DISTRICT COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF FLORIDA
                             FOURTH DISTRICT

             TRANSPARENCY FOR FLORIDA, KALI CRUM and
                       NICHOLAS PLUMMER,
                           Appellants,

                                    v.

      CITY OF PORT ST. LUCIE, RON BOWEN, JOANN FAIELLA,
               SHANNON MARTIN and ROGER ORR,
                           Appellees.

                             No. 4D16-3976

                             [April 18, 2018]

  Appeal from the Circuit Court for the Nineteenth Judicial Circuit, St.
Lucie County; William L. Roby, Judge; L.T. Case No. 56-2013-CA-3295.

   Megan Lazenby of Lazenby Law LLC, Lakeland, James S. Benjamin of
Benjamin, Aaronson, Edinger & Patanzo, P.A., Fort Lauderdale, and
Andrea Flynn Mogensen of The Law Office of Andrea Flynn Mogensen, P.A.,
Sarasota, for appellants.

   Jeffrey A. Blaker of Conroy Simberg, West Palm Beach, and Diane H.
Tutt of Conroy Simberg, Hollywood, for appellees City of Port St. Lucie,
Ron Bowen, Shannon Martin and Roger Orr.

  Cynthia G. Angelos of Cynthia G. Angelos, P.A., Port St. Lucie for
appellee Joann Faiella.

  David A. Wallace of Bentley & Bruning, P.A., Sarasota, for Amicus
Curiae First Amendment Foundation.

WARNER, J.

    Transparency for Florida, Inc., appeals a final summary judgment in
favor of the City of Port St. Lucie, its council members, and city attorney
in a Sunshine Law violation case regarding the termination of the city
manager. The trial court did not conclude that a Sunshine Law violation
had occurred, but determined that even if it did, any violation was cured
by a noticed special meeting of the council. We reverse, as disputed issues
of fact remain.
   Appellant, Transparency for Florida, Inc., sued the City of Port St.
Lucie, city council members (Ron Bowen, Shannon Martin), the mayor
(Joann Faiella), and city attorney (Roger Orr) alleging that the council
members violated the Sunshine Law in their discussions regarding the
dismissal of the City Manager, Greg Oravec, and the negotiation of his
severance agreement. It alleged that the city attorney improperly polled
council members to determine their position on Oravec’s separation
agreement, and the city attorney communicated the polling results to other
council members. After polling, the council held a special meeting to vote
on the agreement, and the defendants provided the public with about
twenty-one and one-half hours’ notice. Transparency contended the
notice was inadequate, and the subsequent meeting did not cure the
violation. It sought a declaration that the Sunshine Law had been violated
and the cure was inadequate. The defendants answered, contending that
no Sunshine Violation had occurred, but if there was a violation, it was
cured by the public meeting.

   The defendants moved for summary judgment, attaching depositions
and exhibits. The submissions showed that Port St. Lucie Councilman
Bowen had significant disputes with City Manager Oravec, which
ultimately culminated in Bowen’s attempts to remove the city manager.
To that end, in December 2012, an assistant city attorney told Oravec that
the mayor asked to pull his employment contract and explore the
severance provision because four out of five council members had lost
confidence in him. Oravec wondered how this no confidence vote occurred
outside of Sunshine. He questioned the mayor on this, and the mayor
relayed that the council was unhappy with him. When questioned how
she knew this without a meeting, the mayor became defensive.

   On Super Bowl weekend in the beginning of February 2013, Bowen
called City Attorney Orr, and asked Orr to determine whether there was
interest in the council considering terminating Oravec. Bowen also spoke
to the mayor that morning. Orr agreed to poll the council to determine
whether there was any interest in offering Oravec a severance in exchange
for his resignation. When Orr called Council Member Martin and asked
her about her interest, she told him that she could not discuss this.
Similarly, Council Member Berger told Orr that she would not participate
in any polling, because a possible termination and severance should be
discussed in the Sunshine. Orr called Bowen to report back his finding
that there was not support to terminate Oravec. Orr had also called
Oravec to suggest his resignation with a severance package, but Oravec
turned him down.



