Third District Court of Appeal
                               State of Florida

                                   Opinion filed.
         Not final until disposition of timely filed motion for rehearing.

                               ________________

                                No. 3D14-566
                         Lower Tribunal No. 10-43079
                             ________________


                          Mirta Moradiellos, etc.,
                                    Appellant,

                                        vs.

                   Gerelco Traffic Controls, Inc., etc.,
                                    Appellee.



      An Appeal from the Circuit Court for Miami-Dade County, Rosa I.
Rodriguez, Judge.

      Diaz Reus & Targ, LLP, and Juan Ramirez, Jr.; Alan Goldfarb and Liah
Catanese, for appellant.

     Restani, Dittmar, & Hauser, P.A., and Helen Ann Hauser, for appellee.


Before SALTER, EMAS, and LOGUE, JJ.

     LOGUE, J.
      Arturo Moradiellos, an asphalt surveyor, was run over and killed by a truck

owned and operated by his employer while working at night on the Florida

Turnpike. His wife, Mirta Moradiellos, in her individual capacity and as

representative of the estate (jointly, “the Estate”), sued his employer and various

subcontractors for wrongful death. In the order under appeal, the trial court granted

final summary judgment in favor of one of the subcontractors, Gerelco Traffic

Controls, Inc. (“Gerelco”). We affirm.

                 FACTS AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND

      The project on which Mr. Moradiellos was killed entailed the widening of

the Florida Turnpike, from north of Sunrise Boulevard to Atlantic Boulevard, a

distance of approximately seventeen miles. The general contractor on this Florida

Department of Transportation project was Community Asphalt Corporation

(“General Contractor”). The General Contractor, in turn, hired various

subcontractors including Gerelco. Gerelco was responsible for the repair and

maintenance of the existing highway lighting during construction.

      The accident happened in the dark of night at 3:00 a.m. on December 9,

2009. Mr. Moradiellos’s job was to determine where road surface markings and

traffic lines should be painted after the asphalt was laid down. He worked with a

surveying device that looks like a telescope. He was equipped with a headlamp and

a flashlight which provided sufficient light for him to perform his work that night.



                                         2
According to his supervisor, who, like Mr. Moradiellos, worked for the General

Contractor, the surveying crew typically used a rack of portable lamps provided by

another subcontractor that is not a party to this appeal. The portable lamps were

transported around the project site on a pick-up truck. The supervisor did not

request the portable lamps in the nights leading up to the accident because the

surveying crew was working in an area closed to traffic and away from where the

heavier machines were laying asphalt. Such portable lamps were being used by the

asphalt laying crew in an area 500 to 700 feet away from where Mr. Moradiellos

was surveying.

      Mr. Moradiellos was hit and killed by a dump truck owned by his employer,

the General Contractor. Shortly before the accident occurred, the dump truck was

stationed a mile north of him, also in the northbound lanes. The driver was told to

take the truck to the same area where Mr. Moradiellos was working. The driver

was specifically instructed to take the southbound lanes south below the work site

and approach the work area driving north on the northbound lanes. Instead, he

drove the truck backwards going south on the northbound lanes for over a mile,

without any outside assistance to guide him while operating in reverse, even

though doing so violated company policy.

      In the course of backing up, the truck ran over and killed Mr. Moradiellos.

Mr. Moradiellos was facing away from the truck and speaking on the radio with his



                                        3
supervisor when the accident occurred. According to the supervisor, no one

expected equipment to come south in the closed northbound lanes. Within fifty feet

of the accident was a high mast street light that was not working.

      Following Mr. Moradiellos’ death, the Estate filed suit against multiple

parties involved on the project including Gerelco. The Estate’s claim against

Gerelco focused on Gerelco’s failure to keep the high mast light near the accident

in working order.

