Third District Court of Appeal
                               State of Florida

                          Opinion filed August 8, 2018.
         Not final until disposition of timely filed motion for rehearing.

                               ________________

                               No. 3D17-0040
                         Lower Tribunal No. 15-29014
                             ________________

                     Claudia Rosana Villafañe, et al.,
                                   Appellants,

                                        vs.

                        Diego Armando Maradona,
                                    Appellee.


     An Appeal from a non-final order from the Circuit Court for Miami-Dade
County, Antonio Marin, Judge.

     Barakat Law, PA and Brian Barakat, for appellants.

     EFR Law Firm and Eduardo F. Rodriguez, for appellee.

Before ROTHENBERG, C.J., and SALTER and LUCK, JJ.

     LUCK, J.

     Claudia Rosana Villafane and five companies she controls appeal the trial

court’s order denying their motion to dismiss Diego Armando Maradona’s
(Villafane’s ex-husband) complaint for fraud, conversion, and unjust enrichment

based on forum non conveniens. We affirm.

                     Factual Background and Procedural History

      Villafane and Maradona are both citizens of Argentina, where they married

in 1989, separated in 1999, and were divorced in 2003. Although divorced in

2003, the parties did not agree to a division of their marital property until August

2013. In their property settlement agreement, the parties acknowledged that the

property listed in the agreement was the entire marital estate.

      On December 15, 2015, Maradona sued Villafane and her shell companies in

Miami-Dade County. Maradona alleged that while married to Villafane he trusted

her to manage his financial affairs. According to Maradona, while managing his

finances and without his knowledge, Villafane misappropriated some of his money

and used it to purchase six condominium units in South Florida. Maradona alleged

that although the properties were purchased before the property settlement,

Villafane did not disclose them as marital property during the extended decade-

long property settlement proceedings in Argentina. The complaint set forth counts

for unjust enrichment and constructive trust against Villafane and the shell

companies, and breach of fiduciary duty, conversion, and constructive fraud

against Villafane.




                                          2
      Villafane moved to dismiss the complaint based on forum non conveniens,

arguing that Argentina was the proper venue.              Villafane alleged that any

misappropriation would have occurred in Argentina where both parties resided and

maintained their financial affairs. Moreover, she claimed all witnesses, including

those most familiar with the parties’ finances and the divorce proceedings, may be

found in Argentina. In support of the motion, Villafane filed her own affidavit and

the legal opinion of an Argentinian lawyer. Maradona responded to the motion

with his own affidavit and that of an Argentinian legal expert.

      The trial court denied the motion to dismiss because Villafane “d[id] not

satisfy the adequate alternative forum factor since Argentina’s statute of limitations

bars [Maradona’s] causes of action for damages.” Villafane appeals the denial of

her motion to dismiss.1

                                      Discussion

      Villafane contends that the trial court erred in denying her motion to dismiss

based on forum non conveniens because there was no evidence that the

Argentinian statute of limitations expired, and even if it had, Argentina still was an

adequate alternate forum. We disagree, and find no abuse of discretion by the trial

court.2

1  We have jurisdiction. See Fla. R. App. P. 9.130(a)(3)(C)(ix) (“Appeals to the
district courts of appeal of non-final orders are limited to those that . . . determine .
. . the issue of forum non conveniens.”).
2 Denials of motions to dismiss based on forum non conveniens are reviewed for an



                                           3
      “The forum non conveniens inquiry currently conducted by Florida courts is

. . . a four-step process and is set forth in Florida Rule of Civil Procedure

1.061(a).” Cortez v. Palace Resorts, Inc., 

, 1091 (Fla. 2013). This

case involves the first step that, “[a]s a prerequisite, the court must establish

whether an adequate alternative forum exists which possesses jurisdiction over the

whole case.” 

System, Inc. v. Continental Ins. Co., 

, 90 (Fla. 1996)).

      “The first prong of the forum non conveniens analysis entails two separate

considerations:   whether the alternative forum is available and whether it is

adequate. An alternative forum is available when that forum can assert jurisdiction

over the litigation sought to be transferred.” Abeid-Saba v. Carnival Corp., 

, 600 (Fla. 3d DCA 2016) (quotation omitted).             “With respect to

adequacy, an alternative forum does not have to be equivalent to the chosen forum

to be adequate, but we have recognized that dismissal would not be appropriate

where the alternative forum does not permit litigation of the subject matter of the

dispute.” 

(quotation omitted).

      “The defendant attempting to dismiss the action on forum non conveniens

grounds bears the burden of proof on each element of the . . . analysis.” Abeid-

abuse of discretion. See GLF Constr. Corp. v. Credinform Int’l, S.A., 

, 381 (Fla. 3d DCA 2017) (“The decision to grant or deny the motion for
dismissal rests in the sound discretion of the trial court, subject to review for abuse
of discretion.” (quoting Fla. R. Civ. P. 1.061(a)).

                                          4


(quotation omitted).       Because showing an adequate

alternative forum is a prerequisite to dismissing based on forum non conveniens,

where the defendant does not carry her burden to show that the alternate forum is

adequate and available, we need not address the other Rule 1.061(a) factors. See

(“As a prerequisite, the court must establish whether an

adequate alternative forum exists which possesses jurisdiction over the whole

case.” (quotation omitted)); Bridgestone/Firestone N. Am. Tire, LLC v. Garcia,

, 917 (Fla. 4th DCA 2008) (“Because we determine that the trial

court did not abuse its discretion in finding Argentina an unavailable and

inadequate alternative forum, we affirm without consideration of the remaining

Kinney factors.”).

