Third District Court of Appeal
                                State of Florida

                         Opinion filed November 14, 2018.
          Not final until disposition of timely filed motion for rehearing.

                                ________________

                                No. 3D17-2734
                          Lower Tribunal No. 16-31554
                              ________________

                             U.S. Bank, N.A., etc.,
                                     Appellant,

                                         vs.

                                 Babak Raheb,
                                     Appellee.


      An Appeal from the Circuit Court for Miami-Dade County, Rodney Smith,
Judge.

      Lapin & Leichtling, LLP, Jeffrey S. Lapin, Adam B. Leichtling and
Alejandra Arroyave Lopez, for appellant.

      Lazaro Vazquez; Anthony Accetta and Brian A. Concepcion, for appellee.


Before ROTHENBERG, C.J., and FERNANDEZ, and SCALES, JJ.

      FERNANDEZ, J.

      Plaintiff U.S. Bank N.A., successor Trustee to Bank of America, N.A.,

successor in interest to LaSalle Bank N.A., as trustee, on behalf of the holders of
the WAMU mortgage pass-through certificates, series 2007-OA3 (the "Trust"),

appeals to this Court the trial court’s Order Granting Defendant’s Motion to

Dismiss Plaintiff’s Complaint and dismissing the action with prejudice, as well as

the subsequent order denying Plaintiff’s Motion for Rehearing.         We reverse

because the trial court erred in dismissing the Trust's foreclosure action with

prejudice.

      On December 9, 2016, the Trust filed the mortgage foreclosure action

below, after the defendant Babak Raheb defaulted on a $1,125,000.00 mortgage

loan secured by real property Raheb owned in Miami-Dade County. The trial

court's order on appeal granted Raheb’s motion to dismiss the Trust's complaint

with prejudice. The complaint alleged that Raheb failed to make the payment that

was due on March 1, 2012, and all subsequent payments due thereafter. Raheb

moved to transfer the case to the circuit court division to which the prior

foreclosure actions filed by the Trust had been assigned. The trial court granted

Raheb’s motion, and the Trust agreed to this transfer.

      Raheb then moved to dismiss the foreclosure action, contending that the

foreclosure action was barred by the dismissal of three prior foreclosure actions by

the Trust against Raheb. The motion to dismiss stated that the first foreclosure

action was filed in 2009 and was based on Raheb’s August 1, 20081 default and all

1The record reflects that the first foreclosure action alleged a September 1, 2008
default date and all subsequent payments due.

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subsequent payments, and was voluntarily dismissed by the Trust. The motion

stated that the second action, filed in 2010, alleged the same August 1, 2008

default and was involuntarily dismissed by the Trust on a motion to quash service

of process. Raheb’s motion argued that the third foreclosure action, alleging the

same August 1, 2008 default, was dismissed with prejudice because “the Court

found after an evidentiary hearing that the [Trust] committed fraud upon the Court

by submitting false affidavits.”

      Raheb’s motion to dismiss further contended that the Trust appealed the

dismissal order in the third foreclosure action and requested this Court to

relinquish jurisdiction of the case so that trial court could consider a motion for

rehearing by the Trust. Raheb’s motion stated that the trial court denied the Trust’s

motion for rehearing due to the alleged fraud upon the court. The trial court’s order

denying the Trust’s motion for rehearing does not contain this finding.

      During the appeal of the Trust’s third action, this Court issued Deutsche

Bank Trust Company Americas v. Beauvais, 

(Fla. 3d DCA 2016),

an en banc decision where this Court held that a mortgagee had a right to file a

subsequent foreclosure action after a dismissal, even if the dismissal was with

prejudice. After the Beauvais decision, the Trust dismissed its appeal in the third

action.   The Trust then filed its fourth foreclosure action, based on different

defaults by Raheb.



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      Raheb’s motion to dismiss the Trust’s complaint further argued that Florida

Rule of Civil Procedure 1.420(b)’s two-dismissal rule applied and that all the

dismissals operated as an adjudication on the merits. Raheb thus argued that if the

Trust wanted to purse its claim against Raheb, the Trust was required to refile a

lawsuit against Raheb alleging a new and separate breach that was not addressed in

the previous foreclosure actions.2

      At the conclusion of the hearing on Raheb’s motion to dismiss, the trial

court stated:

      THE COURT: All right. Thank you for both Counsels’ arguments.
      And the Court did consider the case law presented before this Court,
      and considering the arguments, the Court is going to dismiss this
      matter with prejudice and for the final time, as well. Should this case
      be re-filed I’m going to declare vexatious litigation.

      You should have [a mandate] by the Third DCA directing this Court,
      specifically, to hear this matter. Number one, it was appealed by final
      judgment and you filed a voluntary dismissal, and you brought the
      case back before this Court. And even though the order may not have
      stated, initially, that it was, you know, stated as fraudulent testimony
      when it was brought before this Court, it is -- the record speaks clearly
      for itself. If you need to attach the transcript, you may, to supplement
      and reargue before the Third DCA.

