Third District Court of Appeal
                                State of Florida

                         Opinion filed September 28, 2016.
          Not final until disposition of timely filed motion for rehearing.

                                ________________

                               No. 3D15-1050
                   Lower Tribunal Nos. 09-74709 & 10-30393
                             ________________


                               Brook Anderson,
                                     Appellant,

                                         vs.

                            Ira Epstein, etc., et al.,
                                     Appellees.


      An Appeal from the Circuit Court for Miami-Dade County, Antonio Arzola,
Judge.

      Pepe & Nemire, LLC, and Thomas F. Pepe, for appellant.

      Wicker Smith O’Hara McCoy & Ford and Michael R. D’Lugo (Orlando),
for appellees Ira Epstein, etc., et al.; Henry E. Marinello, for appellee 1211
Pennsylvania Condo. Ass’n, Inc.


Before SHEPHERD, LAGOA, and LOGUE, JJ.

      LAGOA, J.

      Brook Anderson (“Anderson”) appeals from the trial court’s order

dismissing with prejudice all counts against Ira Epstein (“Epstein”) and Ira Epstein
as Trustee for the Ira Epstein Trust (the “Trustee”), and granting summary

judgment on all but one count against 1211 Pennsylvania Condominium

Association, Inc. (the “Association”), raised in Anderson’s first amended

complaint. For the following reasons, we dismiss in part and reverse in part.

I.    FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY

      Anderson owns unit D-2 of The 1211 Pennsylvania Condominium a/k/a The

Barbara (the “building”). Her unit is located on the second floor, directly below

the roof. Epstein owns the penthouse unit, which is located on the roof of the

building. Epstein installed outdoor carpet on the flat roof of the building, and

Anderson alleges that the City of Miami Beach Building Department issued a

citation for the improper installation of the outdoor carpet on the building’s roof

because it was installed without permits and without proper roof drainage.

      A. The 2009 Case: Injunctive Relief Against the Association and Epstein

      On October 9, 2009, Anderson filed an emergency sworn complaint for a

preliminary injunction in lower tribunal case number 09-74709 (the “2009 case”).

In her single count complaint, Anderson sought an injunction against Epstein and

the Association, seeking access to the roof in order to correct the building

violation. Anderson alleged that as a result of the failure to remove the outdoor

carpet, she suffered extensive water damage to her unit. She also alleged that her

unit had been rendered uninhabitable due to mold damage caused by the failure to

remove the outdoor carpet.     Anderson
                                          2
alleged that she had demanded that Epstein and the Association remove the

outdoor carpet and repair the roof, but that they had failed to do so. Anderson also

alleged that Epstein was responsible to “pay the costs or damages which he has

caused” and that the Association was “responsible to pay the costs of any damage

or repairs to the common elements.”

      On February 2, 2010, Epstein filed a cross-claim for indemnification and

declaratory relief against co-defendant, the Association.     Epstein alleged that,

pursuant to a stipulation for stay he entered into with Anderson, a roofer, an

engineer, and Epstein inspected the roof above the unit and discovered two sources

of water intrusion, neither of which were Epstein’s fault or responsibility.

Nevertheless, Epstein paid for repairs to cracks in the exterior walls and parapet,

and for a replacement of a rusted scupper. Epstein sought indemnification for the

cost of the repairs, $1,800.00, and for legal costs.

      On February 2, 2011, the Association filed a counter/cross-claim against

Epstein and the Trustee. The Association alleged that any water intrusion which

resulted in damage to Anderson and her unit was a direct result of Epstein’s and

the Trustee’s illegal and unlawful installation of outdoor carpet. The Association

asserted claims seeking damages under common law and contractual indemnity,

breach of the Declaration of 1211 Pennsylvania Condominium, and negligence per

se.



                                           3
      B. The 2010 Case: Damages Against the Association

      On May 26, 2010, Anderson filed a separate complaint asserting a single

count of negligence against the Association in lower tribunal case number 10-

30393 (the “2010 case”).       Anderson alleged that in October of 2006, the

Association was on notice that the water leaking from the roof was causing mold to

grow between the walls, and that in the summer or fall of 2007, the Association

was once again put on notice that the roof was leaking near the south perimeter

wall adjacent to Anderson’s unit. Anderson claimed that the mold caused her to

need sinus surgery in May of 2008, and that in May of 2009 she was forced to

move out of her unit due to the water damage.          Anderson alleged that the

Association owed a contractual and statutory duty to Anderson to make repairs to

the building so as to stop the water from penetrating behind the walls and

penetrating the roof above her unit, and that the Association was negligent when it

breached its duty and allowed water to penetrate the roof and walls. Anderson

alleged that she incurred damage to her unit and personal property, and that she

suffered serious and permanent bodily injuries.