      Gerelco was the subcontractor responsible for repair and maintenance of the

high mast and other traffic street lights on the project. Gerelco was clearly on

notice that the mast light was out, as was the State of Florida, the General

Contractor, and other contractors. In fact, on May 14, 2008, pursuant to

instructions, Gerelco had taken the light down so a temporary road could be built

over the place where the light stood. On October 16, 2009, Gerelco put the light

back up and reconnected it to its power source. However, the light failed to

function, apparently because the conduit and wire that connected the light to its

power source had been crushed or cut during the course of constructing the

temporary road. Inspectors noted and told Gerelco at least four times that the

subject light (and other lights along the widening project) were not lit and needed

to be fixed.




                                         4
      In fact, on December 1, 2009, seven days before the accident, a Gerelco

crew had attempted to activate the light by changing its power source from its

existing lines and conduit, which were damaged at an unknown place, to the

electrical circuit that powered more modern street lights recently installed on a

nearby ramp. Before that work was finished, however, the crew was tasked to

repair a light problem in the area of a toll booth, which Gerelco decided was a

higher priority. In total, the light remained out for almost a year and half before the

accident occurred.

      The original complaint was filed on August 10, 2010. Approximately three

year and a half years later, on January 14, 2014, the court heard Gerelco’s motion

for summary judgment which was based on the contention that it was immune

from suit under the workers’ compensation law. In response to the summary

judgment, the Estate argued that Gerelco was liable under the unrelated works and

the gross negligence exceptions to immunity. The trial court granted summary

judgment for Gerelco. This appeal followed.

                                    ANALYSIS

      A. Unrelated Works

      The Estate first argues that Gerelco can be answerable in tort for simple

negligence because Gerelco’s actions come within the unrelated works exception

to workers’ compensation immunity. On this point, the threshold issue is whether



                                          5
the unrelated works exception to immunity applies to a claim by an employee of

the contractor, like Mr. Moradiellos, against a subcontractor who secured workers’

compensation insurance for its employees, like Gerelco. We hold that it does not.

We reach this conclusion based on the following analysis.

      First, the unrelated works exception applies only to fellow “employees.” The

governing statute’s language clearly limits the unrelated works exception to

employees. The statute first discusses an employer’s liability to pay statutory

benefits to injured employees and provides that such liability is exclusive, and

therefore, the employer is immune from other claims by injured employees, unless

the employer failed to secure payment of the statutory benefits or unless the

employer commits an intentional tort as defined in the statute. § 440.11 (1), Fla.

Stat. (2014). The statute then goes on to discuss separately the liability of

employees. An employee, the statute provides, is entitled to the same immunity as

the employer unless (1) the employee acts with willful and wanton disregard,

unprovoked physical aggression, or gross negligence, or (2) the employee and the

injured employee “are assigned primarily to unrelated works.” 440.11 (1)(b)2. The

provision regarding immunity for employees reads as follows:

      The same immunities from liability enjoyed by an employer shall
      extend as well to each employee of the employer when such employee
      is acting in furtherance of the employer’s business and the injured
      employee is entitled to receive benefits under this chapter. Such
      fellow-employee immunities shall not be applicable to an employee
      who acts, with respect to a fellow employee, with willful and wanton


                                        6
      disregard or unprovoked physical aggression or with gross negligence
      when such acts result in injury or death or such acts proximately cause
      such injury or death, nor shall such immunities be applicable to
      employees of the same employer when each is operating in the
      furtherance of the employer’s business but they are assigned primarily
      to unrelated works within private or public employment.

      The unrelated works language highlighted above is specifically contained in

the provision dealing with immunity for employees and, as such, applies only to

employees. Vallejos v. Lan Cargo S.A., 

, 551 (Fla. 3d DCA 2013)

(holding the “unrelated works” exception found in section 440.11(1)(b)(2) applies

only to fellow-employees); Taylor v. Sch. Bd. of Brevard Cnty., 

, 7

(Fla. 2004) (Lewis, J., concurring) (“Clearly, this unrelated works exception to the

rule of general immunity applies only in the co-employees context.”).

