NOT FINAL UNTIL TIME EXPIRES TO FILE REHEARING
                     MOTION AND, IF FILED, DETERMINED


                                          IN THE DISTRICT COURT OF APPEAL
                                          OF FLORIDA
                                          SECOND DISTRICT



FARREY'S WHOLESALE HARDWARE               )
CO., INC.,                                )
                                          )
              Petitioner,                 )
                                          )
v.                                        )      Case No. 2D17-2172
                                          )
COLTIN ELECTRICAL SERVICES,               )
LLC; VCC, LLC; and TAMPA PREMIUM          )
OUTLETS, LLC,                             )
                                          )
              Respondents.                )
___________________________________)
                                          )
FARREY'S WHOLESALE HARDWARE               )
CO., INC., a Florida corporation,         )
                                          )
              Appellant,                  )
v.                                        )      Case No. 2D17-2553
                                          )
COLTIN ELECTRICAL SERVICES,               )
LLC, a Florida limited liability company; )
VCC, LLC, a foreign limited liability     )
company; and TAMPA PREMIUM                )
OUTLETS, LLC, a foreign limited           )
liability company,                        )
                                          )
              Appellees.                  )
___________________________________)
                                          )
FARREY'S WHOLESALE HARDWARE               )
CO., INC.,                                )
                                          )
              Appellant,                  )
v.                                        )      Case No. 2D17-3191
                                          )        CONSOLIDATED
COLTIN ELECTRICAL SERVICES,        )
LLC; VCC, LLC; and TAMPA PREMIUM   )
OUTLETS, LLC,                      )
                                   )
           Appellees.              )
___________________________________)

Opinion filed December 28, 2018.

Appeals from the Circuit Court for Pasco
County and Petition for Writ of Certiorari to
the Circuit Court for Pasco County; Linda
H. Babb, Judge.

Michael E. Stearns, Douglas J. Roberts,
and Mark D. Nichols of Stearns, Roberts &
Guttentag, LLC, Deerfield Beach, for
Appellant/Petitioner.

Duane A. Daiker of Shumaker, Loop &
Kendrick, LLP, Tampa, and Brian R.
Lambert of Cotney Construction Law, LLP,
Tampa, for Appellee/Respondent Coltin
Electrical Services, LLC.

Phillip N. Hammersley and Erik M. Hanson
of Norton, Hammersley, Lopez & Skokos,
P.A., Sarasota, for Appellee/Respondent
Tampa Premium Outlets.

No appearance for Appellee/Respondent
VCC, LLC.


KHOUZAM, Judge.

              In three different proceedings, Farrey's Wholesale Hardware Co., Inc.

(Farrey's), seeks appellate review of an adverse partial summary judgment entered in

favor of Coltin Electrical Services, LLC (Coltin), and a few other related orders entered

after the entry of the partial summary judgment. The first proceeding is a petition for

writ of certiorari (case 2D17-2172), and the second (case 2D17-2553) is a direct appeal




                                            -2-
pursuant to Florida Rule of Appellate Procedure 9.110(k). Both of these proceedings

challenge the entry of partial summary judgment, as well as an order denying Farrey's

motion for leave to file a second amended complaint. In its third proceeding (case

2D17-3191), which we are treating as a petition for writ of certiorari, Farrey's seeks

review of the trial court's order granting Coltin's motion to release a lien transfer bond

and an order denying leave to add the surety of the bond as an indispensable party.

These three proceedings travelled together and were heard by the same panel. On our

own motion, because all three proceedings are derived from the same case below and

contain the same set of essential facts and issues, we consolidated all three

proceedings, treating them as if they were initiated together as a single case.

              Because the trial court departed from the essential requirements of law in

(1) violating a clearly established principle of law to exclude evidence that created a

genuine issue of material fact and (2) finding that Farrey's claim of lien was fraudulent

and unenforceable as a matter of law and fact, we grant the petition for writ of certiorari

and quash the order entering partial summary judgment and the order granting Coltin's

motion to release the lien transfer bond. In light of this ruling, we dismiss the

proceeding to the extent Farrey's challenges the orders denying both its motion for

leave to file a second amended complaint and its motion to add the surety of the lien

transfer bond as an indispensable party to the proceedings.




                                            -3-
                      Factual Background and Procedural History

              This matter arose from the construction of a new mall, the Tampa

Premium Outlets Mall in Pasco County, Florida (the Project).1 The property owner,

Tampa Premium Outlets, LLC (Owner), entered into a contract with the general

contractor, VCC, LLC (VCC). VCC entered into a subcontract with Coltin, the electrical

subcontractor, to provide and install light fixtures for the project. Coltin, in turn, sought

pricing for certain light fixtures and materials from various electrical suppliers. On

February 4, 2015, Farrey's, an electrical supplier, provided a quote to Coltin, in which it

offered to provide various materials for the Project. In its February quote, Farrey's listed

the unit price, quantity, type, and a short description for each of its electrical

components, including the item's manufacturer. Upon receiving Farrey's pricing, Coltin

accepted the quote and issued its initial purchase order for many of the listed items,

which Farrey's began delivering to the jobsite.

