Third District Court of Appeal
                               State of Florida

                          Opinion filed August 12, 2015.
         Not final until disposition of timely filed motion for rehearing.

                               ________________

                               No. 3D13-2337
                         Lower Tribunal No. 09-34892
                             ________________


                              Keith Thompson,
                                    Appellant,

                                        vs.

                            The State of Florida,
                                    Appellee.


     An Appeal from the Circuit Court for Miami-Dade County, Cristina M.
Miranda, Judge.

      Carlos J. Martinez, Public Defender, and Shannon Hemmendinger, Assistant
Public Defender, for appellant.

     Pamela Jo Bondi, Attorney General, and Jay E. Silver, Assistant Attorney
General, for appellee.


Before WELLS, EMAS, and LOGUE, JJ.

      LOGUE, J.
      Defendant, Keith Thompson, seeks review of the trial court’s order revoking

his probation and sentencing him to fifteen years in state prison. We affirm the

probation revocation, but we reverse on two points regarding the basis for the

revocation and remand for resentencing.

      In August 2010, the defendant was charged with possession of a knife by a

convicted felon. As a habitual felony offender, he was facing a sentence ranging

from 71.7 months to 30 years in prison. He entered a plea to complete a six-month

behavior modification program at the Spectrum residential care facility to address

his bipolar disorder and serve three years of probation.

      In late 2010, the defendant absconded from the Spectrum program. When he

was taken back into custody, his probation was modified and his participation in

the Spectrum program was extended to eighteen months. After approximately

thirteen months in the program, the defendant was charged with violating his

probation again, this time by a) threatening two Spectrum staff members, one of

whom was his therapist, with violence, b) having a knife found under the dresser

drawer in his room, c) being discharged from the Spectrum program due to his acts

of aggression to others by threats of bodily harm, and d) changing his residence

without first receiving consent from his probation officer.

      The trial court held a probation violation hearing on July 16, 2013, where

the court heard live testimony from witnesses including the appellant, his probation



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officer, his therapist, and the other Spectrum staff member he had allegedly

threatened. At the hearing, evidence was admitted into the record indicating that

the defendant had further violated the rules of Spectrum, and therefore his

probation, by attempting to bring into the facility some medicines and more cash

than allowed. The trial court revoked the appellant’s probation, finding as follows:

             I do find that there was a willful violation on the first three
      allegations that defendant violated the rules of Spectrum and
      specifically the cardinal rules of Spectrum where he did abide by all
      the rules that he was presented and oriented to as well as provided a
      copy of for thirteen months, so his act in conformity at that times [sic]
      shows him being aware of those rules and first [sic] allegation is that
      he violently threatened physical harm to a Spectrum member. That is
      violation [sic] of Spectrum’s cardinal rule and the second there was
      a knife found in his room in violation of the rules of Spectrum and
      the third - - - then on the third that he violently threatened physical
      harm on a second staff member . . . .

             In addition, he acted in conformity to what he should have done
      in this program by going to vent at his therapist, but he did above and
      beyond that and he violated the rules in [sic] how to vent. There was
      something else, he also failed to comply with the rules of Spectrum,
      when he brought in more money than he was permitted, to which
      [sic] were the rules that he was to comply with, as well as an item
      that he was not permitted to have. That in and of itself might not
      have been a violation that was sufficient, but all of it together is how
      I’m finding that he violated the rules of Spectrum, which is
      sufficient to violate his probation.

(emphasis added). The trial court then reset the case for sentencing and, at the

August 27, 2013 hearing, which included testimony from a neuropsychologist,

sentenced the defendant to fifteen years in prison. The defendant appealed.




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      We review the trial court’s ruling on a revocation of probation for abuse of

discretion. State v. Carter, 

, 262 (Fla. 2002); Harris v. State, 

1126, 1127 (Fla. 3d DCA 2005). In order for a trial court to revoke a

defendant’s probation, the alleged violation of the probation must be both willful

and substantial. Lawson v. State, 

, 230 (Fla. 2007).

