Third District Court of Appeal
                               State of Florida
                          Opinion filed August 8, 2018.
         Not final until disposition of timely filed motion for rehearing.
                               ________________

                               No. 3D17-2161
           CONSOLIDATED: 3D17-2158, 3D17-2159, 3D17-2160
        Lower Tribunal Nos. 13-29027, 13-29025, 13-25609, & 13-25606
                             ________________


                             Jeffrey Key, et al.,
                                   Appellants,

                                        vs.

                          Caesar V. Almase, et al.,
                                    Appellees.

     Appeals from a non-final order from the Circuit Court for Miami-Dade
County, Antonio Arzola, Judge.

      Johnson, Anselmo, Murdoch, Burke, Piper & Hochman, P.A., and E. Bruce
Johnson and Scott D. Alexander (Ft. Lauderdale), for appellants.

      Deutsch Blumberg & Caballero, P.A.; James C. Blecke, for appellees Caesar
V. Almase and Rhodalyn Garcia, etc.; Clark, Fountain, La Vista, Prather, Keen &
Littky-Rubin, LLP, and Julie H. Littky-Rubin (West Palm Beach); Brotman
Nusbaum Ibrahim, and Marc C. Brotman and Joseph N. Nusbaum (Boca Raton),
for appellees Mary Rachelle, etc. and Constantine Azarcon, etc.


Before ROTHENBERG, C.J., and SUAREZ and FERNANDEZ, JJ.

      SUAREZ, J.

      These four appeals, which we have consolidated, are from a non-final order

denying Appellants’ motion to dismiss Appellees’ Fourth Amended Complaint on
the grounds of individual immunity pursuant to section 768.28(9)(a), Florida

Statutes (2017). Because the order does not make any findings regarding the issue

of immunity, we dismiss the appeals as taken from a non-final, non-appealable

order.

         The underlying tort action arises out of a head-on automobile collision that

resulted in four fatalities. The accident allegedly occurred because Sergio Perez,

an Opa-locka police officer, was pursuing Willie Dumel, a crime suspect, in a

high-speed chase down I-95.         During the pursuit, Dumel drove in the wrong

direction, resulting in the fatal collision.         Appellees (Plaintiffs below) are

representatives of the four deceased.

         Appellants (Defendants below) are three City of Opa-locka employees: two

police chiefs (Jeffrey Key and Cheryl Cason) and the City Manager (Kelvin

Baker). They moved to dismiss Appellees’ Fourth Amended Complaint based on

immunity under section 768.28(9)(a), Florida Statutes, which provides in pertinent

part as follows:

               (9)(a) No officer, employee, or agent of the state or of
               any of its subdivisions shall be held personally liable in
               tort or named as a party defendant in any action for any
               injury or damage suffered as a result of any act, event, or
               omission of action in the scope of her or his employment
               or function, unless such officer, employee, or agent acted
               in bad faith or with malicious purpose or in a manner
               exhibiting wanton and willful disregard of human rights,
               safety, or property. . . . The state or its subdivisions shall
               not be liable in tort for the acts or omissions of an officer,
               employee, or agent committed while acting outside the
               course and scope of her or his employment or committed
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             in bad faith or with malicious purpose or in a manner
             exhibiting wanton and willful disregard of human rights,
             safety, or property.

Following a hearing on Appellants’ motion to dismiss, the court entered an order

denying the motion. The order fails to specifically state that Appellants, as a

matter of law, were not entitled to immunity. This appeal follows.

      Although an order denying a motion to dismiss is a non-final order and not

typically   reviewable    on   appeal,    Florida   Rule    of   Appellate    Procedure

9.130(a)(3)(C)(x) allows appeals of non-final orders that determine “that, as a

matter of law, a party is not entitled to immunity under section 768.28(9), Florida

Statutes . . . .” Here, however, the order on appeal makes no such finding.1

Consequently, this Court does not have jurisdiction to review the order, and we are

compelled to dismiss the appeal for lack of jurisdiction.             See Hastings v.

Demming, 

(Fla. 1997) (“Nonfinal orders denying summary

judgment on a claim of workers' compensation immunity are not appealable unless

the trial court order specifically states that, as a matter of law, such a defense is not

available to a party.”); Reeves v. Fleetwood Homes of Florida, Inc., 

ants appear to encourage us to delve into the hearing transcript. Even if we
were authorized to do so, which we are not, the trial court explicitly refrained from
determining the immunity issue:

             I'm not saying right now that you are prohibited, you
             don't have sovereign immunity. I'm saying that at this
             time the four corners of the complaint allege a sufficient
             cause of action. That's all I'm saying. You may get it
             later. You may get it later in a summary judgment I don't
             know.
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812, 821-22 (Fla. 2004) (reaffirming the “well-established rule” in Hastings);

Eagle Arts Acad., Inc. v. Tri-City Elec. Co., Inc., 

(Fla. 3d DCA

2017) (dismissing an appeal from a non-final order denying a motion to dismiss

because the order did not make any explicit or implicit findings, as a matter of law,

that appellant was not entitled to sovereign immunity); Miami-Dade Cty. v. Pozos,

(Fla. 3d DCA 2017) (dismissing the appeal as one taken from a

non-final, non-appealable order because the order “did not declare, make a finding,

or otherwise determine that, as a matter of law, the County was not entitled to

sovereign immunity or immunity under section 768.28(9)”); Tindel v. Kessler, 

, 599 (Fla. 5th DCA 2000) (dismissing because the order simply denied

a motion for summary judgment and did not determine, as a matter of law, that

certain immunity defenses were unavailable).

      Recently, the First District determined that Hastings and Reeves precluded

appellate review of an order denying summary judgment that did not explicitly

determine, as a matter of law, that the Florida Highway Patrol was not entitled to

sovereign immunity. Florida Highway Patrol v. Jackson, 

(Fla. 1st

DCA 2018). However, the court certified a question of great public importance to

the Florida Supreme Court “regarding the specificity with which a court must deny

an immunity motion ‘as a matter of law’ to permit interlocutory appellate

review[.]” 

our sister district in certifying this question to the Florida

Supreme Court.

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Dismissed.




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