              Throughout the course of the Project, Coltin issued a total of nine change

orders or revisions to the initial purchase order, ultimately increasing the total cost of

their agreement. Coltin's multiple purchase orders made both quantitative and

qualitative alterations to the initial purchase order. Some of the qualitative changes

were allegedly made due to Coltin requesting electrical components from different

manufacturers that were not originally priced in the February quote. As a result,

Farrey's provided a revised quote to Coltin listing those different materials and other



              1The  facts stated in this opinion are drawn from the pleadings, affidavits,
and other documents in the record. We examine these facts in the light most favorable
to Farrey's as the party against whom the partial summary judgment was entered. See
Markowitz v. Helen Homes of Kendall Corp., 

, 259 (Fla. 2002); Bermont
Lakes, LLC v. Rooney, 

, 586 (Fla. 2d DCA 2008).


                                             -4-
components on June 5, 2015. The pricing provided in the June quote was then

apparently accepted and used in Coltin's subsequent purchase orders, including the last

purchase order (the ninth-revised purchase order).2 These alterations, coupled with the

purportedly late arrivals of fixtures that were supposedly both unassembled and lacking

the requisite marking to pass the building code inspection, became the focus of the

underlying dispute regarding the amount owed to Farrey's. When Coltin purportedly

refused to pay Farrey's for the different materials it had supplied to the Project, Farrey's

recorded a construction lien on the Owner's property to secure its unpaid receivables in

the amount of $853,773.16. Farrey's filed suit thereafter on May 20, 2016.

              In its amended complaint, Farrey's sought, among other things, to enforce

its construction lien against Coltin, the Owner, and VCC (count I).3 In response, Coltin

filed its answer, affirmative defenses, and counterclaims, which included an action to

declare Farrey's claim of lien fraudulent and unenforceable under section 713.31,

Florida Statutes (2016) (count IV). On February 8, 2017, Coltin filed a motion for partial

summary judgment on count I of the amended complaint and count IV of the



              2For  instance, in Coltin's second-revised purchase order dated on June
10, 2015, it appears that Coltin used the increased pricing from the June quote—instead
of the lower pricing from the February quote—for item type "T19." This pricing was
maintained in all of the following purchase orders, including the last purchase order,
even though all of the purchase orders referenced only the February quote. We further
note that the ninth-revised purchase order contains unit prices for various fixtures that
do not correlate with the unit prices for those fixtures in either the February or June
quotes.
              3Farrey's unilaterally amended its initial complaint before any response
was filed. Farrey's also raised a few other individual causes of action, including unjust
enrichment against the Owner (count II), breach of subcontract against Coltin (count III),
unjust enrichment against Coltin (count IV), and unjust enrichment against VCC (count
V). Pursuant to a settlement agreement with the Owner and VCC, Farrey's voluntarily
dismissed counts II and V.


                                            -5-
counterclaim. Shortly thereafter, Farrey's filed its response in opposition to Coltin's

motion for partial summary judgment, as well as a motion for leave to file a second

amended complaint to add an alternative count for breach of an implied-in-fact contract.

Coltin subsequently filed its objection to Farrey's motion for leave to file a second

amended complaint.

              As to the motion for partial summary judgment, Coltin relied upon the total

cost listed in the ninth-revised purchase order and the February quote referenced

therein to argue that partial summary judgment was warranted because Farrey's claim

of lien exceeded the total agreed-upon cost. More specifically, Coltin contended that

because it was undisputed (1) that Coltin had made payments to Farrey's in the amount

of $825,417.06 throughout the course of the Project and (2) that the ninth-revised

purchase order reflected a total cost of $1,647,362.41, Farrey's lien amount of

$853,773.16 constituted a willful exaggeration of the amount Coltin owed to Farrey's.

That is, because Farrey's total cost of materials as stated in its claim of lien

($1,679,190.22) exceeded the total cost of materials as stated in the ninth-revised

purchase order ($1,647,362.41), Coltin argued that Farrey's deliberately overstated its

claim of lien by nearly $32,000. Consequently, Coltin requested that the trial court

invalidate the lien.

