DISTRICT COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF FLORIDA
                             FOURTH DISTRICT

                        BROWN & BROWN, INC.,
                             Appellant,

                                    v.

                      JAMES T. GELSOMINO
             and ACE AMERICAN INSURANCE COMPANY,
                           Appellees.

                             No. 4D17-3737

                          [November 28, 2018]

   Appeal from the Circuit Court for the Seventeenth Judicial Circuit,
Broward County; Jeffrey R. Levenson, Judge; L.T. Case No. 04-11578 (09).

   Lawrence P. Ingram, Melissa B. Murphy, and Christian M. Gunneson
of Freeborn & Peters LLP, Tampa, for appellant.

   Andrew A. Harris of Burlington & Rockenbach, P.A., West Palm Beach,
and Geoff S. Stahl of Liggio Benrubi, West Palm Beach, for appellee James
T. Gelsomino.

LEVINE, J.

    The legislature exercised its discretion by passing, over a period of
years, several laws narrowing and eventually eliminating the doctrine of
joint and several liability. Initially, joint and several liability was the
standard under the common law until the legislature in 1986 began to
redefine the statute, eventually prospectively eliminating it in 2006. The
legislature then passed another law in 2011 which, according to appellant,
made the elimination of joint and several liability retroactive.

   Appellee James T. Gelsomino was injured in 2002 and the trial and
verdict was in 2014. The trial court applied joint and several liability.
Therefore, the question remains: which version of section 768.81,
applies—the statute passed and effective in 2002, 2006, or 2011?

   We find that when the legislature passed the legislation in 2011, it
included language that made the abolition of joint and several liability
retroactive. This makes the 2011 version the operative statute when this
case went to trial. Consequently, we find the trial court erred in applying
joint and several liability inasmuch as the legislature abolished it
retroactively in 2011. Thus, we reverse and remand.

   Appellee worked for his brother’s company, T & T Contracting. That
company was hired to do work in the Bahamas, and appellee and his
brother incorporated T & T Services in the Bahamas to do that work.
Appellee and his brother sought an insurance policy for T & T Services,
but the policy mistakenly named T & T Contracting, the Florida
corporation, as the insured instead of T & T Services, the Bahamian
corporation. Appellant was the insurance broker and Ace American
Insurance Company was the insurer.

   In 2002, while in the Bahamas working for T & T Services, appellee was
injured in a car accident. When appellee sought coverage for the accident,
the insurer denied the claim because the policy did not cover T & T
Services, only T & T Contracting. Appellee filed a negligence claim against
appellant and Ace American Insurance Company in 2004. Appellee settled
his claim against Ace in 2006 and obtained a consent judgment against T
& T Services in 2008. The case proceeded to a jury trial in 2014, where
the jury found for appellee and apportioned fault as follows:

      •   35% to appellant
      •   5% to appellee
      •   25% to appellee’s brother
      •   10% to T & T Services
      •   25% to T & T Contracting

   Appellee then filed a motion for entry of final judgment seeking the
entire monetary award (minus 5% apportioned to appellee’s own share of
fault) from appellant, alleging that appellant could be held jointly and
severally liable. Appellee based his motion on appellant being held jointly
and severally liable under the 2002 version of the statute.

   The trial court, however, set aside the jury verdict and entered final
judgment in favor of appellant. Appellee then appealed and this court
reversed and reinstated the verdict. Gelsomino v. Ace Am. Ins. Co., 

288, 293 (Fla. 4th DCA 2016).

    The trial court eventually determined that appellant was responsible
for paying the full monetary award, less the 5% determined to be the fault
of appellee and a $17,500 set-off from the T & T Services settlement.
Appellant appeals from this order.


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   We review de novo whether a statute applies retroactively or
prospectively. Bionetics Corp. v. Kenniasty, 

, 947 (Fla. 2011).

   A statute operates retroactively when it “attaches new legal
consequences to events completed before its enactment.” Landgraf v. USI
Film Prods., 

, 269-70 (1994). Whether a statute may be
applied retroactively is subject to a two-step test. “First, the Court must
ascertain whether the Legislature intended for the statute to apply
retroactively. Second, if such an intent is clearly expressed, the Court
must determine whether retroactive application would violate any
constitutional principles.” Fla. Ins. Guar. Ass’n v. Devon Neighborhood
Ass’n, 

, 195 (Fla. 2011) (citation omitted). Thus, in this case
we must determine if the legislature intended the statute, enacted in 2011,
to apply retroactively. If it did, we then consider whether the retroactive
application of the 2011 statute would violate the United States or Florida
Constitutions.

   In order to answer these questions we need to examine the recent
statutory history of joint and several liability. Joint and several liability
was the standard under the common law. See Basel v. McFarland & Sons,
Inc., 

, 690-91 (Fla. 5th DCA 2002). The Florida legislature
began to limit the doctrine in 1986 until it completely eliminated joint and
several liability in 2006. 