      That the “unrelated works” exception applies only to employees is important

because the statutory definition of “employee” expressly excludes a subcontractor

who has secured payment of compensation coverage for its employees. The

statutory definition reads in pertinent part:

      All persons who are being paid by a construction contractor as a
      subcontractor, unless the subcontractor has validly elected an
      exemption as permitted by this chapter, or has otherwise secured the
      payment of compensation coverage as a subcontractor, consistent with
      s. 440.10, for work performed by or as a subcontractor.




                                           7
§ 440.02 (15)(c)2, Fla. Stat. (2014) (emphasis added). It is undisputed in this

record that Gerelco secured the required payment of compensation. Therefore, it is

not an “employee” as that term is defined in the statute.

      Because the unrelated works provision applies only to “employees,” and

Gerelco, as a subcontractor who secured the payment of compensation, is not an

“employee,” it follows that Gerelco is not a fellow employee subject to the

unrelated works exception to immunity.

      This conclusion is separately confirmed by reading section 440.10(e),

Florida Statutes (2014), which is the specific provision dealing with immunity for

subcontractors. In the same 2003 law changing the statutory definition of the term

“employee” to exclude subcontractors who secured payment of compensation, the

Legislature added the language in section 440.10(e) providing that a subcontractor

is protected by the exclusiveness-of–liability provisions from claims by the

employees of the contractor or of other subcontractors, if it secured compensation

for its employees and the injury was not caused by the subcontractor’s gross

negligence. Ch. 2003-412, § 1 & 8, Laws of Fla. (amending §§ 440.02 (15)(c) &

440.10 (e)).

      After the 2003 amendment, section 440.10(e) now reads:

      (e) A subcontractor providing services in conjunction with a
      contractor on the same project or contract work is not liable for the
      payment of compensation to the employees of another subcontractor


                                          8
      or the contractor on such contract work and is protected by the
      exclusiveness-of-liability provisions of s. 440.11 from any action at
      law or in admiralty on account of injury to an employee of another
      subcontractor, or of the contractor, provided that:

      1. The subcontractor has secured workers’ compensation insurance for
      its employees or the contractor has secured such insurance on behalf
      of the subcontractor and its employees in accordance with paragraph
      (b); and

      2. The subcontractor’s own gross negligence was not the major
      contributing cause of the injury.

(emphasis added).

      The legislative staff report explained that the purpose of these changes was

to provide the following:

      [I]mmunity to a subcontractor from lawsuits by employees of another
      subcontractor or the contractor, if the subcontractor is providing
      services in conjunction with a contractor on the same project or
      contract work, under certain conditions. The conditions are that the
      subcontractor or contractor has secured workers’ compensation
      coverage for the subcontractor’s employees and the subcontractor’s
      own gross negligence was not the major contributing cause of the
      injury.

Banking & Ins. Comm., S. Staff Analysis & Econ. Impact Statement, SB 50-A, at

5 (Fla. May 19, 2003). Case law confirms that the purpose of this new language

was “to restore subcontractor immunity from tort claims brought by either a

general contractor or another subcontractor’s employee (vertical and horizontal

immunity).” Ramcharitar v. Derosins, 

, 97 (Fla. 3d DCA 2010).



                                        9
      As is apparent, the provision of the law providing immunity to

subcontractors has an exception to immunity for gross negligence, but, unlike the

specific provision for fellow employees, does not have an exception to immunity

for unrelated works. Compare § 440.10(e) with § 440.11(1). If the Legislature

wanted subcontractors to be subject to an unrelated work exception to immunity, it

obviously knew how to provide for the exception: it had done so in the provision

addressing immunity for fellow employees. Therefore, the absence of an unrelated

works exception in the statutory provision dealing with subcontractor immunity

indicates that the Legislature did not intended to provide an unrelated works

exception from immunity to subcontractors who had secured compensation for

their employees.