      I appreciate Counsel’s argument. She wasn’t here present when I
      conducted the hearing and made that finding, which is clearly on the
      record. But, again, you need an order mandating this Court to hear this
      again, because otherwise it’s going to be a fifth time or sixth, or
      seventh, etcetera, where the ruling clearly stood, and you took an
      appeal, then you took another voluntary dismissal. This is my final

2In the current action, the Trust alleged new and separate breaches that occurred
on March 1, 2012, and “all subsequent payments due thereafter.”

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      judgment, otherwise we’re going to be spinning our wheels here. And
      I don’t want vexatious litigation, as I said before, until there’s a final
      closure to this matter.

The transcript then indicates that Raheb’s counsel stated that he would circulate a

proposed order to the Trust’s counsel before submitting it to the trial court.

However, he did not, and instead submitted his proposed order to the trial court at

the same time he submitted it to the Trust’s counsel. As such, he did not give the

Trust’s counsel a chance to review it. The trial court then adopted Raheb’s

proposed Order verbatim.

      Raheb’s proposed order contained findings the trial court did not pronounce

at the hearing. For example, it stated that the current action dealt with the same

claims as the previous action, even though the Trust alleged different default dates.

The proposed order also erroneously stated that the parties agreed to transfer the

case to the trial court’s division because the trial court’s prior ruling involved the

same claims. In addition, Raheb’s proposed order cited to case law that was not

discussed at the hearing, nor were the cases included in Raheb’s motion to dismiss.

Importantly, Raheb’s proposed order stated the trial court had dismissed the

Trust’s prior action with prejudice after finding that the Trust committed fraud

upon the court, which was factually inaccurate because the trial court had never

made this finding. Raheb’s proposed order also stated that “[p]laintiff committed




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serious misconduct by providing false or misleading testimony.”           The record

reflects the trial court did not state this.

       Raheb’s proposed order also awarded Raheb entitlement to attorney’s fees

and costs pursuant to the mortgage. However, there was no argument at the

hearing about attorney’s fees and costs. There was no finding by the trial court

that Raheb and the Trust were parties to the note and mortgage. Raheb had argued

in his motion to dismiss and at the hearing that the Trust lacked standing to enforce

the note and mortgage.

       At the hearing, the Trust’s counsel complained that Raheb’s counsel did not

submit his proposed order without first providing it to the Trust’s counsel for

review. The following exchange then took place at the hearing:

       Trust’s counsel: Why didn’t you send me the draft proposed order
       before submitting it to the Judge? You said at the hearing that you
       would do so before submitting it.
       ***
       Trust’s counsel: I just read the proposed order. It contains rulings that
       the Judge did not make at the hearing. It also includes entitlement to
       attorney’s fees that was not discussed at the hearing. Plaintiff was not
       given the opportunity to oppose entitlement to attorney’s fees. Please
       retrieve your submission from the Judge and send me the draft
       proposed order so we may accurately reflect the Court’s ruling based
       on the transcript. I would appreciate your cooperation in this matter
       and hope you will extend the professional courtesy to do the requested
       above.
       ***
       Raheb’s counsel: The request for fees is in my motion that was
       granted and the judge ruled your client committed fraud upon the
       court based on his prior order. Maybe you were to [sic] frustrated to



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      pay attention. Remember he said don’t ever come back to his court
      room with this case unless you have a writ from the 3rd dca [sic].
      Do you think he wasn’t granting my request for fees? Are you joking?
      If he doesn’t believe it’s accurate he can change it or enter his own
      order.
      Finally, you and your client have continued to file false and fraudulent
      documents with the court. That is the only amendment I’m willing to
      make if you would like. I suggest you relax your tone and don’t ever
      dare tell me what to do. Your actions should be sanctioned and I
      believe I was beyond nice not to include them in the order.
      Have a great day!

Although the Trust’s counsel told the trial court that the Trust never had the

opportunity to review Raheb's proposed order, the trial court adopted, verbatim,

Raheb’s proposed order. The Trust then moved for rehearing, which the trial court

denied. The Trust now appeals the trial court’s order dismissing the Trust's

complaint with prejudice.

      The standard of review of an order granting a motion to dismiss is de novo.

Susan Fixel, Inc. v. Rosenthal & Rosenthal, Inc., 

, 206 (Fla. 3d

DCA 2003). We find that the trial court erred in dismissing the Trust’s mortgage

foreclosure action with prejudice.

      First, the trial court improperly dismissed this action because it based its

dismissal on a previous dismissal with prejudice of a prior foreclosure action. The

plaintiff alleged a default date in this action of March 1, 2012, which was different

than the default date in the prior foreclosure action, in addition to “all subsequent

payments due thereafter.” Thus, the dismissal with prejudice of the present



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foreclosure action is not supported by law. The Florida Supreme Court in Bartram

v. U.S. Bank National Association, 

(Fla. 2016), permitted a

subsequent foreclosure action based on subsequent default dates within five years

of the filing of the subsequent foreclosure action. See also Singleton v. Greymar

Assoc., 

, 1005-07 (Fla 2004). Thus, the plaintiff’s allegations of a

different default period stated a new foreclosure cause of action, and the trial court

erred in dismissing it with prejudice.