              In its response, Farrey's argued that partial summary judgment was not

warranted because there were genuine issues of material fact regarding whether the

lien was fraudulent. Relying primarily upon the detailed affidavit of its employee and

contract manager (the Maceiras affidavit), Farrey's asserted that its lien was not willfully

exaggerated because the ninth-revised purchase order did not adequately account for




                                            -6-
the total cost of the materials that it had actually supplied to Coltin. In fact, Farrey's

asserted that the claim of lien was made in good faith, as its total cost for the materials

supplied was based in part on its February quote and its revised June quote. According

to the Maceiras affidavit, Coltin accepted the June quote because it required certain

alternative fixtures that were not originally priced in the February quote. These

alternative fixtures were allegedly delivered to and installed by Coltin. As a result,

Farrey's contended that its claim of lien was made in good faith because any

discrepancy between the total cost of the ninth-revised purchase order and the total

amount of the claim of lien was due in part to Coltin's modifications to their original

agreement.

              On April 11, 2017, the trial court held a hearing on both Coltin's motion for

partial summary judgment and Farrey's motion for leave to file a second amended

complaint. At the hearing, counsel for Coltin first argued that summary judgment should

be granted because the amount of Farrey's claim of lien was not the subject of a good

faith dispute. Rather, Coltin's counsel contended that Farrey's filed its claim of lien in

bad faith because it "completely ignored" the final agreed-upon cost in the ninth-revised

purchase order. Coltin further asserted that Farrey's was attempting "to create a new

contract based on new facts and in contravention of . . . the parol evidence rule." That

is, Coltin asserted that the trial court could not consider the Maceiras affidavit because it

was simply "prior, oral evidence" being offered to alter the clear terms of the complete

and exclusive written agreement—i.e., the ninth-revised purchase order. As such,

Coltin argued that because there "really [was] no good faith basis" for Farrey's to assert




                                             -7-
that it had a different understanding of their written agreement, Coltin asked the court to

grant partial summary judgment and "remove [the] lien."

              However, Farrey's argued at the hearing that the parol evidence rule was

simply inapplicable because "both parties dispute[d] what the contract [was]." Farrey's

asserted that the ninth-revised purchase order was simply a modification of the original

agreement and did not constitute the complete and exclusive agreement between the

parties. Additionally, Farrey's argued that summary judgment was inappropriate at this

stage because the Maceiras affidavit demonstrated how its claim of lien was filed in

good faith. Finally, Farrey's asserted that even though the ninth-revised purchase order

was signed by the parties and referenced the February quote, there was still a good

faith dispute regarding the amount of the claim of lien because it was uncontroverted

that Coltin received products that were not listed in the February quote.

              After hearing from both sides, the trial court agreed with Coltin's

arguments and granted the motion for partial summary judgment. It found that the parol

evidence rule excluded consideration of the Maceiras affidavit and any other evidence

outside of the ninth-revised purchase order and the February quote referenced therein.

It reasoned that if Farrey's did not intend to honor the prices detailed in the February

quote, then Farrey's should not have signed the ninth-revised purchase order. Upon

granting the partial summary judgment, the trial court subsequently denied Farrey's

motion for leave to file a second amended complaint to the extent it sought to plead a

claim for breach of implied contract against Coltin. The trial court found that because

the parties "had an express contract as a matter of fact and law in this case," parol

evidence was not admissible to establish that Coltin had breached an implied contract.




                                            -8-
              On the same day of the summary judgment hearing, a document was

recorded in Pasco County reflecting that Farrey's construction lien had been transferred

from the property to a lien transfer bond under section 713.24, Florida Statutes (2017).

The lien transfer bond was issued by Hudson Insurance Company (Hudson) as surety

and Coltin as principal.4 Upon learning of the existence of the lien transfer bond,

Farrey's promptly moved to add Hudson as an indispensable party to the case before

the trial court entered its written order granting partial summary judgment.

              On April 24, 2017, consistent with its oral findings, the trial court entered a

written order granting partial summary judgment in favor of Coltin on count I of Farrey's

amended complaint and count IV of Coltin's counterclaim. The trial court concluded that

Farrey's had both willfully exaggerated its construction lien claim and failed to establish

a genuine issue of material fact demonstrating a good faith dispute as to the lien

amount. In accordance with its previous rulings at the hearing, the trial court also later

entered another written order denying in part Farrey's motion for leave to file a second

amended complaint. The order granting partial summary judgment was later corrected

to enter "final partial summary judgment." These orders were then timely challenged by

Farrey's in cases 2D17-2172 and 2D17-2553.

              On April 28, 2017, Coltin moved to release the lien transfer bond in light of

the trial court's order granting partial summary judgment. The trial court granted Coltin's

motion on August 25, 2017, and directed the clerk of the circuit court to release the




              4Coltin,
                    not the Owner, was listed as the principal of the bond due to some
form of agreement between Coltin, the Owner, and VCC that is not in the record.