    In 2006, the legislature amended the comparative fault statute to
provide that “[i]n cases to which this section applies, the court shall enter
judgment against each party liable on the basis of such party’s percentage
of fault and not on the basis of the doctrine of joint and several liability.”
§ 768.81(3), Fla. Stat. (2006). This amendment clearly abrogated the
doctrine of joint and several liability, at least prospectively. Id.; see also
Port Charlotte HMA, LLC v. Suarez, 

, 190-91 (Fla. 2d DCA
2016).

   However, nowhere in the text of the 2006 statute does it provide for
retroactive application. A law is presumed to apply prospectively, unless
there is a clear legislative intent that the law be applied retroactively.
Walker & LaBerge, Inc. v. Halligan, 

, 241 (Fla. 1977).
Further, the 2006 enacting legislation notes that “[t]his act shall take effect
upon becoming a law and shall apply to causes of action that accrue on or
after the effective date,” April 26, 2006. Ch. 2006-6, § 2, Laws of Fla.
When considering whether the law has retroactive application, the
legislature’s inclusion of an effective date should be considered as evidence
rebutting the retroactive application of that statute. Devon Neighborhood

                                      3


.

   In 2011, the legislature amended section 768.81 to include new
statutory language that related in part to products liability, and to
legislatively overrule D’Amario v. Ford Motor Co., 

(Fla.
2001). The 2011 legislative act added two provisions that stated the
statute should be applied retroactively:

      Section 2. The Legislature intends that this act be applied
      retroactively and overrule D’Amario v. Ford Motor Co., 

424 (Fla. 2001), which adopted what the Florida Supreme
      Court acknowledged to be a minority view. That minority view
      fails to apportion fault for damages consistent with Florida’s
      statutory comparative fault system, codified in s. 768.81,
      Florida Statutes, and leads to inequitable and unfair results,
      regardless of the damages sought in the litigation. The
      Legislature finds that, in a products liability action as defined
      in this act, fault should be apportioned among all responsible
      persons.

      Section 3. This act is remedial in nature and applies
      retroactively.    The Legislature finds that the retroactive
      application of this act does not unconstitutionally impair
      vested rights.      Rather, the law affects only remedies,
      permitting recovery against all tortfeasors while lessening the
      ultimate liability of each consistent with this state’s statutory
      comparative fault system, codified in s. 768.81, Florida
      Statutes. In all cases, the Legislature intends that this act be
      construed consistent with the due process provisions of the
      State Constitution and the Constitution of the United States.

Ch. 2011-215, §§ 2-3, Laws of Fla.

    In this case, it is uncontested that at the time of appellee’s injury and
the subsequent complaint, the statute in force was the 1999 version of
section 768.81. At that time, the statute from 1999 would have allowed
appellee to seek 95% of his damages from appellant. So if appellee and
the trial court are correct, then appellant would be responsible for 95% of
the damages based on the 1999 statute. If appellant is correct and the
2011 statute is the operative statute, then appellant is responsible for only
its 35% share of the damages.

  To determine if the 2011 statute is the operative statute rather than the
1999 statute which was in effect at the time of the injury and complaint,

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we have to examine the text of the 2011 statute as well as related session
laws reflecting its enactment. See § 11.242(5)(a), Fla. Stat. (requiring
amendments passed by legislature in session laws to be incorporated into
text of subject statute); cf. Peck v. Palm Beach Cty. Bd. of Cty. Comm’rs,

, 1052 (Fla. 1st DCA 1983) (stating that an enrolled act is
generally the best evidence of the law in a period between enactment and
official adoption of statutes).

    The enacting legislation for the 2011 amendment to section 768.81
stated that the act was retroactive and the entire amended statute should
be applied retroactively. Both sections 2 and 3 of the enacting legislation
of the 2011 amendment clearly reference the retroactive application of the
statute. Section 2, where the legislature explicitly overrules D’Amario,
states that the “Legislature intends that this act be applied retroactively.”
Then in section 3, the enacting legislation states that “[t]his act is remedial
in nature and applies retroactively.” Once again, the legislature directly
and plainly states in both sections that the statute is to be applied
retroactively. We presume that the legislature added the instructions to
apply the enacting legislation retroactively to both sections for a reason.

   This court is required to give effect to every part of a statute if possible
and avoid construing any portion of a statute as mere surplusage. Heart
of Adoptions, Inc. v. J.A., 

, 198 (Fla. 2007). This basic rule
of statutory construction tells us that the legislature does not enact
useless provisions and that we therefore must avoid reading any
provisions included in a statute as meaningless. See 

the
canon against surplusage here in giving section 3 of the enacting
legislation meaning apart from section 2.