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   After that weekend, Oravec had a change of heart and determined that
he would negotiate an amicable separation agreement with the city
because his relationship with the council was “irretrievably altered.” Orr
and Oravec then negotiated the terms of the separation agreement. When
they got close, the council scheduled a special meeting to consider
Oravec’s departure.

    There were three notices of the special meeting to consider Oravec’s
separation from the city. The first notice, with a hand-written “posted”
date of February 06, 2013, states that there will be a special meeting for
the removal of the city manager on February 07, 2013, at 9 a.m. at City
Hall. This notice was posted twenty-one hours, twenty-seven minutes
before the meeting. This notice was sent to the media. The second, revised
notice lists the “discussion of a separation agreement for the city manager”
on its agenda. This notice was posted to the city’s public calendar on
February 6 at 1:19 p.m.           The notice also lists discussion of the
“cancellation of the city manager’s employment agreement” as an agenda
item, only to be discussed if the separation agreement was not approved.
The third notice lists the same date and time for the meeting, but it only
lists discussion of a separation agreement.

    The city attorney and his staff then worked on the separation agreement
until late the night before the meeting. The assistant city attorney testified
in deposition that she may have had conversations about the city
manager’s resignation with the individual council members. Prior to the
meeting, the council members were e-mailed one version of the agreement.
Then more changes were made, and on the morning before the special
meeting, the assistant city attorney explained to the council members the
changes and received comments from them. At least two council members
expressed the desire to have no debate or discussion of the termination at
the meeting because of an unpleasant experience with a prior termination
of a city manager. They told the city attorney that they did not want to go
“item by item to say we don’t want you here because of A, B, C and for him
to respond that’s not true because of X, Y, and Z.”

   The meeting commenced at 9 a.m. A video of the meeting shows that
many people attended, although nothing in the record indicates whether
those attending were members of the public, city staff, or the media. The
meeting was almost immediately recessed because the city attorney
announced that more changes needed to be made to the separation
agreement, because additional matters came up which needed to be dealt
with. After about an hour, the meeting resumed at which time there was
no discussion of the terms of the finalized agreement. A motion was made
to approve the separation agreement. The council members had copies of

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the agreement. Although the previous drafts of the agreement were
available in the city records, there is no indication that a copy of the final
agreement was made available to the public. Several of the council
members made statements of regret to the termination, stating that they
all had great respect for Oravec. Some mention was made of failure to
communicate and failure to agree on several matters, but the council never
discussed any specific issues. Mayor Faiella stated that Oravec had made
tremendous progress in bringing the city to a new level. Neither the terms
of the severance agreement or the reasons for termination were discussed.
The meeting lasted less than fifteen minutes.

   After accusations of Sunshine Law violations by the council members
appeared in the newspaper, the State Attorney’s Office (SAO) investigated
the matter. During the course of the investigation, the SAO subpoenaed
phone records from the city council members’ city-issued phones. Some
of the council members deleted text messages and voicemails on their
phones from the time period about which the subpoenas inquired. As a
result of the investigation, Councilman Bowen pled nolo contendere to the
noncriminal infraction of violating the Sunshine Law.

   The trial court granted the defendants’ motion for summary judgment,
based upon the materials submitted. In its order, the court stated that it
was “not convinced that [the discussions regarding the termination of
Oravec and the severance agreement] were purposeful contraventions of
the Sunshine law,” but concluded that any violations were cured by the
well-attended special meeting. The court found that the matter of the city
manager’s employment and potential severance was discussed “at length.”
The court rejected Transparency’s contention that the meeting could not
cure a prior Sunshine Law violation unless the prior violation was
specifically addressed. It believed that any violation could be “cured where
the substantive subject matter is addressed via formal, independent,
public action.” As the court found that was what occurred at the February
7th meeting, the court concluded that any violation was cured. The court
also rejected Transparency’s contention that the notice was insufficient
because it gave less than twenty-four hours’ notice. While the statute
requires reasonable notice of a meeting, the statute does not further define
what that may be. From these rulings, Transparency appeals.

