend that this case presents complex factual and legal

issues and that it will require a statistical analysis not previously undertaken by an

appellate court. They argue that if this court were to entertain the appeal on the

merits, there would not be enough time for the Florida Supreme Court to give the

case the attention it requires. In response, the defendants argue that there is no

urgent need for a resolution. They point out that the cases in which courts have

employed the pass-through procedure all presented a need for resolution within a

matter of weeks or months. This case, they maintain, is not in the same class,

because a resolution is not required for another two years.

      Both sides have made good points on the immediacy issue, but we conclude

that the plaintiffs have the better argument. The time needed in the trial court to

consider the validity of the districts as they were originally drawn and then to

review them again as they were redrawn in the special session has already caused a

delay of two years in the implementation of the remedy. If the history of this case

is a guide, there may not be sufficient time for intermediate appellate review. To



                                          4
allow the appellate process to take its full course through the completion of review

by this court followed by possible en banc review, could potentially put the

supreme court in the position of having to delay the remedy yet again.

      In this case, any doubts about the need for immediate review by the supreme

court should be resolved in favor of certification. This court has already certified a

prior order in this case for review by the supreme court. See Non-Parties v. League

of Women Voters of Fla., 

, at *1 (Fla. 1st DCA June 19, 2014)

(en banc). That order was appealed by third parties who were objecting to the

disclosure of certain records, but it also involved the propriety of admitting

evidence in the suit between the parties in this appeal. If we were to deny the

suggestion for certification in this case we would be putting the supreme court in

the position of reviewing an interlocutory order while the appeal from the final

order is pending in this court.

      It makes better sense to keep the appeals together and to certify the final

judgment for direct review by the supreme court so that the entire case can be

decided by that court. This disposition serves the interests of judicial economy and

avoids the time and expense of piecemeal litigation. We do not suggest that

practical considerations such as these can override the constitutional requirements

for certification. But neither do we consider these concerns to be immaterial. The




                                          5
decision to certify this appeal must not be made in isolation but rather in light of all

of the facts and circumstances of the case.

      In summary, we grant the plaintiffs’ suggestion for certification and certify

the judgment of the trial court for direct review by the supreme court under the

provisions of Article V, section 3(b)(5) of the Florida Constitution and Rule 9.125

of the Florida Rules of Appellate Procedure.

MARSTILLER, J., concurs; MAKAR, J., dissents with opinion.




                                           6
MAKAR, J., dissenting.

      Our emergency three-judge panel has been asked to certify the trial court’s

order in this pending appeal—one that is unquestionably of “great public

importance”—to “require immediate resolution by the supreme court.” Art. V,

§ 3(b)(5), Fla. Const. Because this case does not “require immediate resolution” by

our supreme court, I cannot join in the panel’s certification.

      The phrase “require immediate resolution” has two operative components:

“require” and “immediate resolution.” Read together, they include only those cases

with such an obviously urgent need for a truly immediate and final resolution by

our supreme court that leapfrogging the intermediate appellate infrastructure is

necessitated to avoid some irremediable result. Certification does not reach cases—

such as this one—where immediate resolution may be deemed desirable, but is not

required; nor does it reach cases where resolution of the legal issue is ultimately

necessary, but not immediately so. In the thirty-four year history of section 3(b)(5),

certification has almost always been withheld unless a decision from our supreme

court was deemed necessary within weeks or a few months of certification. See

Anstead, Kogan, Hall & Waters, The Operation and Jurisdiction of the Supreme

Court of Florida, 29 Nova L. Rev. 431, 533-34 (2005) (“Usually, the cases

certified in this manner truly have been pressing. . . . With rare exceptions, all




                                           7
these cases have involved a significant level of both immediacy and finality of fact

finding.”) (footnote omitted).

      For example, during the thirty-six days of litigation involving the 2000

presidential election—under the enormous pressure of an impending federal

elections deadline—district courts of appeal justifiably used section 3(b)(5) to

facilitate immediate resolution of major constitutional questions. See, e.g., Gore v.

Harris, 

, 1247 (Fla. 2000) (parties agreed that certification by

district court under section 3(b)(5) was proper), rev’d sub nom. Bush v. Gore, 

(2000); see generally Anstead et 

(“Its classic use was

shown during the 2000 presidential election cases, in which district courts

routinely certified the cases directly to the United States Supreme Court.”)

(footnote omitted).

      Similarly, certifications in cases from this Court have been issued where

truly pressing deadlines were weeks or a few months away. See, e.g., Am. Civil

Liberties Union of Fla., Inc. v. Hood, 

(Fla. 1st DCA 2004) (passing

through issue of proposed constitutional amendment being placed on ballot in

upcoming election, as being of great public importance requiring immediate

resolution by the Supreme Court), review granted, 

(Fla. 2004); see

also Harris v. Coalition to Reduce Class Size, 

(Fla. 1st DCA 2002)

(certifying case where issue concerned education coalition suit to enjoin the



                                          8
Department of State from placing fiscal impact statement on initiative approved by

the Supreme Court for inclusion on the immediate general election ballot), review

granted, 

(Fla. 2002), affirming the judgment, Smith v. Coalition to

Reduce Class Size, 

(Fla. 2002).

      The notion that a case is so important or has such complexity that a district

court should punt it immediately to the supreme court was rejected almost three

decades ago. In an oft-cited case (and the rare one without an urgent need for

immediate resolution), the Florida Supreme Court made clear that section 3(b)(5)

did not create a baton to be passed to avoid the tough, pressing cases.

