NOT FINAL UNTIL TIME EXPIRES TO FILE REHEARING
                       MOTION AND, IF FILED, DETERMINED


                                                IN THE DISTRICT COURT OF APPEAL
                                                OF FLORIDA
                                                SECOND DISTRICT



LEE MEMORIAL HEALTH SYSTEM,                     )
                                                )
              Appellant,                        )
                                                )
v.                                              )          Case No. 2D14-5925
                                                )
PROGRESSIVE SELECT INSURANCE                    )
COMPANY,                                        )
                                                )
              Appellee.                         )
                                                )

Opinion filed October 25, 2017.

Appeal from the Circuit Court for Lee
County; Keith R. Kyle, Judge.

Hala Sandridge of Buchanan Ingersoll &
Rooney, P.C., Tampa, for Appellant.

Valerie A. Dondero of Kubicki Draper,
P.A., Miami, for Appellee.


PER CURIAM.

              Lee Memorial Health System (LMHS) appeals from a final summary

judgment in favor of Progressive Select Insurance Company (Progressive), in which the

trial court held that chapter 2000-439, section 18, Laws of Florida, improperly permitted

the creation of a lien based on a private contract in violation of article III, section

11(a)(9), of the Florida Constitution. We affirm.
              This case arises from an automobile accident in which Ruben Gallegos

was struck by a car and was injured. LMHS provided hospital services related to Mr.

Gallegos' injuries during two periods: October 22, 2006, through October 29, 2006, and

January 11, 2007, through January 23, 2007. On November 1, 2006, LMHS recorded a

hospital claim of lien pertaining to Mr. Gallegos' first stay in the amount of $55,167.49.

On January 31, 2007, LMHS recorded a lien in the amount of $29,032.50 pertaining to

his second stay, for a total of $84,199.99.

              Mr. Gallegos, through counsel, filed a claim against the driver of the car

that hit him and the car's owner. The driver and the owner were insured by two different

insurance companies, Progressive and MGA Insurance Company (MGA). On

December 1, 2006, Progressive offered to pay the limits of its insured's bodily injury

coverage "as full and final settlement of your client's claim under a non-admission of

liability based upon a copy of the Lee Memorial lien you provided and absent a demand

from your firm."1 On January 9, 2007, Mr. Gallegos' counsel informed LMHS of the

availability of bodily injury coverage from the two insurers and asked the hospital to

write off the balance of the amount due (at the time, $55,167.49). LMHS responded

with a handwritten, signed note indicating that "LMH cannot write off Mr. Gallegos' entire

bill. Counter offer of $6,666.66 is made by Patty O'Brien (Mgr.)." The record does not

reflect whether Mr. Gallegos' counsel responded to this offer. Mr. Gallegos

subsequently signed and delivered a release to Progressive, and on June 27, 2007,

Progressive tendered a check for $10,000 to Mr. Gallegos' counsel. Progressive also




              1The  record indicates that MGA tendered its insured's bodily injury limit of
$10,000 directly to LMHS as full and final settlement of LMHS's claim for damages.


                                              -2-
tendered an additional $4000 as payment for Mr. Gallegos' property damage claim.

According to our record, on September 10, 2009, Progressive tendered another

$10,000 directly to LMHS from the Personal Injury Protection (PIP) benefits of its

insured's policy.

              On October 6, 2011, LMHS filed a lawsuit against Progressive and MGA,

alleging that both insurers impaired the two liens LMHS had recorded against Mr.

Gallegos. The complaint alleged that the entire amount of the two liens, $84,199.99,

remained unpaid. MGA was subsequently dismissed from the suit by joint stipulation.

On December 13, 2012, Progressive filed a motion for summary judgment in which it

argued, in part, (1) that chapter 2000-439, section 18, "is unconstitutional as a special

law pertaining to the creation, enforcement, extension and/or impairment of liens based

on private contracts in violation of Article III, §11(a)(9), of the Florida Constitution" and

(2) that chapter 2000-439 "is an unconstitutional impairment of the insurance contract

between Progressive and its insured . . . under Article I, §10 of the Florida Constitution."

Following a hearing, the trial court granted Progressive's motion for summary final

judgment, holding that chapter 2000-439 was "unconstitutional as a special law which

improperly creates a lien based on a private contract" and that therefore, the lien

imposed by LMHS on the proceeds received by Mr. Gallegos from Progressive was

invalid.




                                             -3-
                                      DISCUSSION

              Chapter 2000-439, Laws of Florida (a "codified act," see § 189.429, Fla.