      Accordingly, we hold that the current versions of sections 440.02 (15)(c),

440.10 (e), and 440.11, when read together, provide that the “unrelated works”

exception to immunity does not apply to a claim by an employee of the contractor,

like Mr. Moradiellos, against a subcontractor who secured workers’ compensation

insurance for its employees, like Gerelco.1 In light of this holding, we do not reach

1 At oral argument, the parties discussed whether the Estate might have used the
unrelated works doctrine to sue individuals working for Gerelco, who would
qualify as fellow employees, and hold Gerelco vicariously liable for their
negligence. We do not reach this issue because the Estate sued only Gerelco
directly: it did not name as a defendant any individuals who worked for Gerelco or
plead a cause of action for vicarious liability against Gerelco. We note, however,
that the Legislature in 2003 expressly provided that the immunities in the statute
extended to “vicarious liability.” Ch. 2003-412, § 14, Laws of Fla. (amending §

                                         10
the question of whether Mr. Moradiellos and Gerelco were assigned to unrelated

works.

      B. Gross Negligence

      The second issue involves the theoretically clear, but sometimes difficult-to-

apply, distinction between simple negligence and gross negligence. We hold that

the trial court properly entered summary judgment on the issue of gross

negligence.

      “Summary judgment is designed to test the sufficiency of the evidence to

determine if there is sufficient evidence at issue to justify a trial or formal hearing

on the issues raised in the pleadings.” Fla. Bar v. Greene, 

, 1200

(Fla. 2006). At both the trial and appellate level, all evidence and inferences from

the evidence must be taken in the light most favorable to the non-moving party.

440.11(1)).

Also, cases suggesting that such vicarious liability is available were either decided
under the statute before it was amended in 2003, Wright v. Hartford Underwriters
Ins. Co., 

(Fla. 4th DCA 2002), or involve the unique context of
sovereign immunity where, by statute, a cause of action in negligence against a
government employee is barred because an alternative remedy against the
employing government is expressly authorized. See § 768.28 (9)(a), Fla. Stat.
(2014); see also Aravena v. Miami-Dade Cnty., 

, 1168 (Fla. 2006)
(holding, under the sovereign immunity statute, “any negligence claim arising
under the unrelated works exception against a public coemployee must be brought
against the governmental entity employer”); Holmes Cnty. Sch. Bd. v. Duffell, 

, 1179 (Fla. 1995) (“The School Board is not being sued in its capacity
as Duffell’s employer. Instead, pursuant to section 768.28 (9)(a), it is being sued as
a surrogate defendant based on the negligent acts of . . . a fellow public
employee.”). For a further discussion, see 

, n.9.


                                          11
See, e.g., Fla. Bar v. Rosenberg, 40 Fla. L. Weekly S306, S307 (Fla. May 28,

2015); Markowitz v. Helen Homes of Kendall Corp., 

, 259 (Fla.

2002). Summary judgment is proper only if, taking the evidence and inferences in

the light most favorable to the non-moving party, and assuming the jury would

resolve all such factual disputes and inferences favorably to the non-moving party,

the non-moving party still could not prevail at trial as a matter of law. Id.; see also

Fla. R. Civ. P. 1.510(c).

      As discussed above, because Gerelco is a subcontractor who secured

compensation, Gerelco is entitled to immunity unless the accident was caused by

its gross negligence. §440.10 (1)(e)(2). In the context of summary judgment,

therefore, the issue is whether a jury could find that Gerelco’s actions were grossly

negligent based upon the facts in the record, interpreted in the light most favorable

to the Estate, as the non-moving party. We hold that a jury could not find that

Gerelco was grossly negligent on the facts in this record.

      The difference between simple and gross negligence has been described as

follows:

      [S]imple negligence is that course of conduct which a reasonable and
      prudent man would know might possibly result in injury to persons or
      property whereas gross negligence is that course of conduct which a
      reasonable and prudent man would know would probably and most
      likely result in injury to persons or property. To put it another way, if
      the course of conduct is such that the likelihood of injury to other
      persons or property is known by the actor to be imminent or “clear



                                          12
      and present” that negligence is gross, whereas other negligence would
      be simple negligence.