                                            -9-
bond.5 As to Farrey's motion to add the surety of the bond, Hudson, as an

indispensable party, the trial court denied the motion. These two orders became the

subject of Farrey's third appeal in case 2D17-3191.

              We hold that the trial court departed from the essential requirements of

law in granting summary judgment based on its determinations that (1) the parol

evidence rule excluded consideration of the Maceiras affidavit for the purpose of

determining whether Farrey's construction lien was made in good faith and (2) the claim

of lien was fraudulent and unenforceable as a matter of law and fact. Accordingly, we

grant the petition for writ of certiorari and quash the partial summary judgment and the

order granting Coltin's motion to release the lien transfer bond. In light of this ruling and

its effect on the entire case, we dismiss the proceeding as moot to the extent Farrey's

seeks review of both the order denying Farrey's motion to add an indispensable party

and the order denying Farrey's motion for leave to file a second amended complaint.

                                        Discussion

              Review by certiorari is appropriate "when the following three elements

have been established: '(1) a departure from the essential requirements of the law, (2)

resulting in material injury for the remainder of the case (3) that cannot be corrected on

postjudgment appeal.' " Shindorf v. Bell, 

, 372 (Fla. 2d DCA 2016)

(quoting Plantz v. John, 

, 824 (Fla. 2d DCA 2015)). Material injury that

cannot be corrected on appeal is also called "irreparable harm." Nader v. Fla. Dep't of

Highway Safety & Motor Vehicles, 

, 721 (Fla. 2012) (quoting Belair v.



              5Though there is no document in the record indicating that the lien transfer
bond was actually released, the circuit court clerk's "index on appeal" reflects that the
bond was released.


                                           - 10 -
Drew, 

, 1166 (Fla. 2000)). Furthermore, "[a] departure from the

essential requirements of the law means 'a violation of a clearly established principle of

law resulting in a miscarriage of justice.' " Gator Boring & Trenching, Inc. v. Westra

Const. Corp., 

, 184 (Fla. 2d DCA 2016) (quoting Allstate Ins. Co. v.

Kaklamanos, 

, 889 (Fla. 2003)).

I.            Partial Summary Judgment and the Release of the Bond

              Because the entry of partial summary judgment and the connected order

directing the release of the bond are nonfinal and nonappealable orders under Florida

Rule of Appellate Procedure 9.110(k), Farrey's must demonstrate that it is entitled to

certiorari relief to prevent dismissal of its appeal.6 Consequently, the first issue is

whether the trial court departed from the essential requirements of law in entering partial


              6Before   we can exercise jurisdiction over any partial final judgment under
Florida Rule of Appellate Procedure 9.110(k), "we must ask: (1) whether the claim
disposed of by the partial final judgment could be maintained independently of the
remaining claims; (2) whether one or more parties were removed from the action when
the partial final judgment was entered; and (3) whether the claims could be separately
disposed of based on the same or different facts." Fla. Farm Bureau Gen. Ins. Co. v.
Peacock's Excavating Serv., Inc., 

, 8-9 (Fla. 2d DCA 2015). The partial
summary judgment entered on Farrey's count to enforce its construction lien is nonfinal
and nonappealable because the pleadings reflect that Farrey's claim and the underlying
facts are interrelated with its remaining causes of action against Coltin for breach of
contract and unjust enrichment. See Gator 

(holding that an
order granting partial summary judgment on a count to enforce a construction lien was
nonfinal and nonappealable under rule 9.110(k) because the claim was "interrelated
with the remaining claims"). It is also nonfinal and nonappealable because no parties
were actually dismissed from the action when partial summary judgment was entered.
See Harrison v. J.P.A. Enters., L.L.C., 

, 1219 (Fla. 1st DCA 2011)
("Where all parties remain in a case after an order is entered, the order cannot be said
to dispose of the 'entire case' as to any party for purposes of rule 9.110(k).").




                                            - 11 -
summary judgment. The second issue is whether such departure caused a material

injury to Farrey's that is irreparable on plenary appeal. Because we conclude that the

trial court departed from the essential requirements of law and such departure would

result in irreparable harm, we conclude that Farrey's is entitled to certiorari relief. We

shall address each issue in turn.

              A. Departure from the Essential Requirements of Law

              "Summary judgment is proper only if (1) no genuine issue of material fact

exists, viewing every possible inference in favor of the party against whom summary

judgment has been entered, and (2) the moving party is entitled to a judgment as a

matter of law." Alderman v. BCI Eng'rs & Scientists, Inc., 

, 399 (Fla. 2d

DCA 2011) (citation omitted). "Further, 'if the record reflects the existence of any

genuine issue of material fact, or the possibility of any issue, or if the record raises even

the slightest doubt that an issue might exist, summary judgment is improper.' " Gator

(quoting Cook v. Bay Area Renaissance Festival of Largo,

Inc., 

, 122 (Fla. 2d DCA 2015)).