      The Association filed a third-party complaint against Epstein and the Trustee

in the 2010 case on March 1, 2011, alleging that any water intrusion claimed by

Anderson was a result of Epstein’s and the Trustee’s illegal and unlawful

installation of outdoor carpet.      The
                                           4
Association asserted claims seeking damages for common law and contractual

indemnity, breach of the Declaration of 1211 Pennsylvania Condominium, and

negligence per se.

      C. Consolidation of the Cases

      On March 3, 2011, the Association filed a motion to consolidate the 2010

case with the 2009 case, arguing that the two cases were directly related and

concerned common questions of law and fact. On March 23, 2011, the trial court

entered an order consolidating the two cases.

      D. Anderson Amends the Complaints

      On November 14, 2014, Anderson filed a motion to “amend complaint for

injunctive relief” (i.e., the 2009 case) to add claims for breach of contract and

breach of statutory duty against the Association, breach of fiduciary duty against

Epstein and the Trustee, and claims for breach of contract, trespass, nuisance, and

negligence against Epstein, the Trustee, and the Association. Anderson’s proposed

amendment to the 2009 complaint no longer sought injunctive relief.

      That same date, Anderson also filed a motion to “amend complaint for

damages” (i.e., the 2010 case) to add four additional causes of action (breach of

contract, breach of statutory duty, trespass, and nuisance) to her already pending

claim of negligence against the Association. Anderson did not seek to amend the

2010 case to assert any claims against Epstein or the Trustee.



                                         5
      On November 25, 2014, Anderson filed a “revised motion to amend

complaint for damages” seeking leave to file “one pleading in both cases” against

the Association, Epstein, and the Trustee, “and to add five additional causes of

action involving the same set of facts.”

      The trial court granted the revised motion to amend the complaint, and the

complaint at issue—Anderson’s first amended complaint (the “amended

complaint”)—was deemed filed on December 4, 2014.              Anderson’s amended

complaint, which bore both the 2009 and 2010 case numbers, alleged a single set

of facts and asserted claims for breach of contract against the Association (count I),

breach of contract against Epstein and the Trustee (count II), breach of statutory

duty against the Association (count III), trespass against the Association, Epstein,

and the Trustee (count IV), nuisance against the Association, Epstein, and the

Trustee (count V), and negligence against the Association, Epstein, and the Trustee

(count VI).

      E. The Motions Attacking the Amended Complaint Based on Statute of
         Limitations

      Epstein (but not the Trustee) filed a motion in the 2009 case to dismiss the

amended complaint arguing, among other things, that the claims raised against him

were barred by the applicable statutes of limitations. The Association filed a

motion in both the 2009 and 2010 cases for summary judgment as to counts I, III,

IV, and V, of the amended complaint, arguing that those counts against it were


                                           6
barred by the applicable statute of limitations. The Association also filed a motion

in both cases to dismiss the amended complaint as to counts IV and V.

       The trial court subsequently entered an order dismissing with prejudice, “on

the grounds of statute of limitations,” all counts raised against Epstein and the

Trustee in the amended complaint.        The trial court’s order also granted the

Association’s motion for summary judgment on the same basis, and dismissed

counts I, III, IV, and V, against the Association. Notably, the Association had not

moved for relief as to Count VI, nor did the trial court’s order address Count VI as

it relates to the Association. This appeal follows.

II.    STANDARD OF REVIEW

       This Court reviews an order dismissing a complaint with prejudice under a

de novo standard of review. Mender v. Kauderer, 

, 1013 (Fla. 3d

DCA 2014).      Likewise, the issue of whether a claim is barred by a statute of

limitations is a question of law subject to de novo review. Beltran v. Miraglia, 

, 859 (Fla. 4th DCA 2013).

III.   ANALYSIS

       A. Dismissal of claims against the Association

       Although neither party raised the issue to this Court, we dismiss Anderson’s

appeal of the trial court’s dismissal of her claims against the Association.

Although the trial court dismissed counts I (breach of contract), III (breach of

statutory duty), IV (trespass), and V
                                          7
(nuisance) of the amended complaint against the Association on the basis that each

claim was time-barred, Count VI (negligence) remains pending below.

      Count VI arises out of the same facts giving rise to Counts I through V.

Because Count VI remains pending below, Anderson’s appeal of the dismissal of

Counts I, III, IV and V concerns a non-final, non-appealable order. See Santana v.

