DISTRICT COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF FLORIDA
                             FOURTH DISTRICT

        WILLIAM J. WICHMANN, individually, and WILLIAM J.
                       WICHMANN, P.A.,
                          Appellants,

                                    v.

 CONRAD & SCHERER, LLP, J. MICHAEL FITZGERALD, individually,
            and FITZGERALD & ASSOCIATES, P.A.,
                         Appellees.

                             No. 4D16-2864

                           [January 10, 2018]

   Appeal from the Circuit Court for the Seventeenth Judicial Circuit,
Broward County; Thomas M. Lynch IV, Judge; L.T. Case No. 09-011600
(05).

   Nichole J. Segal of Burlington & Rockenbach, P.A., West Palm Beach,
and William J. Wichmann of Law Offices of William J. Wichmann, P.A.,
Fort Lauderdale, for appellants.

  Albert L. Frevola and Janine R. McGuire of Conrad & Scherer, LLP, Fort
Lauderdale, for appellee Conrad & Scherer, LLP.

KLINGENSMITH, J.

    Appellee Conrad & Scherer, LLP (“Conrad”) filed suit against appellants
William J. Wichmann and his law firm in a multi-count complaint
following Wichmann’s separation from Conrad. Wichmann responded by
filing five counterclaims against Conrad, alleging misconduct on the part
of his former employer. The trial court dismissed all five counterclaims,
finding they were permissive and brought outside the applicable statute of
limitations. We find that counts one through three were compulsory
counterclaims, but counts four and five were permissive. Therefore, we
dismiss this appeal as to the compulsory counterclaims for lack of
jurisdiction, and affirm the trial court’s dismissal of the permissive
counterclaims.

   According to Conrad’s complaint, Wichmann was a partner at the firm
before he abruptly resigned in February 2009. Days before his resignation,
Wichmann “stealthily” took 120 files, original documents, work product,
and software from Conrad. Wichmann also used the firm’s resources to
file “Notices of Change of Law Firm” in several pending state and federal
cases, and informed the court that these clients were now being
represented by his new law firm, Rothstein, Rosenfeldt, and Adler (“RRA”).

   Conrad was granted leave to amend its complaint four times. Finally,
in April 2016, the court approved Conrad’s fifth amended complaint as the
operative complaint.      This complaint added another attorney as a
defendant and had a total of twelve counts, including claims for breach of
fiduciary duty, fraud, conspiracy, and defamation. Conrad requested
damages and the imposition of a constructive trust for any income
Wichmann acquired in the future because of this “massive client-grabbing
scheme.”

   Wichmann filed his answer and included five counterclaims arising
from a fact scenario rivaling those that might be found in a John Grisham
novel. Wichmann averred that since 2008, while he was a contract partner
with the firm, Conrad and its employees “perpetuated a scheme to
manufacture, file and maintain frivolous and fraudulent cases against
U.S. corporations.”     Wichmann also claimed that Conrad and its
employees engaged “in illegal acts, including but not limited to witness
bribery, suborning perjury and money laundering.”

    Wichmann claimed he objected and refused to participate in these
illegal activities, but the firm nonetheless continued, which “caused or
contributed to Wichmann’s disassociation from [Conrad].” Under counts
one through three, Wichmann alleged that Conrad not only breached its
fiduciary duty and contract with Wichmann by engaging in such illegal
activities, but Conrad also committed fraud by attempting to conceal the
unlawful conduct.

   Under counts four and five, Wichmann alleged that after he resigned
from Conrad and accepted a position at RRA, Conrad unlawfully and
intentionally interfered with Wichmann’s business relationship by
immediately contacting RRA, making false statements about him, and
convincing RRA to revoke its offer of employment.

    Conrad moved to dismiss Wichmann’s counterclaims, arguing that all
five were permissive, not compulsory, because they did not bear a logical
relationship to its complaint. As permissive counterclaims, Conrad argued
that they were barred by the statute of limitations because they involved
facts that occurred seven years prior to Wichmann’s filing. The trial court


                                    2
agreed with Conrad and entered an order dismissing Wichmann’s
counterclaims with prejudice. This appeal followed.

   The issue of whether the trial court correctly characterized Wichmann’s
counterclaims as permissive, rather than compulsory, presents a pure
question of law subject to de novo review. See Whigum v. Heilig-Meyers
Furniture Inc., 

, 646 (Fla. 1st DCA 1996).