   This Court reviews a trial court’s grant of summary judgment de novo.
Soncoast Cmty. Church of Boca Raton, Inc. v. Travis Boating Ctr. of Fla.,
Inc., 

, 655 (Fla. 4th DCA 2008).

      [A] party moving for summary judgment must show
      conclusively the absence of any genuine issue of material fact,

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      and the court must draw every possible inference in favor of
      the party against whom a summary judgment is sought. A
      summary judgment should not be granted unless the facts are
      so crystalized that nothing remains but questions of law.

v. TRG-Boynton Beach, Ltd., 

, 479-80 (Fla.
4th DCA 2006)). “Summary judgment is proper if there is no genuine issue
of material fact and if the moving party is entitled to a judgment as a
matter of law.” Volusia Cty. v. Aberdeen at Ormond Beach, L.P., 

126, 130 (Fla. 2000).

   Article I, section 24(b), of the Florida Constitution provides:

      All meetings of any collegial public body of the executive
      branch of state government . . . at which official acts are to be
      taken or at which public business of such body is to be
      transacted or discussed, shall be open and noticed to the
      public . . . .

   The Sunshine Law, section 286.011(1), Florida Statutes (2012), states:

      All meetings of any board or commission of any state agency
      or authority . . . at which official acts are to be taken are
      declared to be public meetings open to the public at all times,
      and no resolution, rule, or formal action shall be considered
      binding except as taken or made at such meeting. The board
      or commission must provide reasonable notice of all such
      meetings.

The law aims to prevent “[t]he evil of closed door operation of government
without permitting public scrutiny and participation,” and if any two or
more public officials meet in secret to transact public business, they
violate the Sunshine Law. City of Miami Beach v. Berns, 

, 41
(Fla. 1971). A Sunshine Law violation occurs when officials “discuss
matters on which foreseeable action may be taken by that board or
commission in clear violation of the purpose, intent, and spirit of the . . .
Sunshine Law.” Hough v. Stembridge, 

, 289 (Fla. 3d DCA
1973).

   The Sunshine Law must be “construed so as to frustrate all evasive
devices,” and the law “protect[s] the public from ‘closed door’ politics . . .
.” Sarasota for Responsible Gov’t v. City of Sarasota, 

, 762
(Fla. 2010) (citations omitted). The “frustration of all evasive devices”


                                      5
      can be accomplished only by embracing the collective inquiry
      and discussion stages within the terms of the statute, as long
      as such inquiry and discussion is conducted by any
      committee or other authority appointed and established by a
      government agency, and relates to any matter on which
      foreseeable action will be taken.

Town of Palm Beach v. Gradison, 

, 477 (Fla. 1974).

   Because the law must be construed to “frustrate all evasive devices,”

      the Sunshine Law is implicated when a person other than a
      board member is used as a liaison among board members.
      For example, a city manager may not ask each commissioner
      to state his or her position on a specific matter that will
      foreseeably be considered by the commission at a public
      meeting, in order to provide the information to the members
      of the commission.

Op. Att’y Gen. Fla. 96-35 (1996). For instance, in response to an inquiry,
the Attorney General issued an opinion that a city manager can meet
individually with city council members “to discuss city business provided
that he does not act as a “liaison” for board members by circulating
information and thoughts of individual councilmen to the rest of the
board.” Op. Att’y Gen. 75-59 (1975).

    Blackford v. Sch. Bd. of Orange County, 

(Fla 5th DCA
1979), presents a similar factual circumstance to this case where the
series of phone conversations between the city attorney and the council
members could constitute “de facto” meetings on the severance agreement.
In Blackford, the school board superintendent “admitted that he wanted
to avoid the uproar which would unquestionably attend the public airing”
of the county’s redistricting problem. 