Fla. Int’l Univ., 

(Fla. 3d DCA 2006); Perry v. Schlumbrecht, 

(Fla. 2d DCA 1999); Biasetti v. Palm Beach Blood Bank, Inc., 

237, 238 (Fla. 4th DCA 1995). Accordingly, we dismiss Anderson’s appeal

with regard to the Association.1

      B. Dismissal of claims against Epstein and the Trustee

      1.   The Trustee

     The motion to dismiss at issue in this case was filed solely by Epstein

individually in the 2009 case. The Trustee was not a movant. Because Anderson’s

motion to “amend the complaint for injunctive relief” sought to add claims in the

2009 case against both Epstein and the Trustee, we must therefore conclude that

Anderson’s claims against the Trustee in the first amended complaint stemmed

from the 2009 case. The trial court nonetheless granted relief to both Epstein and

the Trustee. Because we do not have a transcript of the proceedings below, nor

does the record contain a joinder by the Trustee with regard to the motion to

1 We note, however, that our discussion regarding the relation back of Anderson’s
claims against Epstein likely will guide the trial court on remand with regard to
Anderson’s claims against the Association.
                                        8
dismiss, we conclude that the trial court improperly granted relief to the Trustee as

the record shows only Epstein as having filed a motion to dismiss.




      2. Effect of Consolidation

      “Consolidation does not merge suits into a single cause or change the rights

of the parties, or make those who are parties in one suit parties in another. Rather,

each suit maintains its independent status with respect to the rights of the parties

involved.” Shores Supply Co. v. Aetna Cas. & Sur. Co., 

, 725 (Fla.

3d DCA 1988) (quoting Wagner v. Nova Univ., Inc., 

, 377 (Fla. 4th

DCA 1981)). Indeed, “consolidated cases do not lose their individual identities as

distinct, separately-filed causes of action.” OneBeacon Ins. Co. v. Delta Fire

Sprinklers, Inc., 

, 116 (Fla. 5th DCA 2005) (granting petition for

writ of certiorari, and quashing order allowing the filing of a single amended

complaint which “merged” consolidated cases, where one of two consolidated

cases had concluded with regard to petitioner); see also CDI Contractors, LLC v.

Allbrite Elec. Contractors, Inc., 

, 1033 (Fla. 5th DCA 2002)

(stating that “[c]onsolidation affects the procedure of the cases, but has no effect

on the substantive rights of the parties in an individual case, and does not destroy

their separate identities”); St. Mary's Hosp., Inc. v. Brinson, 

, 35 (Fla.

4th DCA 1996).
                                          9
      Procedural confusion resulted here from Anderson being permitted to file a

single amended complaint which applied to both cases. Because the 2009 and

2010 cases maintained their independent status, we must look at what Anderson’s

initial motion to amend each case sought to achieve.

      In the 2009 case, Anderson sought to amend her complaint to add the factual

allegations from the 2010 cases and to assert new claims for damages against

Epstein, the Trustee, and the Association. In the 2010 case, Anderson sought to

amend her complaint to add new claims against the Association but not against

Epstein and the Trustee.

      It would have been clearer on review if the trial court had not acceded to

Anderson’s request to essentially merge the 2009 and 2010 cases into a single

pleading. Based on the separate motions to amend relating to the 2009 and 2010

cases, the single amended complaint ultimately accepted by the trial court is

probably best understood as resulting in the 2009 and 2010 cases sharing a

common set of factual allegations and causes of action, but that the relief sought in

the 2009 case was against Epstein, the Trustee, and the Association while the relief

sought in the 2010 case remained against only the Association. Because the trial

court’s order on appeal applies to both the 2009 and 2010 cases, we must consider

each separately.

      3. The 2009 Case



                                         10
      Anderson asserts that the trial court erred in dismissing all claims against

Epstein contained in the amended complaint on the basis of the applicable statutes

of limitations. Anderson does not dispute that the claims for breach of contract,

trespass, nuisance, and negligence were brought beyond the applicable statutes of

limitations,2 but instead, maintains that the claims should relate back to the original

complaint filed in the 2009 case. Because the new claims arise from the same

conduct, transaction, or occurrence alleged in the 2009 complaint, we agree with

Anderson.

      Florida Rule of Civil Procedure 1.190(c) provides as follows:

               (c) Relation Back of Amendments. When the claim or
               defense asserted in the amended pleading arose out of the
               conduct, transaction, or occurrence set forth or attempted
               to be set forth in the original pleading, the amendment
               shall relate back to the date of the original pleading.

The Supreme Court of Florida has reiterated that “rule 1.190(c) is to be liberally

construed and applied.” Caduceus Props., LLC v. Graney, 

, 992

(Fla. 2014).      This Court has stated that the proper test of relation back of

amendments is not whether the cause of action stated in the amended complaint is

identical to that stated in the original, but “whether ‘the original pleading gives fair

notice of the general fact situation out of which the claim or defense arises.’”