              It is well-established that the parol evidence rule prevents the terms of a

valid written contract or instrument from being varied "by a verbal agreement or other

extrinsic evidence where such agreement was made before or at the time of the

instrument in question." J. M. Montgomery Roofing Co. v. Fred Howland, Inc., 

484, 485 (Fla. 1957); see also Johnson v. Johnson, 

, 1390 (Fla. 2d

DCA 1981) ("All conversations and parol agreements between the parties prior to or

contemporaneous with the written agreement are considered to have been merged

therein so that they cannot be given in evidence for the purpose of changing the




                                            - 12 -
contract or showing an intention or understanding different from that which is expressed

in the written agreement."). However, if there is a disagreement regarding "whether the

particular writing is in fact a complete and accurate integration of the contract, the parol

evidence rule is not applied[,] [a]nd no relevant evidence, parol or otherwise, is

excluded." Burgan v. Pines Co. of Ga., Ltd., 

, 1296 (Fla. 1st DCA

1980). Additionally, the parol evidence rule does not operate to preclude evidence of

subsequent oral agreements modifying or changing the original agreement. 

("[A] subsequent parol agreement can always modify a written

agreement."); see also Spann v. Baltzell, 

, 352 (Fla. 1847) ("[I]n general,

where an obligation is created merely by simple contract, it may, whether reduced to

writing or not, be entirely dissolved by subsequent oral agreement."). Nor does the rule

exclude oral or extrinsic evidence for the purpose of showing fraud, accident, or

mistake. See Pentland v. Pentland, 

, 875 (Fla. 2d DCA 1959).

              Here, the trial court clearly departed from the essential requirements of

law by excluding the Maceiras affidavit in violation of the clearly established principle

that the parol evidence rule does not exclude oral or extrinsic evidence of fraud,

accident, or mistake. Although the parol evidence rule operates to exclude evidence

offered for the purpose of varying the terms of a written agreement, it does not bar

extrinsic evidence offered for the purpose of showing whether the filing of a construction

lien was made in good or bad faith. This is a separate and distinct inquiry that does not

trigger the parol evidence rule. Thus, because the Maceiras affidavit was offered for the

purpose of proving Farrey's good faith intent in filing its claim of lien, it was relevant

evidence that should have been considered. Indeed, the Maceiras affidavit explained




                                            - 13 -
how Farrey's claim of lien was an accurate accounting of the materials it had supplied to

Coltin throughout the course of the Project. This was sufficient to create a genuine

issue of material fact as to whether Farrey's claim of lien was fraudulent. As such,

partial summary judgment should not have been entered in favor of Coltin when

disputed issues of fact remained. Cf. Bermont Lakes, LLC v. Rooney, 

,

587 (Fla. 2d DCA 2008) (quashing order granting partial summary judgment because

genuine issues of material fact existed as to whether Trust exercised due diligence,

which only requires a seller to act in good faith).

              Furthermore, even if we assume, arguendo, that the ninth-revised

purchase order was the complete and exclusive agreement between the parties, the

trial court departed from the essential requirements of law in finding that Farrey's lien

was willfully exaggerated simply because the claim of lien exceeded the total amount

embodied in the ninth-revised purchase order. See Gator 

("[A] lien is not to be deemed fraudulent merely because it is not embodied in a written

contract or change order, so long as there is a good-faith basis for the claim." (quoting

Delta Painting, Inc. v. Baumann, 

, 665 (Fla. 3d DCA 1998) (Cope, J.,

dissenting))); see also Sam Rodgers Props., Inc. v. Chmura, 

, 440 (Fla.

2d DCA 2011) ("A claim of lien that overstates the amount claimed is not necessarily

fraudulent, unless the exaggeration is made willfully."); Vinci Dev. Co. v. Connell, 

, 1132 (Fla. 2d DCA 1987) (stating that a dispute between the parties "as to

the amount of compensation due according to the contract plan of compensation or

even a dispute as to the method of compensation provided in the contract does not

convert such a good faith dispute into a fraudulent lien as provided in section 713.31"




                                            - 14 -
(emphasis added)). In fact, for a construction lien to be deemed fraudulent, the party

asserting the fraudulent lien claim must show that the lienor

              [1] willfully exaggerated the amount for which such lien is
              claimed or [2] . . . willfully included a claim for work not
              performed upon or materials not furnished for the property
              upon which he or she seeks to impress such lien or [3] . . .
              has compiled his or her claim with such willful and gross
              negligence as to amount to a willful exaggeration . . . .