Stat (2006)2 (often referred to as a "special law" or "special act")) created the Lee

Memorial Health System as "a public health care system in Lee County." The special

law sets forth the duties and powers of the Lee Memorial Health System, provides for its

operation and maintenance, and provides for the execution and enforcement of liens. In

this case, we are only concerned with the provisions pertaining to the execution and

enforcement of liens, which are found in section 18 of the special law. That provision

provides, in pertinent part:

              Lee Memorial Health System shall be entitled to a lien for all
              reasonable charges for hospital, physician, and other health
              care services provided by the Lee Memorial Health System
              to ill or injured persons, upon the proceeds of all causes of
              action, suits, claims, counterclaims, and demands accruing
              to said persons or to their legal representatives, and upon all
              judgments, settlements, and settlement agreements
              rendered or entered into by virtue thereof, on account of
              injuries giving rise to such causes of action, suits, claims,
              counterclaims, demands, judgments, settlements, or
              settlement agreements, which injuries shall have
              necessitated such hospital, physician, and other services
              provided to such ill or injured persons.
              . . .
              (3)     No release or satisfaction of any cause of action, suit,
              claim, counterclaim, demand, judgment, settlement, or
              settlement agreement shall be valid or effectual as against
              the lien of Lee Memorial Health System unless the lienholder
              shall join therein or execute a release of its lien prior to the
              payment of any proceeds thereof. Any acceptance of a
              release or satisfaction of any cause of action, suit, claim,
              counterclaim, demand, judgment, settlement, or settlement
              agreement in the absence of a release or satisfaction of the
              lien of Lee Memorial Health System shall prima facie
              constitute an impairment of such lien and the lienholder shall

              2Subsequently    renumbered as section 189.019. See ch. 2014-22, § 49 at
608-09, Laws of Fla.


                                            -4-
               be entitled to a cause of action for damages against any and
               all persons, firms, or corporations giving or accepting such
               release or satisfaction, or paying or accepting the proceeds
               from the same. In such action, Lee Memorial Health System
               may recover the full amount of its charges for such hospital,
               physician, or other health care services; regardless of the
               amount of proceeds paid or received in impairment of its
               lien. . . .

               (4)     No person shall be entitled to recover or receive
               damages based on the expense of hospital, physician, or
               other health care services provided by Lee Memorial Health
               System unless that person shall affirmatively show that Lee
               Memorial Health System’s charges have been paid.
               Provided, however, that [the plaintiff may include his or her
               hospital expenses as an item of damages if Lee Memorial is
               notified of the pendency of an action or claim]. . . . Any
               judgment rendered in favor of the plaintiff or counterclaimant
               shall provide that the amount proved by the lienholder to be
               due shall be deducted from the damages awarded and paid
               to the Lee Memorial Health System.

Ch. 2000-439, §18, at 372-73, Laws of Fla. (emphasis added.)

A.     Chapter 2000-439, Section 18, violates article II, section 11(a)(9), of the
       Florida Constitution.

               As noted above, the trial court found section 18 of chapter 2000-439 to be

unconstitutional because it is a special law which allowed for the imposition of a lien

based on a private contract. Specifically, the court determined that the special law ran

afoul of article III, section 11(a)(9), of the Florida Constitution, which provides, "There

shall be no special law or general law of local application pertaining to . . . creation,

enforcement, extension or impairment of liens based on private contracts, or fixing of

interest rates on private contracts." Stated another way, a special law or general law of

local application violates article III, section 11(a)(9), if it attempts to create, enforce,

extend, or impair a lien, where that lien is based on a private contract.




                                              -5-
              The contract at issue in this case is the admissions contract that Mr.

Gallegos signed upon being admitted to Lee Memorial Hospital that stated, in pertinent

part:

              PAYMENT OF BENEFITS . . .

              1. I certify that the information given by me in applying for
              payment by the insurance company or Medicare or other
              governmental or private plan is correct.
              2. [Release of medical information to secure payment.]
              3. [Assignment of benefits from insurance or Medicare to
              doctors providing services.]
              CONTRACT TO PAY: [Understanding of liability for all
              balances due at discharge.]
              ....
              . . . If a lawsuit is filed to collect a bill, the undersigned
              agrees to pay reasonable attorney's fees, costs and
              expenses incurred by Lee Memorial Health System in
              pursuing such action.