      Although we accepted jurisdiction in this case to resolve what may be
      construed as a pressing issue, we admonish the district courts in the
      future to discharge their responsibility to initially address the
      questions presented in a given case. Article V, section 3(b)(5) is not to
      be used as a device for avoiding difficult issues by passing them
      through to this Court.

Carawan v. State, 

, 162 (Fla. 1987). Rather, the history of section

3(b)(5) reflects an understanding that it should be invoked only when the crunch of

time is so great that a final decision of our supreme court must be made now. 

confines this provision to those matters that ‘require immediate

resolution by the supreme court.’”).

      Given the exceptionally high bar that section 3(b)(5) sets, the

constitutionally-required degree of immediacy does not exist in this case. Unlike

cases such as Bush v. Gore, Hood, and Harris, where an imminent election was


                                          9
looming days, weeks, or a few months away, the situation here is far different.

This case involves only the question of the validity of the legislatively-redrawn

districts that would apply in the 2016 election cycle, an election that is more than

two years down the road. Section 3(b)(5)’s time horizon—which has never

exceeded more than a few months—should not be expanded to a matter whose

resolution is not necessitated for over a year. In cases truly requiring immediate

resolution by the supreme court, that court accepts review, sets an accelerated

briefing and argument schedule, and thereafter issues an expedited decision.

Applied to this case, this type of timetable would produce a decision by the end of

2014—one resolved with alacrity but thereafter sitting on the shelf unneeded until

2016. That can’t be what the framers of the 1980 constitutional amendment

intended.

      Notably, the trial court’s ruling that the original legislative plan was

constitutionally defective is not an issue in this appeal, the defendants having

accepted the judgment; the issue presented here is the appropriate remedial plan

(one adopted by the Florida Legislature in special session or some other plan the

plaintiffs urged the trial court to adopt). As such, the pendency of the interlocutory

appeal involving the constitutional privilege of non-parties, Non-Parties v. League

of Women Voters of Fla., 39 Fla. L. Weekly D1300 (Fla. 1st DCA June 19, 2014),

review granted, 

(Fla. 2014), has no relevance in this appeal; the



                                          10
evidence that the parties are fighting over in Non-Parties goes to the merits of the

constitutional questions, not the remedy. Because the supreme court’s resolution of

Non-Parties has no apparent effect on the issues in this case, basing certification on

administrative convenience or judicial economy is unjustified—and beyond the

operative language of section 3(b)(5). And certifying a matter as “requiring

immediate resolution” may be an adroit way of shifting the burden to the supreme

court to decide whether the requisite degree of immediacy exists (since they can

reject the certification); but I am skeptical that doing so is the way to go when time

is clearly not of the essence.

      A few final observations. The first is one made recently by Judge Altenbernd

in his dissenting opinion from the Second District’s certification under section

3(b)(5) in Shaw v. Shaw, 39 Fla. L. Weekly D1813 (Fla. 2d DCA Aug. 27, 2014).

There, he disagreed with certification because district courts of appeal frequently

“consider countless questions of great public importance [and] pass through these

questions only when they have a level of statewide urgency.” 

(Altenbernd,

J., dissenting). Pertinent here, he said that “[i]f we believe the case has some

immediacy, we should not grant extensions in this case but should expedite the

process.” 

dissent with approval, the supreme court declined

jurisdiction “at this time,” leaving open review at a later date. 

S561a (Fla. Sept. 5, 2014). A similar result seems appropriate here, where plenty

of time is available for district court review (whether expedited or not).

      The second observation is that both this Court and the supreme court have

shown the facility to resolve cases with high priorities in a timely way. 1 With

eighteen to twenty-four months of judicial time ahead, the issues in this case can be

ultimately resolved by the supreme court after a stopover in this Court; it may be

that this Court’s decision is one in which a majority of the supreme court agrees,

making certification a superfluous step. Indeed, if this case is certified now, and

the supreme court accepts review, it will likely become one of numerous cases

(high profile and otherwise) that make up its crowded docket. In the time the case

is on the supreme court’s docket awaiting disposition, a decision of this Court

would have been issued expeditiously. For example, the panel in Non-Parties had

prepared opinions for release within two weeks of the case being docketed, and we

now have expedited en banc procedures in place to avoid delays that process might

otherwise impose; the likelihood of a dilatory decision from this Court is trivial.

Moreover, the supreme court would benefit from written opinions, even if they

express different viewpoints, as was reflected in the supreme court’s reliance in its

legislative privilege decision in League of Women Voters of Florida v. Florida

1
  In original reapportionment cases, the supreme court adjudicates disputes in thirty
days. Art. III, § 16(c), Fla. Const. (“The supreme court, in accordance with its
rules, shall permit adversary interests to present their views and, within thirty days
from the filing of the petition, shall enter its judgment.”).


                                           12
House of Representatives, 

(Fla. 2013), in which it relied on the

dissenting opinion in this Court’s decision in Florida House of Representatives v.

Romo, 

(Fla 1st DCA 2013). See also Fla. Dep’t. of Agric. &

Consumer Servs. v. Haire, 

(Fla. 2002) (“If we eventually are called

upon to adjudicate the constitutionality of [the statute at issue] or any related

issues, our decision will be a more informed one because of that intermediate

appellate review.”) (Pariente, J., concurring).

      In conclusion, this case is not one requiring the immediate resolution by the

supreme court. Simply because a case is very important does not make its

“immediate resolution by the supreme court” necessary. Certification under section

3(b)(5) amounts to a 9-1-1 call to the Florida Supreme Court: “You’re needed

now!” That call is not justified in this case, ample time existing for the normal

appellate process to be followed over the next two years. This Court can handle the

matter expeditiously, leaving more than adequate time for supreme court review, if

it deems it necessary.




                                           13