DISTRICT COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF FLORIDA
                             FOURTH DISTRICT

                           SILVIO COZZETTO,
                               Appellant,

                                    v.

                     BANYAN FINANCE, LLC, et al.,
                             Appellees.

                             No. 4D17-1255

                           [January 10, 2018]

  Appeal of a non-final order from the Circuit Court for the Fifteenth
Judicial Circuit, Palm Beach County; Cymonie Rowe, Judge; L.T. Case No.
502014CA005034.

  Robert C. Buschel of Buschel Gibbons, P.A., Fort Lauderdale, and
Grant J. Smith of Strategysmith, P.A., Fort Lauderdale, for appellant.

   No appearance for appellees.

GERBER, C.J.

   The defendant appeals from the circuit court’s order denying his Florida
Rule of Civil Procedure 1.540 motion to vacate the final default judgment
entered against him. The defendant’s motion primarily argued that the
final default judgment was void because the plaintiff’s service on the
defendant through the Florida Secretary of State under section 48.181(1),
Florida Statutes (2014), was insufficient. We agree with the defendant’s
argument and reverse.

   The plaintiff’s complaint alleged, in pertinent part, as follows. The
defendant is a Michigan resident who is the majority owner, managing
member, and president of a Michigan corporation which provides health
care services.      The defendant’s corporation entered into several
agreements with two financing companies. Under the agreements, in
exchange for an immediate advance of funds from the financing companies
to the defendant’s corporation, the defendant’s corporation would repay
the financing companies using its account receivables collected over time.
The face of the agreements bear no relation to Florida.
   The financing companies later entered into agreements with the
plaintiff whereby the financing companies assigned to the plaintiff the right
to be paid from the account receivables of the defendant’s corporation.
The assignment agreements directed that payments were to be made to
the plaintiff in Florida. However, the defendant’s corporation was not a
party to those assignment agreements.

   When the defendant’s corporation allegedly failed to pay its account
receivables to the plaintiff, the plaintiff filed suit in Florida against the
defendant and the defendant’s corporation. The complaint alleged counts
for breach of contract, unjust enrichment, conversion, and breach of the
duty of good faith and fair dealing. The complaint alleged that the
defendant was a Michigan resident “doing business in Florida.” However,
the complaint did not contain any specific facts indicating how the
defendant allegedly was “doing business in Florida.”

    The plaintiff was able to obtain service on the defendant’s corporation.
However, the plaintiff was unable to obtain service on the defendant in
Michigan after several attempts. The plaintiff’s Michigan process servers
filed affidavits opining that the defendant was avoiding service.

   The plaintiff obtained from the clerk of court an alias summons
directing that service upon the defendant be made upon the Florida
Secretary of State pursuant to section 48.181(1), Florida Statutes (2014),
which provides, in pertinent part:

          The acceptance by any person or persons . . . who are
      residents of any other state . . . and any person who is a
      resident of the state and who subsequently becomes a
      nonresident of the state or conceals his or her whereabouts,
      of the privilege extended by law to nonresidents and others to
      operate, conduct, engage in, or carry on a business or
      business venture in the state, or to have an office or agency in
      the state, constitutes an appointment by the persons and
      foreign corporations of the Secretary of State of the state as
      their agent on whom all process in any action or proceeding
      against them, or any of them, arising out of any transaction
      or operation connected with or incidental to the business or
      business venture may be served. The acceptance of the
      privilege is signification of the agreement of the persons . . .
      that the process against them which is so served is of the same
      validity as if served personally on the persons . . . .



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    After the plaintiff served the alias summons upon the Florida Secretary
of State, the plaintiff obtained a clerk’s default against the defendant. The
plaintiff then obtained a final default judgment against the defendant.

    The defendant later learned of the final default judgment and filed a
motion to vacate the judgment pursuant to Florida Rule of Civil Procedure
1.540(b) (“On motion and upon such terms as are just, the court may
relieve a party . . . from a final judgment . . . for the following reasons:
. . . (4) that the judgment or decree is void . . . .”). In the motion, the
defendant alleged, in pertinent part:

         [A]t no point in time did either [the defendant] (or [the
      defendant’s corporation]) conduct any business in the State of
      Florida. More specifically, at no point in time did [the
      defendant] (or [the defendant’s corporation]) accept the
      privilege extended by the laws of the State of Florida to
      operate, conduct, engage in, or carry on a business or
      business venture in the State of Florida, or to have an office
      or agency in the State of Florida. To the contrary, the medical
      services [the defendant’s corporation] provided that led to the
      accounts receivable subject to the Assignment Contracts were
      provided in the State of Michigan.          And, neither [the
      defendant] nor [the defendant’s corporation] has ever
      conducted any business other than in the State of Michigan.
      As such, [the defendant] meets none of the conditions
      precedent to permit service through the Secretary of State,
      and as such there was no service on [the defendant], and the
      Court never had jurisdiction over him.