Subsequently, LMHS filed two liens (pertaining to two different periods of inpatient care)

stating the following:

                                HOSPITAL CLAIM OF LIEN
              Pursuant to Chapter 00-439, Laws of Florida, Special Acts,
              2000, [name of director], being duly sworn, deposes and
              says:

                     1. That [ ] he/she is Director, Central Business Office
              of Lee Memorial Health System, 2776 Cleveland Ave, Fort
              Myers, Florida.

                      2. That Lee Memorial Health System rendered
              hospital care, treatment, and maintenance to RUBEN
              GALLEGOS . . . from the time of his/her admission . . . to the
              time of his/her discharge . . . the Amount Claimed such
              services and presently remaining unpaid is $55,167.49, for
              which the Lee Memorial Health System hereby claims a lien
              by virtue of its authority under Chapter 00-439, Laws of
              Florida, Special Acts, 2000.




                                              -6-
(Third emphasis added.) Thus, the lien at issue was created pursuant to a special law

and was "based on" the admissions contract between LMHS and Mr. Gallegos.

              On appeal, LMHS argues, as it did below, that article II, section 11(a)(9),

of the Florida Constitution only prohibits special laws that create, enforce, extend, or

impair liens based on private contracts. But, it argues, chapter 2000-439 created a

public hospital, which means that the contract between itself and Mr. Gallegos was a

public contract. Therefore, according to LMHS, the trial court erred in declaring the

special act unconstitutional because article III, section 11(a)(9), does not prohibit the

imposition of a lien based on a public contract.

              We cannot agree that the contract for the provision of medical care

between Mr. Gallegos and the hospital is a public contract. The necessary premise of

LMHS's argument is that the nature of a contract derives entirely from the nature of one

of the contracting parties, that is, because LMHS is a public hospital, all contracts to

which it is a party are public contracts. LMHS fails to cite any authority for this

proposition. The reason it is unable to do so is because there is none. There is no

case, statute, U.S. Code section, Federal Acquisition Regulations chapter, or state

administrative code section that defines "public contract" the way LMHS would like. In

fact, the concept of a "public contract" seems to exist solely within the framework of

government procurement and almost always has to do with procurement of materials,

supplies, and services. See, e.g., Public Contracts, 41 U.S.C. §§ 3101-4712 (2011)

(establishing federal procurement policy and contracting procedure); Miami-Dade Cty.

Sch. Bd. v. J. Ruiz Sch. Bus Serv., Inc., 

, 61 (Fla. 3d DCA 2004)

("Florida's competitive bid statutes were enacted for the benefit and protection of the




                                            -7-
public . . . to ensure that the public receives the lowest and best price for goods and

services and that public contracts are not awarded in an arbitrary and capricious

manner."); Intercontinental Props., Inc. v. Dep't of Health & Rehab. Servs., 

, 385-86 (Fla. 3d DCA 1992) (discussing public policy considerations pertaining to

public contracts); Satellite Television Eng'g, Inc. v. Dep't of Gen. Servs., 

(Fla. 1st DCA 1988) (discussing the competitive bidding process for public contracts).

In short, to the extent that the term "public contract" has been defined, that definition

appears to be a contract between a government entity and a private party to perform a

task (such as construction) or for the provision of equipment, goods, or services that is

financed by public funds.

              While there is no Florida caselaw directly on point to the question

presented here, in Mercury Insurance Co. of Florida v. Shands Teaching Hospital &

Clinics, Inc., 

(Fla. 1st DCA 2009) (Shands I), the First District touched on

the issue:

                     The Florida Hospital Association, writing as amicus
              curiae, argues that Shands’ hospital lien is not based on a
              private contract, but stems from a public pact with the
              hospital, which is required by federal law to provide
              emergency service. We find that the lien does not attach to
              the public’s assets, but rather to the assets of the patient
              whose contract with the hospital is a private one, and
              therefore reject the argument of amicus.

The supreme court agreed with the First District's analysis: "Here, the First

District correctly held that the Lien Law 'is a special law which creates a lien based on a

private contract between Shands and its patient,' and is thus unconstitutional under

article III, section 11(a)(9), of the Florida Constitution." Shands Teaching Hosp. &

Clinics, Inc., v. Mercury Ins. Co. of Fla., 

, 210 (Fla. 2012) (Shands II).