Weller v. Reitz, 

, 741 (Fla. 5th DCA 1982) (citations omitted).

Thus, gross negligence requires: “(1) circumstances constituting an imminent or

clear and present danger amounting to a more than normal or usual peril, (2)

knowledge or awareness of the imminent danger on the part of the tortfeasor, and

(3) an act or omission that evinces a conscious disregard of the consequences.”

.

      The fact that a street light on a highway is not functioning creates a certain

level of danger by increasing the possibility that diminished lighting conditions

may play a role in causing an accident. The widening of the highway, however,

meant that a portion of the street lights would be out of service at any one time.

The undisputed evidence indicated the heavy equipment and digging, which

occurred in the normal course of construction, caused conduits to be crushed, wires

cut, and fiber optics destroyed along the entire project. In addition, the widening of

the highway sometimes required the intentional deactivation of lights, as occurred

with the high mast at issue. Gerelco was managing a situation in which lights were

being continually deactivated either by accident or design. Apparently for this very

reason, the underlying contracts recognized that ten percent of the lights on the

seventeen mile stretch of highway being widened might be out at any one time.

This is not a case in which the condition at issue itself created an obvious clear and


                                         13
present danger of serious harm. Villalta v. Cornn Int’l, Inc., 

, 279

(Fla. 1st DCA 2013) (holding the issue of gross negligence was a jury question

where a subcontractor failed to obey safety standards and cover holes it cut in

concrete floors of a building under construction where many tradespeople were

working).

      Moreover, the light at issue had been inoperable for almost a year and half

without incident. There had been no accidents, no near accidents, no work

stoppages, no highway closings, and no other specific problems caused by the non-

functioning light. This is not a case where the employer ignored prior dangerous

mishaps. See Pyjek v. ValleyCrest Landscape Dev., Inc., 

, 478 (Fla.

2d DCA 2013) (holding the issue of gross negligence was a jury question where a

fence worker was crushed by a recently-installed palm tree that fell before, was re-

planted, and fell again on worker); Sullivan v. Streeter, 

, 895 (Fla.

4th DCA 1986) (holding the issue of gross negligence was a jury question where a

branch manager was murdered during a robbery after the bank suffered two prior

robberies and had withdrawn an armed security guard in violation of their own

security manual).

      Instead, the facts of this case more closely resemble those in 

-53 (upholding summary judgment in a case where a worker was

injured after wrapping rope around his hand because allowing workers to dump a



                                        14
hopper using makeshift rope may have been negligent and more dangerous than

other methods, but it did not rise to level of gross negligence) and Merryman v.

Mattheus, 

, 729 (Fla. 2d DCA 1988) (upholding summary judgment

because allowing a crane operator to use a crane with a malfunctioning device

designed to prevent lifting the load too high, after instructing crane operator not

too lift loads above certain height, did not support finding of gross negligence).

      On this record, the lower lighting conditions created a possibility of harm,

which is required to prove simple negligence. But they did not create a condition in

which an accident would probably and most likely occur, which is required to

prove gross negligence. See, e.g., 

. Moreover, Gerelco’s

conduct, even if it rose to a careless disregard required for simple negligence, did

not rise to a conscious disregard of consequences required for gross negligence.

See Hoyt v. Corbett, 

, 100 (Fla. 4th DCA 1990) (quoting Glaab v.

Caudill, 

, 183-84 (Fla. 2d DCA 1970)). Interpreting the facts in the

light most favorable to the Estate as the law properly requires, while a jury may

well have found Gerelco’s conduct negligent, we agree with the trial court that

these facts would not support a jury finding that Gerelco acted with the conscious

disregard of imminent danger to others that constitutes gross negligence.

      Affirmed.




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