The superintendent, not
subject to the Sunshine Law, devised a plan by which the school board
members would visit his office, separately but in “rapid-fire succession”
over a period of a few days, to discuss the county’s redistricting problem.

The superintendent denied acting as a “go-between” or telling
the school board members each other’s opinions. 

meetings,
final proposed resolutions of the redistricting plan were made, and the
resolutions were placed on the board’s agenda. 

found that
the six separate meetings were “de facto meetings by two or more members
of the board at which official action was taken.” 

used the
superintendent as an intermediary to circumvent the public meeting
requirements. 

                                    6
   In this case, while the city claims that all Orr did as city attorney was
to poll the members as to whether they wanted to discuss the severance
of Oravec, appellant contends that Orr acted as a liaison for council
members to share their thoughts. The evidence presented does not
conclusively refute those allegations. Indeed, much of it suggests that the
details of the severance were discussed both in the phone calls during
Super Bowl weekend of 2013, and leading up to the meeting at which the
severance agreement was approved. The trial court correctly concluded
that it could not definitively find that no Sunshine Law violation occurred.

    Instead, the court determined that any violation was cured by the
special meeting. Our supreme court has held that “Sunshine Law
violations can be cured by ‘independent, final action in the sunshine,’
which [the supreme court] distinguished from mere ceremonial acceptance
or perfunctory ratification of secret actions and decisions.” Sarasota
Citizens for Responsible Gov’t v. City of Sarasota, 

, 765 (Fla.
2010) (quoting Tolar v. School Bd. of Liberty Cty., 

, 429 (Fla.
1981)). In Zorc v. City of Vero Beach, 

, 903 (Fla. 4th DCA
1998), we explained “only a full, open hearing will cure a defect arising
from a Sunshine Law violation. Such violation will not be cured by a
perfunctory ratification of the action taken outside of the sunshine.” The
council members in Zorc had taken action at a private meeting, and when
suit was filed for violation of the Sunshine Law, the council scheduled a
meeting to reconsider their vote. 

903. At the subsequent
meeting, the city attorney gave each council member a transcript of the
prior meeting, but he said he would not review it at the open meeting. 

The public was given an opportunity to speak, and the plaintiff,
Zorc, spoke. 

then voted to ratify the actions taken at the
prior meeting. Finding that the subsequent meeting was insufficient to
cure the Sunshine Law violation, our court said:

      It is evident from the record that the meeting was not a full
      reexamination of the issues, but rather, was merely the
      perfunctory acceptance of the City's prior decision. This was
      not a full, open public hearing convened for the purpose of
      enabling the public to express its views and participate in the
      decision-making process. Instead, this was merely a Council
      meeting which was then opened to the public for comment at
      the City's request. There was no significant discussion of the
      issues or a discourse as to the language sought to be included.
      The City Councilmen were provided with transcripts of the
      hearings, but none reviewed the language previously
      approved, and the Council subsequently voted to deny

                                     7
      reconsideration of the wording. Under Tolar and its progeny,
      it is clear that the City did not effectively cure its violation of
      the Sunshine Law emanating from the [prior] meeting.

The court reversed a summary judgment in favor of the city.

    The parties in this case stipulated that the tape of the council meeting,
at which the separation agreement was discussed, is part of the summary
judgment proceedings. It is clear that the trial court considered the video
and the minutes of the meeting. We have been able to view it. We have
an entirely different impression of the proceedings than the trial court’s
finding in its summary judgment that the city manager’s employment and
termination was discussed at length. The separation agreement was not
discussed at all at the meeting. When the meeting was called to order, the
city attorney asked for a recess to complete some changes to the
agreement. Convening again an hour later, the council members each had
a copy of the agreement. The mayor asked for a motion to approve, and
several of the commissioners made statements of regret as to how they had
come to parting ways with the city manager. No one mentioned the terms
of the agreement, nor did they discuss at length the reasons for the
termination. It was then unanimously accepted. The public was never
invited to speak at the meeting. The entire proceeding lasted less than
fifteen minutes. This meeting may be more perfunctory in approving the
agreement than the meeting in Zorc. As we review this record de novo, we
conclude that there are disputed issues of fact as to whether the meeting
on the separation agreement cured any Sunshine Law violation which may
have occurred prior to the meeting in the formation of the separation
agreement and termination of the city manager.