§ 713.31(2)(a) (emphasis added); see also Gator 

(recognizing that "[t]he party asserting that a claim of lien is fraudulent bears the burden

of proving that the lien is fraudulent" and that the trial court's finding of a fraudulent lien

is not a "discretionary matter" but rather must be supported by competent substantial

evidence in the record). "[A] minor mistake or error in a claim of lien, or a good faith

dispute as to the amount due does not constitute a willful exaggeration." § 713.31(2)(b).

              Here, Coltin simply failed to show that Farrey's did not have a good faith

dispute as to the amount of its claim of lien. The record reflects that Coltin failed to

present any competent substantial evidence establishing that Farrey's willfully

exaggerated the lien, claimed compensation for materials not furnished to the property,

or filed its claim of lien with willful and gross negligence. At best, Coltin created a

genuine issue of material fact regarding whether the amount of Farrey's claim of lien

was properly calculated.

              Additionally, the record and briefs reveal that the filing of Farrey's claim of

lien was premised upon a contentious issue concerning what constituted the complete

and binding contract. Cf. Gator 

-84 (considering the briefs

and the record to show that the subcontractor's claim of lien was actually based upon a

"hotly contested" issue involving the legal construction of the subcontract). Indeed,



                                             - 15 -
while Coltin contended that the ninth-revised purchase order was the complete and final

memorialization of the parties' agreement because it was signed by both parties,

Farrey's argued that the ninth-revised purchase order was simply a postcontractual

modification of its original agreement. As such, Farrey's asserted that it could rely upon

the Maceiras affidavit and other extrinsic evidence outside of the ninth-revised purchase

order to establish (1) the full understanding of its contract and (2) the accuracy of its

claim of lien for its unpaid receivables. These arguments, which were neither deemed

frivolous or wholly without merit, certainly indicate that Farrey's had some good faith

basis in filing its claim of lien.7

               We therefore conclude that the trial court departed from the essential

requirements of law in entering partial summary judgment based on its finding that

Farrey's claim of lien was fraudulent and unenforceable as a matter of law and fact.

Such departure resulted in a miscarriage of justice as the lien transfer bond was

ordered to be released.

               B. Irreparable Harm

               The next issue concerns whether the trial court's violation of a clearly

established principle of law and conclusion that the lien was fraudulent resulted in

irreparable harm to Farrey's. We conclude that Farrey's has demonstrated irreparable

harm that warrants certiorari relief.

               This court's prior decision in Gator Boring is instructive on what constitutes

irreparable harm. There, the subcontractor (Gator Boring) filed a claim of lien against

the general contractor (Westra) for failure to pay its increased costs that it claimed were


               7We further note that at oral argument, Coltin's counsel characterized the
contract's formation as a "moving target."


                                            - 16 -
due for changed circumstances on a drilling project. 

The lien was

transferred to a lien transfer bond underwritten by Travelers (the surety). 

complaint, the subcontractor raised, among other things, a count for breach of contract

for failure to pay for its increased costs and another count to enforce the lien. 

and the general contractor moved for partial summary judgment on both counts,

arguing that the amount of the lien was willfully exaggerated because the terms of the

contract precluded the subcontractor from collecting additional money based simply on

the work being "more difficult and costly than anticipated." 

The trial court

agreed with their interpretation of the contract and found that the lien had been

overstated by several hundred thousand dollars. 

trial court found

that the amount of the lien was fraudulent as it had been willfully exaggerated as a

matter of law. 

entered partial summary judgment in favor of the general

contractor and surety and directed the clerk of court to release the lien transfer bond.

this court found that it had certiorari jurisdiction to review the

partial final judgment. 

We concluded that potentially losing the benefit of a

recovery under a bond on a claim to enforce a lien constitutes the type of irreparable

harm necessary to entitle a party to certiorari relief. 

that if the

subcontractor had to wait until the end of the litigation to challenge the release of the

bond and then prevailed on plenary appeal, the subcontractor "would be without a

remedy on the bond." 

the question of jurisdiction, this court held that

the trial court departed from the essential requirements of law in finding that a reduction

in the amount of the lien "automatically rendered" the lien fraudulent and unenforceable




                                           - 17 -
as a matter of law. 

Thus, we granted certiorari relief and quashed the partial

summary judgment to the extent the trial court both entered judgment in favor of the

general contractor on the claim to enforce the lien and directed the clerk of court to

release the bond. 