      Second, we agree with the Trust that the trial court erred in entering the

dismissal order because on a motion to dismiss, it was required to only consider

matters within the four corners of plaintiff’s complaint. Susan Fixel, Inc., 

at 206 (Fla. 3d DCA 2003). Here, the Trust’s “Verified Complaint to Foreclose

Mortgage” filed on December 9, 2016, does not contain any allegation regarding

the prior foreclosure action between the parties that was dismissed with prejudice

for the trial court to base its ruling in dismissing the December 9, 2016 action with

prejudice. Thus, in ruling on Raheb’s motion to dismiss, the trial court erroneously

considered information outside of the four corners of the Trust’s Complaint.

      Furthermore, the trial court stated that the prior dismissal “was premised

upon a finding that the Plaintiff committed serious misconduct by providing false

and misleading testimony.” However, the trial court never made this finding in the

prior action. The basis of the dismissal in the prior action was improper service by



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publication. The trial court did make a finding that the process server lied but did

not tie this in in any way to the Trust being involved or any fraud committed by the

Trust. In order to make a finding of fraud on the court, the trial court would have

had to make express written findings “demonstrating that the trial court has

carefully balanced the equities and supporting the conclusion that the moving party

has proven, clearly and convincingly, that the non-moving party implemented a

deliberate scheme calculated to subvert the judicial process.”   Chacha v. Transp.

USA, Inc., 

, 731 (Fla. 4th DCA 2012). No such findings were made

by the trial court.

       Finally, the trial court erred in dismissing the plaintiff’s action with

prejudice because the record reflects the trial court's dismissal order included

findings not made by the trial court at the hearing on Raheb's motion to dismiss.

The oral pronouncement and the trial court’s findings in the order on appeal do not

match, and it appears that Raheb’s counsel took certain liberties in making findings

from the court that are not supported by the transcripts. For example, the trial

court's order cites to two cases that were not cited in Raheb’s motion to dismiss,

nor were they discussed at the hearing on that motion. The Order also incorrectly

states that the prior action dealt with the same claims as the instant action.

However, the current claim before the trial court dealt with different defaults that

were not addressed in the previous action. In addition, the Order incorrectly states



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that the parties agreed to transfer this action to the trial court’s division “upon this

Court’s prior ruling involving the same claims and parties to this action.”

However, this was incorrect, because as previously stated, the current action was

based on a different default date than the default claim in the prior action.

      Furthermore, the trial court’s Order incorrectly states that the trial court

“dismissed the third action after making a finding at the close of an evidentiary

hearing that the Plaintiff committed fraud upon the Court by submitting false

affidavits and testimony to this Court.” The trial court did not make this statement.

In addition, paragraph 7 of the trial court’s order states, “Plaintiff committed

serious misconduct by providing false or misleading testimony.” The trial court

also did not make this statement or make this finding. What the trial court said was

that “the record [from the prior action’s evidentiary hearing] speaks clearly for

itself.” The trial judge never made specific findings that the Trust was in any way

involved in perpetrating a fraud on the court in the prior action.

      And finally, the Order erroneously granted Raheb entitlement to attorney’s

fees and costs “pursuant to the mortgage and applicable Florida law.”              The

transcript of the hearing reflects that not only did the trial court not orally grant

entitlement at the hearing, there was no argument at the hearing on attorneys’ fees

and costs. The Trust contends that for Raheb to recover attorney’s fees and costs,

this would require a finding by the trial court that the Trust had standing to enforce



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the note and mortgage. See Bank of N.Y. Mellon Tr. Co. v. Fitzgerald, 

(Fla. 3d DCA 2017). In his motion to dismiss and at the hearing on the

motion, Raheb argued that the Trust lacked standing to foreclose under the note

and mortgage. Raheb did not prove at the hearing and there was no finding by the

trial court that both Raheb and the Trust were parties to the note and mortgage.

Thus, Raheb is not entitled to fees here.

      The trial court adopted the defendant’s counsel's proposed order verbatim,

and it was never provided to the plaintiff’s counsel first for review, although at the

hearing defendant’s counsel indicated on the record he would provide it to

plaintiff’s counsel before submitting it to the trial court. This was improper.

Perlow v. Berg-Perlow, 

, 390 (Fla. 2004).

      For the foregoing reasons, we reverse the trial court's Order Granting

Defendant's Motion to Dismiss Plaintiff's Complaint with prejudice and remand the

case to the trial court for reinstatement of the Trust’s foreclosure action against

Raheb.

      Reversed and remanded.




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