   Clearly, there would be no need to include retroactivity language in both
section 2 and section 3 if both sections dealt only with products liability.
Since section 2 already references products liability and the overruling of
D’Amario, section 3 must have independent significance. The plain
language of section 3, which states that “[t]his act is remedial in nature
and applies retroactively,” informs our decision. (emphasis added).
Section 3 clearly applies to the entire statute, section 768.81.

   We are also persuaded by Schoeff v. R.J. Reynolds Tobacco Co., 

294 (Fla. 2017). In Schoeff, the Florida Supreme Court was asked to
determine whether the comparative fault statute governed in an Engle
progeny case where the jury found for the plaintiff on an intentional tort
claim. The supreme court held in Schoeff that the operative version for a
cause of action that accrued in 1994 was the 2011 version of the
comparative fault statute. The supreme court specifically relied on the fact

                                      5
that the 2011 statute’s enacting language stated that the statute was to
be applied retroactively. 

The court found the 2011 statute to
be “remedial in nature” and to apply “retroactively” as to the entire statute
and not just to the 2011 substantive amendments like those relating to
products liability cases. 

determine that a statute is to be applied retroactively, we then
must determine if the retroactive application of the statute violates any
constitutional rights, including vested rights. “Even when the Legislature
does expressly state that a statute is to have retroactive application,
[courts have] refused to apply a statute retroactively if the statute impairs
vested rights, creates new obligations, or imposes new penalties.” State
Farm Mut. Auto. Ins. Co. v. Laforet, 

, 61 (Fla. 1995). “Whether
legislation may affect a vested right to a particular cause of action depends
on the stage the right has attained when the legislation is enacted.”
Williams v. Am. Optical Corp., 

, 27 (Fla. 4th DCA 2008).
Appellee contends that he has a right to the joint and several liability that
vested at the time of his injury in 2002. We disagree.

    Initially, it is important to note that the application of joint and several
liability does not affect the amount of damages, but rather how those
damages are apportioned among the potentially liable parties. Cf. Smith
v. Dep’t of Ins., 

, 1091 (Fla. 1987) (finding that a plaintiff
has no right to recover for injuries beyond those caused by a particular
defendant). This type of right is different than a party’s entitlement to
damages, which is a vested substantive right. Miles v. Weingrad, 

1208, 1212-13 (Fla. 2015); cf. Raphael v. Schecter, 

,
1157 (Fla. 4th DCA 2009) (recognizing a money judgment as representing
the vested right to recover damages).

   Meanwhile, other states have addressed whether a plaintiff has a vested
right in the continuation of a damages-allocation scheme. In Baldwin v.
City of Waterloo, 

, 492 (Iowa 1985), the Iowa Supreme
Court held that a plaintiff has no vested right “in the continuation of the
principle of unlimited joint and several liability,” indicating that such an
expectation is not fixed or established as a vested right must be.
Characterizing a joint and several liability statute as merely procedural,
appeals courts in Arizona have held the same. See Neil v. Kavena, 

, 208 (Ariz. Ct. App. 1993) (citing Church v. Rawson Drug &
Sundry Co., 

, 1359 (Ariz. Ct. App. 1992)).

   Appellee contends that his due process rights would be violated by the
retroactive application of the 2011 statute because he settled with other
defendants under the expectation that joint and several liability would

                                       6
continue to exist throughout the duration of his case. However, his
expectation that the apportionment scheme would continue is not
constitutionally protected. See Sowell v. Panama Commons L.P., 

27, 31 (Fla. 2016) (“[A] statute does not operate unconstitutionally
simply if it upsets expectations based in prior law”); contra Basel, 

at 694 (characterizing right to recover damages from a particular
defendant as “relat[ing] to rights and duties” and thus as a substantive
right).

    We find that a plaintiff’s expectation, at the time of accrual, to collect
an undetermined amount of damages from a defendant under the theory
of joint and several liability was not “an immediate, fixed right of present
or future enjoyment,” and was therefore not a vested substantive right.
Sowell, 

at 30 (citation omitted). Appellee had only an
expectation with the regard to the damage-allocation model in place at the
time of accrual, not a protected right. Thus, we find that, in this case,
there is no constitutional impediment to the retroactive application of the
2011 statute.

   In summary, we find that the trial court erred by not following the
operative law as passed by the legislature. It is totally within the domain
of the legislature to pass laws and exercise its discretion to make laws
prospective or retroactive as it sees fit. We are obliged to follow the law as
formulated by the legislature unless it infringes on vested rights as
protected by the United States or Florida Constitution. The retroactive
application of the law did not violate any vested rights in this case. As
such, we reverse and remand for the trial court to enforce the bar to joint
and several liability as required by the operative law.

   Reversed and remanded with instructions.

MAY and KLINGENSMITH, JJ., concur.

                            *         *         *

   Not final until disposition of timely filed motion for rehearing.




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