                                            -8-
               LMHS correctly points out that Shands was a private hospital, whereas

LMHS is a public one. LMHS also points out that the phrase in Shands I, "whose

contract with the hospital is a private one," appears to be structurally independent and

incidental to the language preceding it and therefore it does not perfectly refute its

argument that the contract in this case is a public one. We agree that the quoted

language leaves some room for interpretation. However, we agree with the trial court

that the more reasonable interpretation is that the nature of the contract flowed from the

fact that the assets at issue were not public assets but were those of the patient. We

can conceive of no other reason why our sister court would have gone out of its way to

discuss the distinction between public and private assets if that distinction was not

relevant to its conclusion that the admissions contract was a private one.

               We conclude that the admissions contract between a hospital, whether

public or private, and its patient is a private contract. Accordingly, section 18 of chapter

2000-439 is unconstitutional because it allows for a lien based on a private contract in

violation of article III, section 11(a)(9), of the Florida Constitution.

B.     Chapter 2000-439, Section 18, violates article I, section 10 of the Florida
       Constitution.

               In its motion for summary judgment, Progressive also argued that Chapter

2000-439 "is an unconstitutional impairment of the insurance contract between

Progressive and its insured . . . under article I, §10 of the Florida Constitution."

Although it did not cite article I, section 10, in its order, the trial court observed that

               [a] close reading of Chapter 2000-439 indicates that LEE
               MEMORIAL HEALTH SYSTEM is entitled to a lien on the
               proceeds of any cause of action, suit, claim or demand and
               upon any judgment, settlement or settlement agreement
               entered into by virtue thereof and on account of the injuries



                                              -9-
              that give rise to such causes of action. . . . In the instant
              case, Chapter 2000-439 purports to attach a lien to the
              private causes of action and assets of the patient.

Article I, section 10, states, "No bill of attainder, ex post facto law, or law impairing the

obligation of contracts shall be passed." But chapter 2000-439 allows LMHS to sue an

insurer who was not a party to the admissions contract simply because the insurer did

what insurers frequently do: enter into settlement contracts with their insureds or with

persons injured by the actions of their insureds. In doing so, the special law

unconstitutionally impaired the insurer's contractual rights in violation of article I, section

10, of the Florida Constitution. See Citrus Cty. Hosp. Bd. v. Citrus Mem'l Health Found.,

Inc., 

, 1108 (Fla. 2014) (holding that a special law violated article 1,

section 10, because it had the effect of "rewrit[ing] . . . the parties' contractual

agreements" (approving Citrus Mem'l Health Found., Inc. v. Citrus Cty. Hosp. Bd., 

(Fla. 1st DCA 2013)); Dewberry v. Auto-Owners Ins. Co., 

,

1080 (Fla. 1978) ("It is axiomatic that subsequent legislation which diminishes the value

of a contract is repugnant to our Constitution."); Cohn v. Grand Condo. Ass’n, Inc., 

, 10-11 (Fla. 3d DCA 2009) (concluding that a statute was unconstitutional

because it impaired the obligation of contract as applied to the plaintiff), aff'd, 

, 1122 (Fla. 2011).

              In addition, the special law permits LMHS to sue the insurer for "the full

amount of its charges . . . regardless of the amount of proceeds paid or received," ch.

2000-439, § 18(3), at 373, thereby exposing the insurer to potential losses far greater

than that for which it contracted. It is well established that, absent bad faith (and where

no dispute exists as to the available coverage or policy limits), an insurer's liability is




                                             - 10 -
limited to the amount of its policy limits. See Nationwide Mut. Fire Ins. Co. v. Voigt, 

, 241-42 (Fla. 2d DCA 2008); State Farm Mut. Auto. Ins. Co. v. St. Godard,

, 9 (Fla. 4th DCA 2006) ("[I]n the absence of a judicial finding of bad faith,

in an action against an insurer for damages under a policy of insurance, a final

judgment against the insurer cannot exceed the stated policy limits."). Thus, the special

law not only infringes upon the insurer's right to contract but creates conditions exposing

the insurer to liability far in excess of the limits of coverage for which it contracted.

                                       CONCLUSION

              In summary, section 18 of chapter 2000-439 authorizes the imposition of a

lien based on a private contract in violation of article III, section 11(a)(9), of the Florida

Constitution. Further, it impairs the obligations of contracts entered into by an insurer

and its insured or a claimant under the insured's contract of insurance, in violation of

article I, section 10, of the Florida Constitution. Accordingly, we affirm the trial court's

declaration that section 18 of chapter 2000-439 is facially unconstitutional and affirm the

final summary judgment in favor of Progressive Select Insurance Company.

              Affirmed.


SILBERMAN and SLEET, JJ., and DAKAN, STEPHEN L., ASSOCIATE SENIOR
JUDGE, Concur.




                                             - 11 -