   A counterclaim is compulsory if “it arises out of the transaction or
occurrence that is the subject matter of the opposing party’s claim.” Fla.
R. Civ. P. 1.170(a). In determining whether a counterclaim is compulsory,
Florida courts have adopted the logical relationship test:

      [A] claim has a logical relationship to the original claim if it
      arises out of the same aggregate of operative facts as the
      original claim in two senses: (1) that the same aggregate of
      operative facts serves as the basis of both claims; or (2) that
      the aggregate core of facts upon which the original claim rests
      activates additional legal rights in a party defendant that
      would otherwise remain dormant.

Londono v. Turkey Creek, Inc., 

, 20 (Fla. 1992) (quoting Neil
v. S. Fla. Auto Painters, Inc., 

, 1164 (Fla. 3d DCA 1981)).

    “The purpose of the compulsory counterclaim is to promote judicial
efficiency by requiring defendants to raise claims arising from the same
‘transaction or occurrence’ as the plaintiff's claim.” 

. Thus, “courts should give the phrase ‘transaction or occurrence
that is the subject matter of the suit’ a broad realistic interpretation in the
interest of avoiding a multiplicity of suits.” Stone v. Pembroke Lakes Trailer
Park, Inc., 

, 402 (Fla. 4th DCA 1972).

   We find that counts one through three were compulsory counterclaims
because they bear a logical relationship to Conrad’s complaint. Counts
one through three are primarily based on allegations that Conrad illegally
paid witnesses and filed fraudulent lawsuits, which required Wichmann to
take actions to protect himself and his clients. Those actions became the
basis for Conrad’s complaint against him.

   Specifically, under counts one and three, Wichmann made the following
four allegations: (1) Conrad failed to provide Wichmann with enough staff
for his cases; (2) Conrad secretly referred Wichmann’s clients to outside
firms; (3) Conrad did not provide Wichmann enough compensation for
bringing in clients; and (4) Conrad failed to agree on a joint letter to clients

                                       3
upon Wichmann’s resignation. These four allegations are intertwined with
the allegations contained in Conrad’s complaint because they are all based
on Wichmann’s employment relationship with Conrad and the details
surrounding his resignation.

   Having found these counterclaims to be compulsory, we dismiss the
appeal as to these counterclaims for lack of jurisdiction because an order
dismissing a compulsory counterclaim is “not appealable until a final
disposition of the original cause has [been] obtained on the merits.” 4040
IBIS Circle, LLC v. JPMorgan Chase Bank, 

, 960 (Fla. 4th
DCA 2016) (quoting Johnson v. Allen, Knudsen, DeBoest, Edwards &
Rhodes, P.A., 

, 509 (Fla. 2d DCA 1993)).

   However, we agree with the trial court that counts four and five did not
arise out of the same core of operative facts as Conrad’s complaint.
Conrad’s complaint was based on Wichmann’s conduct during his
employment with Conrad, specifically focusing on the actions he took days
before his resignation. On the other hand, counts four and five were based
on Conrad’s conduct after the firm was informed of Wichmann’s
resignation. See Callaway Land & Cattle Co., Inc. v. Banyon Lakes C.
Corp., 

, 207 (Fla. 4th DCA 2002) (holding that the
defendant’s counterclaim was permissive because the plaintiff’s complaint
focused on the breach of the contract, but the defendant’s counterclaim
focused on tortious conduct that occurred after the breach).

    Moreover, Conrad’s complaint did not “activate[] additional legal rights
in [Wichmann] that would otherwise remain dormant” because even if
Conrad never sued Wichmann for using the firm’s resources to steal
clients, Wichmann would still have had a cause of action against Conrad
for intentional interference with a business relationship. Londono, 

at 20. Further, there is no indication that Conrad’s “false statements”
about Wichmann to RRA were in any way based on Wichmann’s purported
“massive client-grabbing scheme.”

    It is well settled that a permissive counterclaim will be barred if it is
filed beyond the statute of limitations. See DuBreuil v. James, 

, 185 (Fla. 3d DCA 1978). The trial court properly dismissed counts
four and five because they were permissive counterclaims and based on
conduct that occurred in 2009. See Effs v. Sony Pictures Home Entm’t,
Inc., 

, 1244 (Fla. 3d DCA 2016) (holding that a party’s
“claim for tortious interference with a business relationship was barred by
the expiration of the applicable four-year statute of limitations”). As a
result, we remand this case to the trial court for further proceedings in
accordance with this opinion.

                                     4
  Dismissed in part, Affirmed in part, and Remanded.

GROSS and MAY, JJ., concur.

                         *        *        *

  Not final until disposition of timely filed motion for rehearing.




                                  5