      Here, one of the grounds cited by the court for revoking the defendant’s

probation was the finding that he had a knife in his room in violation of Spectrum’s

rules. Specifically, the violations of probation cited in the probation violation

affidavit included:

             Violation of Special Condition of the Order of Probation,
      furthermore by failing to participate and or complying within the
      residential program, Spectrum, in that, on October 5, 2012, during the
      search of subject’s room, after his violent behavior, a knife was found
      hidden under the dresser drawer, and as grounds for belief that the
      offender violated his probation because he did not follow the rules and
      regulations of this program by having a weapon in his possession.

(emphasis added). The defendant was not found in actual possession of the

weapon, and as such, the onus was on the State to establish constructive

possession. Gonzalez v. State, 

, 899 (Fla. 3d DCA 2002). “To prove

constructive possession, the State must present competent, substantial evidence of

the accused's knowledge of the presence of contraband and his or her ability to

exercise dominion and control over it.” Jennings v. State, 

, 262 (Fla.

3d DCA 2013)(citing Reynolds v. State, 

, 1194 (Fla. 3d DCA



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2008)). Furthermore, “[m]ere proximity to contraband, without more, is legally

insufficient to prove possession.” Johnson v. State, 

, 924 (Fla. 3d

DCA 1984).

      The knife was found in the defendant’s dormitory room, but it was not in

plain view. It was located in the recessed area under the drawer used by the

defendant which could be accessed only by removing the drawer from its tracks.

At the time the knife was discovered, the defendant was the only occupant of the

room. The dormitory room could house six residents, however, and at one point

had five occupants, including the defendant. Moreover, the room did not have a

lock and could be entered by other residents living in other rooms. The drawer also

did not have a lock. No evidence of fingerprints on the knife was entered into

evidence. Among other defects, these facts do not establish that the defendant had

knowledge of the knife. See Brown v. State, 

, 1188-89 (Fla. 4th DCA

2009); Earle v. State, 

, 1090-91 (Fla. 4th DCA 1999). Because

constructive possession was not established, the trial court erred in using the

possession of the knife as a basis for revoking the defendant’s probation.

      The trial court also appears to have based the revocation of probation, at

least in part, on the defendant bringing an amount of money higher than what was

allowed into the facility and for being in possession of an over-the-counter topical

medication which was not permitted. The court acknowledged that these alleged



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infractions “in and of itself might not have been a violation that was sufficient, but

all of it together is how I’m finding that he violated the rules of Spectrum, which is

sufficient to violate his probation.” It is undisputed that the possession of money

and the over-the-counter medication were not charged in the affidavit, and as such,

the trial court was not permitted to revoke the defendant’s probation based upon

this conduct. Wells v. State, 

, 553 (Fla. 1st DCA 2011); Richardson

v. State, 

(Fla. 1st DCA 1997) (“The revocation of a defendant’s

probation based on a violation not alleged in the charging document is a

deprivation of the right to due process of law.”).

      Based upon the foregoing, we affirm the revocation of probation as to the

threats of violence made by the defendant and his failure to complete the Spectrum

program, because we find no abuse of discretion in the trial court’s finding that the

defendant violated his probation as to those allegations. However, we reverse as to

the possession of the knife, the possession of money in an amount higher than

allowed at the Spectrum facility, and possession of the over-the-counter topical

medication. Because we reverse two of the grounds for the sentence, and one of

those grounds, possession of the knife, was substantial, we vacate the sentence and

remand for resentencing, as it is unclear from the record whether the trial court

would have imposed the same sentence on the remaining violations. See Gray v.




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State, 40 Fla. L. Weekly D1700 (Fla. 3d DCA July 22, 2015); Secure v. State, 

(Fla. 3d DCA 1983).

      Affirmed in part, reversed in part, and remanded.




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