              Here, Farrey's may also be irreparably harmed if it must wait until the end

of the litigation to appeal the trial court's order granting partial summary judgment on

count I of its complaint and count IV of Coltin's counterclaim. This is because Farrey's,

like the subcontractor in Gator Boring, may "lose the benefit of a recovery under the

bond" if it ultimately prevails in this case. See 

In other words, "[t]he prospect

that [Farrey's] will be left with a[n] . . . unsecured judgment is a harm which is

irreparable on final appeal." Bayview Const. Corp. v. Jomar Props., LLC, 

, 912 (Fla. 4th DCA 2012). Indeed, Farrey's would be without a remedy on the bond

against not only Coltin but also Hudson, as Farrey's motion to add Hudson as a party to

the suit was denied. And though Coltin contends that all of these points are essentially

moot because the bond was released and we do not have the authority to order a

nonparty surety to reinstate the bond, Coltin misunderstands the effect of our quashing

the trial court's order granting partial summary judgment.

              Though not in the certiorari context, the Fourth District's decision in J.M.

Beeson Co. v. Sartori, 

(Fla. 4th DCA 1991), illustrates that effect.

There, a construction company, J.M. Beeson, brought suit to foreclose upon two

construction liens it had filed upon Sartori's property (a shopping plaza) and for breach

of contract. 

The construction liens were subsequently transferred from the

property to a lien transfer bond pursuant to section 713.24. 

of the




                                            - 18 -
transfer bond (Aetna), however, was not added as a party at that time. 

The

trial court later entered final judgment in favor of Sartori on the breach of contract claim

and discharged the surety bond. 

company, in its first appeal,8

challenged the final judgment, and the Fourth District reversed and remanded for further

proceedings. 

the trial court refused to reinstate the lien transfer

bond. 

result, the construction company added Aetna as a party to the lawsuit

and amended its complaint to add two additional claims for relief against it. 

company and Aetna both filed competing motions for summary judgment

on those two claims. 

court granted summary judgment in favor of Aetna,

finding, in part, that because "Aetna was no longer the surety insurer of Sartori by virtue

of the judgment that expressly provided for return of the bond," it could not reinstate the

bond as it had been discharged by the prior judgment. 

On appeal, the

Fourth District again reversed the trial court's decision, holding that "the trial court erred

when [it] failed to reinstate the bond after the first appeal concluded." 

The

Fourth District reasoned that the effect of its reversal on the construction company's first

appeal "returned all matters pertaining to the mechanic's lien to their prejudgment

status, including the status of the bond" as it was clearly pertaining to the mechanic's

lien. 

As such, the Fourth District remanded with directions to the trial judge

to reinstate the surety bond. 

              Here, like in Sartori, quashing the partial summary judgment will return this

case to its prejudgment status. This means that on remand, all matters pertaining to

Farrey's construction lien, which includes the status of the lien transfer bond, will be


              8J.M.   Beeson Co. v. Sartori, 

(Fla. 4th DCA 1989).


                                            - 19 -
returned to their prejudgment postures. See 

Indeed, the idea is to put

Farrey's back in the same position it would have been in had the partial summary

judgment never been entered. See Broward County v. G.B.V. Int'l, Ltd., 

, 844 (Fla. 2001) (stating that when an order or judgment is quashed, "it leaves the

subject matter, that is, the controversy pending before the tribunal, commission, or

administrative authority, as if no order or judgment had been entered and the parties

stand upon the pleadings and proof as it existed when the order was made with the

rights of all parties to proceed further as they may be advised to protect or obtain the

enjoyment of their rights under the law in the same manner and to the same extent

which they might have proceeded had the order reviewed not been entered"); see also

Snyder v. Douglas, 

, 279 (Fla. 2d DCA 1994) (stating that the effect of

granting petition for writ of certiorari and quashing the erroneous order will allow the

petitioners the opportunity to invoke its rights under a certain statutory provision "as if

the order quashed had never been entered").

              Thus, in light of our decision to quash the partial summary judgment

entered in favor of Coltin, the trial court will need to revisit any ruling subsequent to its

order granting partial summary judgment on April 24, 2017. This, of course, means that

the trial court will have to revisit its order denying Farrey's motion to add Hudson as a

party to the amended complaint and its order denying Farrey's motion for leave to file a

second amended complaint. Accordingly, we conclude that Farrey's is entitled to

certiorari relief because Farrey's has demonstrated that the trial court has departed from

the essential requirements of law and that such departure has caused it material injury

for the remainder of the case that is not correctable on plenary appeal.