   Finally, appellants argue that less than twenty-four hours’ notice for
the meeting was unreasonable in the absence of a demonstrated urgency,
and only twenty-one hours and twenty-seven minutes’ notice was given.
The city and mayor contend there is no bright-line rule for reasonable
notice, and the notice was sufficient.

   Section 286.011(1), Florida Statutes (2012), provides that “[t]he board
or commission must provide reasonable notice of all such meetings.”
Several Florida Attorney General opinions have interpreted what
constitutes sufficient notice under the statute. A 2000 Florida Attorney
General opinion notes that “reasonable notice” has not been statutorily
defined, and the type of notice that must be given for a meeting is variable
and depends on the facts of the situation. Op. Att’y Gen. Fla. 2000-08
(2000). However, in a footnote, the opinion states that “special meetings


                                      8
should have at least 24 hours reasonable notice to the public . . . .” 

of governing authority is referenced, however.

   The Attorney General also publishes the Government-In-The-Sunshine
Manual, Volume 39 (2017 Ed.), for use by public officials in navigating
issues regarding the Sunshine Law.        It provides suggested notice
guidelines, such as:

      3. Except in the case of emergency or special meetings, notice
      should be provided at least 7 days prior to the meeting.
      Emergency sessions should be afforded the most appropriate
      and effective notice under the circumstances.

      4. Special meetings should have no less than 24 and
      preferably at least 72 hours reasonable notice to the public.

39 Government-in-the-Sunshine Manual, section (D)(4)(a)3., 4. (2017).

    Few cases address the question of what is reasonable notice. In
Yarbrough v. Young, 

(Fla. 1st DCA 1985), three days’ notice
of a special meeting was deemed adequate. In Rhea v. City of Gainesville,

, 221 (Fla. 1st DCA 1991), an hour and a half notice of a
special meeting to respond to the county’s appointment of a commission
to study the operation of the regional utility authority was deemed
unreasonable notice under the Sunshine Law. Florida Attorney General
opinion 73-170 finds that the type of notice given depends on the purpose
for the notice, the character of the event about which the notice is given,
and the nature of the rights to be affected. Op. Att’y Gen. Fla. 73-170
(1973).

   Where there is no specific legislative directive as to what constitutes
reasonable notice as a matter of law, we agree with the Attorney General
that it is a fact specific inquiry. In this case, the trial court properly found
that no bright-line rule mandated a twenty-four hour notice period.
However, it then required the plaintiff to allege and prove that some
member of the public was not afforded an opportunity to attend the
meeting because notice was not adequate. This is not an element of a
cause of action for a Sunshine Law violation. The plaintiff alleged that less
than twenty-four hours’ notice of the meeting was provided, which was not
reasonable.

   Because this was a motion for summary judgment, it was the
defendants’ burden to show that there were no disputed issues of fact as
to the reasonableness of the notice of the meeting. This required an

                                       9
analysis as to whether the facts were undisputed that notice was
reasonable. The court found that the notice was sufficient because the
meeting room was packed and the media was present. It relied on the
videotape of the meeting, but it is hard to know whether the meeting was
packed with the general public or merely the city staff. Moreover, while
three different and successive copies of the notice are in the record, it is
not clear how they were disseminated. There is also no explanation of
whether this was an emergency situation with some time deadline to
approve the separation agreement. There remains a disputed issue of fact
as to whether the notice for this meeting was reasonable. Without further
development of the facts, summary judgment on this issue was premature.

   For the foregoing reasons, we reverse the summary final judgment and
remand for further proceedings consistent with this opinion.

TAYLOR and DAMOORGIAN, JJ., concur.

                           *         *         *

   Not final until disposition of timely filed motion for rehearing.




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