         Given these undisputed facts, § 48.181, Florida Statutes,
      could not be applied to [the defendant], or complied with by
      the Plaintiff. As such, the law on this topic is simple. Without
      service on a defendant, the court has no jurisdiction over the
      defendant and any judgment against that defendant must be
      vacated.

(internal citations omitted). The defendant’s supporting affidavit alleged,
in pertinent part:

      I am a resident of the state of Michigan and I am a practicing
      Chiropractor in Birmingham, Michigan. At no point in time
      have I provided chiropractic services in any state other than
      Michigan.    Further, I have never provided chiropractic
      services, operated, conducted, engaged in, or carried on a

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      business or business venture in the State of Florida, or had
      an office, agent or agency in the State of Florida.

   Both the defendant’s motion and his affidavit also argued that he had
not been avoiding service. At the evidentiary hearing on the defendant’s
motion, the defendant testified consistent with his motion and affidavit.

   In response, the plaintiff did not present any evidence to counter the
defendant’s affidavit and testimony. Instead, the plaintiff argued that it
properly obtained substituted service on the defendant through the Florida
Secretary of State in accordance with section 48.181(1) merely because its
complaint alleged that the defendant was a nonresident conducting
business in Florida.

   The circuit court entered a written order denying the defendant’s
motion to vacate the final default judgment. In the order, the court made
the finding of fact that “Defendant is conducting business within the State
of Florida, based upon the assignment agreements entered into with
Plaintiff and requiring payment in Florida.” Based on that finding of fact,
the court concluded that the judgment was not void for want of service.

   This appeal followed. The defendant argues that he provided sworn
unrefuted testimony that he is not conducting business in the State of
Florida and is not avoiding service, and therefore substituted service on
him through the Florida Secretary of State under section 48.181(1) was
insufficient. Because service was insufficient, the defendant argues, the
final judgment against him is void and should be vacated.

    Based on this argument, our task is to determine whether competent
substantial evidence supports the circuit court’s finding of fact that the
defendant was conducting business in Florida. See P. S. R. Associates v.
Artcraft-Heath, 

, 857 (Fla. 2d DCA 1978) (upon proper
contention of the assertion that a defendant is doing business in Florida,
“a question of fact is presented which the trial court must resolve. As in
all such factual determinations the conclusion of the trial court must be
supported by competent substantial evidence.”).

   Having reviewed the record, we conclude competent substantial
evidence does not support the circuit court’s finding of fact that the
defendant was conducting business in Florida. See Orange Motors of Coral
Gables, Inc. v. Rueben H. Donnelley Corp., 

, 894 (Fla. 3d
DCA 1982) (“[T]he plaintiff’s bare allegation that the defendant was ‘doing
business in Florida’ is insufficient to render the defendant amenable to
substituted service of process under Section 48.181 . . . .”).

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   Instead, as the defendant argues, he provided sworn unrefuted
testimony that he is not conducting business in the State of Florida. The
face of the agreements between the financing companies and the
defendant’s corporation bear no relation to Florida.       Although the
assignment agreements between the financing companies and the plaintiff
directed that payments were to be made to the plaintiff in Florida, the
defendant’s corporation was not a party to those assignment agreements.
The defendant also provided sworn unrefuted testimony that he is not
avoiding service.

   Because substituted service on the defendant through the Florida
Secretary of State under section 48.181(1) was insufficient, the final
default judgment against the defendant was void, and the circuit court
should have granted the defendant’s motion to vacate the judgment. We
reverse and remand for the circuit court to vacate both the judgment and
the default against the defendant. See Ardt v. America’s Senior Fin. Servs.,
Inc., 

, 919 (Fla. 4th DCA 2004) (reversing denial of
defendants’ motion to set aside final judgment under rule 1.540(b) where
defendants were served in another state under section 48.181 by
substituted service on the Florida Secretary of State, but section 48.181’s
requirements were not met).

   Reversed and remanded.

KLINGENSMITH and KUNTZ, JJ., concur.

                           *         *         *

   Not final until disposition of timely filed motion for rehearing.




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