2 Anderson’s claims for trespass, nuisance, and negligence are subject to a four-
year statute of limitations, see § 95.11(3), Fla. Stat. (2015), while her claim for
breach of a written contract is subject to a five-year statute of limitations, see §
95.11(2), Fla. Stat. (2015).
                                        11
Flores v. Riscomp Indus., Inc., 

, 148 (Fla. 3d DCA 2010) (quoting

Kiehl v. Brown, 

, 19 (Fla. 3d DCA 1989)). Even where an amended

complaint states a changed or new legal theory, the amendment will relate back

when the original complaint gives fair notice of the general factual situation for the

claim. See 

; Fabbiano v. Demings, 

, 895

(Fla. 5th DCA 2012) (“When the original complaint gives fair notice of the factual

underpinning for the claim, an amendment to state a new legal theory should relate

back.”); cf. 

(“Generally, Florida has a judicial

policy of freely permitting amendments to the pleadings so that cases may be

resolved on the merits, as long as the amendments do not prejudice or disadvantage

the opposing party.”).

      A review of the complaint filed in the 2009 case shows that Anderson sought

an injunction against Epstein and the Association, seeking access to the roof in

order to correct the alleged building violation—the installation of outdoor carpet

on the flat roof of the building. Anderson alleged that as a result of the failure to

remove the outdoor carpet, she suffered extensive water damage to her unit. She

also alleged that her unit had been rendered uninhabitable due to mold damage

caused by the failure to remove the outdoor carpet. In September of 2009, eight

mold samples were taken from Anderson’s unit and all were found to be toxic.

Anderson alleged that she paid a mold remediator to address the issue but that the

unit was condemned as a bio-hazard site.
                                         12
Anderson stated that she had demanded that Epstein and the Association remove

the outdoor carpet and repair the roof but that they had failed to do so. Anderson

also alleged that Epstein was responsible to “pay the costs or damages which he

has caused.”

       The amended complaint states new legal theories against Epstein: breach of

contract (count II), trespass (count IV), nuisance (count V), and negligence (count

VI).   These new theories, however, all stem from the same occurrence—the

allegedly extensive damage to Anderson’s unit caused by water intrusion from a

leak in the building’s roof. Although additional facts were added to the amended

complaint, the same general factual situation applied, providing Epstein fair notice

of the claims. See 

. Indeed, Epstein’s counsel conceded at

oral argument that the claims derived from the same conduct, transaction or

occurrence, i.e., the water leaking into Anderson’s unit.

       4. The 2010 Case

       Anderson argues that 

, is identical to the instant

case and mandates reversal. In Caduceus, the Supreme Court of Florida held that

               an amended complaint filed after the statute of
               limitations period has expired, naming a party who was
               previously a third-party defendant as a party defendant,
               relates back under rule 1.190(c) to the filing of the third-
               party complaint. For the amended pleading to be timely
               in this situation, the third-party complaint must have been
               filed prior to the expiration of the statute of limitations
               and the plaintiff's claims in the amended complaint must


                                           13
             arise from the same “conduct, transaction, or occurrence”
             set forth in the third-party 

.

      The holding in Caduceus does not apply here. In Caduceus, the plaintiff

sought to amend a complaint in order to state claims against a defendant who was

previously a third-party defendant in the same case.       Here, however, while

Anderson sought to amend the 2009 case in order to add additional claims against

Epstein, Anderson did not seek leave to amend the 2010 complaint to add any

claims against Epstein. While the 2010 complaint named Epstein as a third-party

defendant, Anderson did not seek to amend the 2010 case to assert claims against

Epstein. Even though the 2009 and 2010 cases were consolidated, they did not

“merge”—parties in one case did not become parties to the other. See 

. Caduceus, therefore, would apply if Anderson, on remand,

seeks leave to amend the 2010 case to add direct claims against Epstein. If

Anderson chooses to do so, the trial court must determine whether the claims in the

proposed amended complaint to the 2010 case arise from the same “conduct,

transaction, or occurrence” set forth in the Association’s third-party complaint

against Epstein that is part of the 2010 case.

IV.   CONCLUSION

      We, therefore, conclude that the trial court erred in dismissing Anderson’s

amended complaint with prejudice as to Epstein, as the claims asserted against him


                                          14
in the amended complaint relate back to the claims asserted against him in the

2009 case. Accordingly, we reverse the trial court’s order dismissing the claims in

the 2009 amended complaint relating to Epstein with prejudice, and remand for

further proceedings consistent with this Court’s opinion.

      We also conclude that the trial court erred in dismissing Anderson’s

amended complaint with prejudice as to the Trustee, as the Trustee did not move to

dismiss the claims Anderson sought to assert against it in the 2009 case.

      Finally, we dismiss Anderson’s appeal as it relates to the Association,

because count VI remains pending below against the Association in both the 2009

and 2010 cases.

      Dismissed in part, Reversed in part, and Remanded for further proceedings.




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