                                             - 20 -
              Finally, as to Farrey's motion to amend its pleadings to add Hudson as an

indispensable party and its motion for leave to file a second amended complaint to add

a count for breach of an implied in fact contract, we remind the trial court that "[p]ublic

policy favors the liberal amendment of pleadings, and courts should resolve all doubts in

favor of allowing the amendment of pleadings to allow cases to be decided on their

merit." Laurencio v. Deutsche Bank Nat'l Tr. Co., 

, 1193 (Fla. 2d DCA

2011). We also note that sureties of a lien transfer bond are typically added as parties

in a suit seeking to enforce a claim of lien. See, e.g., Hiller v. Phoenix Assocs. of S.

Fla., Inc., 

, 274-75 (Fla. 2d DCA 2016); Gator 

;

. This is because a claim of lien is released from the property

upon its transfer to a lien transfer bond under section 713.24. See 

("If an owner elects to file a transfer bond and complies with the statutory

requirements to do so, 'the real property shall thereupon be released from the lien

claimed, and such lien shall be transferred to said security.' " (quoting § 713.24(1))). In

fact, as soon as the lien is transferred to the bond, the lienor has a limited amount of

time to bring an action against the surety before the lienor's right to make a claim on the

bond is extinguished. See 

("[T]he failure to bring an action against the surety

within a certain time period after the transfer results in the extinguishment of the right to

make a claim on the bond." (citing N. Am. Speciality Ins. Co. v. Bergeron Land Dev.,

Inc., 

, 361 (Fla. 4th DCA 1999))). Accordingly, to prevent the loss of its

right to recover on a lien transfer bond, a lienor should generally be allowed to amend

its pleadings to bring an action against the surety.




                                            - 21 -
              Furthermore, as to Farrey's motion for leave to file a second amended

complaint to plead an alternative count for breach of an implied-in-fact contract, we note

that "refusal to allow amendment constitutes an abuse of discretion unless it clearly

appears that allowing the amendment would prejudice the opposing party, the privilege

to amend has been abused, or amendment would be futile." Grover v. Karl, 

, 1287 (Fla. 2d DCA 2015) (emphasis added) (quoting Yun Enters., Ltd. v.

Graziani, 

, 422-23 (Fla. 5th DCA 2003)). To be futile, the proposed

amendment must be either insufficient as a matter of law or insufficiently pled. See

Armiger v. Associated Outdoor Clubs, Inc., 

, 871 (Fla. 2d DCA 2010).

And while it may be true that the existence of an express contract renders a proposed

implied-in-fact contract theory insufficient as a matter of law, a finding of an express

contract at the summary judgment stage cannot be premised upon a view of the

evidence most favorable to the moving party. Indeed, here, it appears that the trial

court improperly inferred that because the ninth-revised purchase order referenced the

February quote and was signed by Farrey's, it was the final and express

memorialization of the parties' agreement. Such an inference simply does not preclude

at this stage the possibility that an implied-in-fact contract existed between the parties,

especially considering Farrey's modification arguments and the course of conduct

described in the Maceiras affidavit.9 Thus, upon remand, the trial court should keep

these facts and well-established principles in mind as it confronts these issues again.



              9Though not raised by the parties, we note that the ninth-revised purchase
order did not contain a merger clause. See Jenkins v. Eckerd Corp., 

, 53
(Fla. 1st DCA 2005) ("Although the existence of a merger clause does not per se
establish that the integration of the agreement is total, a merger clause is a highly
persuasive statement that the parties intended the agreement to be


                                           - 22 -
                                   Conclusion

              The trial court departed from the essential requirements of law in (1)

violating a clearly established principle of law to exclude consideration of evidence

offered for the purpose of showing a good faith dispute as to the amount of the claim of

lien and (2) finding that the claim of lien was fraudulent and unenforceable as a matter

of law based solely on the fact that the claim of lien amount exceeded the total cost of

the alleged "final contract" (the ninth-revised purchase order). As a result, the trial court

caused Farrey's material injury—the loss of the potential recovery under the lien transfer

bond—for the remainder of the case that cannot be corrected on plenary appeal.

              Therefore, as to case 2D17-2172, we hereby quash the partial summary

judgment entered in favor of Coltin and, in light of this ruling, dismiss as moot the order

denying Farrey's motion for leave to file a second amended complaint. As to case

2D17-2553, we dismiss the direct appeal challenging both the entry of final partial

summary judgment and the order denying Farrey's motion for leave to file a second

amended complaint as nonfinal, nonappealable orders. Finally, as to case 2D17-3191,

we hereby quash the order granting the motion to discharge the lien transfer bond and

dismiss as moot the order denying Farrey's motion for leave to add Hudson as an

indispensable party. We remand for further proceedings consistent with this opinion.

              Petition granted; orders quashed in part and dismissed in part.


CRENSHAW and ATKINSON, JJ., Concur.




totally integrated and generally works to prevent a party from introducing parol evidence
to vary or contradict the written terms." (citation omitted)).


                                           - 23 -