      The trial court found that Argentina’s statute of limitations barred

Maradona’s causes of action, and that finding was supported by the expert

affidavits submitted by the parties. Maradona’s expert swore that “Argentine Law

may in no way have venue and jurisdiction to deal with the claim made by Mr.

Maradona before the United States courts.” Villafane’s expert opined that:

      The prescription term [the expert’s terminology for the Argentine
      statute of limitations] applicable to [Maradona’s] complaint – if the
      same were understood as a Claim for Nullity or Review of the Acts
      Performed denounced therein – is two (2) years, which have
      objectively expired. Should the claim be understood as a demand for
      compensation for a hypothetically inappropriate use of his funds – the
      term would amount to ten (10) years. In both cases, this means to say
      that the terms have expired and there would be no chance whatsoever


                                        5
      for any kind of legal action.

Although Villafane’s Argentine legal expert backtracked some in later-filed letters,

it was not an abuse of discretion to rely on this conflicting testimony.

      The Fourth District Court of Appeal reached a similar conclusion based on

conflicting statute-of-limitations testimony in Bridgestone.        There, “although

appellants stipulated that they would waive a statute of limitations defense if the

cases were refiled in Argentina, the experts had conflicting opinions on whether or

not the Argentine courts would accept such a stipulation, as compelled by a forum

non conveniens 

. Because of this conflict about the

Argentine statute of limitations, the Fourth District concluded:

      Because the affidavits conflicted on whether jurisdiction would exist,
      whether appellants could consent to jurisdiction or waive a statute of
      limitations defense, and whether the attempt to transfer these cases to
      Argentina through a forum non conveniens order would violate
      Argentine law, the trial court’s conclusion that appellants did not
      carry their burden of persuasion on this issue was not unreasonable.

      Judge Polen, in a concurring opinion, noted that although he may not have

reached the same conclusion, because reasonable judges could look at the

conflicting opinions and come to different results, he couldn’t say that the trial

court abused its discretion. 

, concurring specially) (“Would I have

reached the same result the trial court reached in this case? Probably not. But our

standard of review on decisions granting or denying a motion to dismiss on forum


                                          6
non conveniens grounds is abuse of discretion. If for no other reason than that

reasonable judges could disagree on the trial court's ruling, I agree we must

affirm.”). We, too, can see no abuse of discretion in the trial court relying on

conflicting expert testimony on its way to finding that the Argentine courts were

not an adequate alternate forum for Maradona’s claims.

         Villafane responds that even if the statute of limitations had lapsed in the

alternate forum, Argentina was still adequate because the Florida statute of

limitations may also have expired, and the Argentinian courts are amenable to

Maradona’s claims. We don’t agree that a forum can be an adequate alternative if

it has lost jurisdiction to hear the plaintiff’s claims because it’s barred by that

country’s statute of limitations.3

         The Florida Supreme Court has said as much in Kinney. There, after the

Court adopted a new test (now codified in Rule 1.061(a)) for forum non

conveniens, it was concerned about how the trial courts would apply it to pending

cases:

         [W]e further recognize that an improper application of the instant
         opinion could have a detrimental impact on some cases presently
         pending in the lower courts. Where new or renewed motions for

3 There may be exceptions, for example, where the plaintiff has purposely allowed
the statute of limitations in the alternate forum to lapse before filing the lawsuit in
Florida. But we don’t have to decide that issue because the trial court found based
on the evidence that Maradona did not “delay[] filing these causes of action in
Argentina to deliberately permit the Argentine statute of limitation’s [sic]
expiration.”

                                           7
      forum non conveniens dismissal are prompted in such cases by this
      opinion, we direct that the lower courts shall not order dismissal if
      doing so would actually undermine the interests that forum non
      conveniens seeks to preserve. These include avoiding a waste of
      resources (including resources already expended), avoiding forcing a
      plaintiff into a forum where a statute of limitation may have expired,
      or other similar problems.

(emphasis added). The Court, in other words, directed

the lower courts not to dismiss cases that would result in the parties having to

litigate in an alternate forum “where the statute of limitations may have expired.”

Florida has an interest, the Court explained, in “avoiding forcing” plaintiffs into an

alternate forum that bars the claim through its own limitations period.

      Following Kinney, the Fourth District in Bridgestone held that it was not an

abuse of discretion to find that Argentina was an unavailable and inadequate forum

based on conflicting testimony “on whether or not the Argentine courts would

accept” a stipulation waiving the statute of limitations 

-

17. Without such an assurance, the district court agreed that the defendant had not

carried its burden show that Argentina was an adequate alternate forum.

                                     Conclusion

      Here, as in Bridgestone, there was no abuse of discretion. The trial court’s

finding that Maradona could not bring his claims in Argentina based on that

country’s statute of limitations was supported by the conflicting opinions of the

Argentine legal experts. The trial court’s ultimate conclusion that Argentina was



                                          8
not an adequate alternate forum heeded the words of Kinney that Florida has an

interest in “avoiding forcing a plaintiff into a forum where a statute of limitations

may have 

. We heed the same words and affirm the trial

court’s order denying Villafane’s motion to dismiss based on forum non

conveniens.

      Affirmed.




                                         9