DISTRICT COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF FLORIDA
                             FOURTH DISTRICT

                    KENS CARTER JEANCHARLES,
                            Appellant,

                                     v.

            DEPARTMENT OF REVENUE and AUDRIANA JEAN,
                           Appellees.

                              No. 4D18-1809

                              [May 15, 2019]

   Appeal from the State of Florida, Division of Administrative Hearings;
L.T. Case Nos. CSE #2001156197 and DEP #42180000287DR.

   Thomas L. Hunker of Cole, Scott & Kissane, P.A., via Mission United
Veterans Pro Bono Project, Plantation, for appellant.

   Ashley B. Moody, Attorney General, and Toni C. Bernstein, Senior
Assistant Attorney General, Child Support Enforcement, Tallahassee, for
appellee, Department of Revenue.

GROSS, J.

   A father appeals a final administrative support order issued by the
Department of Revenue establishing his child support obligation. We
reverse because it was an abuse of discretion to deny the father’s first and
only motion for a thirty-day continuance to obtain a lawyer.
   The child here at issue was born on February 18, 2017. The mother
applied to the Department of Revenue (“the Department”) for assistance in
receiving child support from the father.
   In November 2017, the father, who lives in Jacksonville, was served
with a notice of proceeding to establish administrative support order. He
promptly completed and returned his financial affidavit and parent
information form on November 17.

   On March 5, 2018, the Department sent the father a proposed
administrative support order setting his child support obligation. His net
income, as stated in the proposed order, exceeded the gross income
reported on his W-2. The proposed order suggested his monthly support
obligation would be $1,272, and that he owed $16,612 in retroactive
support after receiving credit for payments of $1,200.

   On March 16, 2018, the father, pro se, submitted a request for an
administrative hearing, stating that he disagreed with many findings in
the proposed order. The father objected to the amount stated for his
monthly income, his number of dependents, and the mother’s reported
childcare costs, income and assets, as well as the calculation of his
retroactive support obligation.

   On March 22, 2018, the Division of Administrative Hearings’
Administrative Law Judge (“ALJ”) signed a notice of hearing setting the
support hearing in Broward County on May 1, 2018. The notice of hearing
contains a paragraph telling the recipients how to request that the hearing
be rescheduled. The notice provides:

      1. The Hearing.

      ***

          b. Requests to reschedule: If you need to request that the
      hearing be rescheduled, you must file your request in writing
      with the Division of Administrative Hearings as soon as
      possible and no later than five days before the hearing date. .
      . . Your request to reschedule the hearing must give a good
      reason why you need the hearing rescheduled, and if there is
      documentation (such as a notice of previously scheduled court
      hearing), you should file that documentation with your
      request. You must send a copy of your request to the
      Department of Revenue lawyer by mail, fax, or delivery on the
      same day your request is filed. Your hearing remains
      scheduled unless and until the Administrative Law Judge
      issues an order granting your request. If no order is issued
      before your hearing, or if an order is issued denying your
      request, you will be expected to attend the hearing as
      scheduled.

   The notice advises that the parties should be prepared for the hearing
with witnesses and evidence, and that the hearing is a “formal proceeding
before an Administrative Law Judge who is there to hear sworn testimony
and consider documentary evidence.” The notice advises that the parties
have the right to testify under oath, present evidence, and cross-examine
opposing witnesses, but that they do not have the right to submit

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additional evidence after the hearing, “so make sure you come prepared
with the evidence you want the Administrative Law Judge to consider.”
The notice also advises that the parties have “the right to be represented
by counsel.”

    The notice further states that in cases to establish child support, the
parties are required to bring evidence of their earnings and relevant
expenses for the past three years, however, “relevant expenses do not
include common living expenses like rent, mortgage payments, utilities,
and car expenses.” In addition, the parties are instructed to bring “receipts
for all items and money that the non-custodial parent and his or her family
have given the custodial parent . . . for the support of the child during the
last three years.”

   To a layperson this notice can be an intimidating warning of impending
legal storms.

    On April 17, a staff attorney with Jacksonville Area Legal Aid, Inc. wrote
to Legal Services of Broward County, attempting to secure an attorney for
the father. The letter explains that the father lives in Jacksonville and
applied for legal services to assist him in setting a child support obligation
to the mother, who resides in Broward. The attorney asked Broward Legal
Aid to assist the father either through their attorneys or by providing a pro
bono attorney.

   On April 18, thirteen days before the scheduled hearing, the father filed
a request for a thirty-day extension so he could obtain counsel. His letter
reads:

      To whom it may concern,

      I would like to respectfully request a 30 day extension to the
      following case number: 18-1568CS due to I am currently
      seeking legal counsel. I have attached a copy of my last legal
      counsel referral request which is currently pending a
      response. If I am granted an extension, it would allow me
      enough time to obtain an attorney. . . .

   The ALJ summarily denied the father’s motion for continuance.

   Both parents appeared pro se at the hearing. The attorney for the
Department asked questions of each parent and the ALJ also questioned
the parties.


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   This does not appear to be a case of a father who ignored his obligations
to his child. The father testified that he is in the Navy and for a time the
mother and child lived with him and later, with his mother and sister.
There was conflicting testimony about how much money the father gave
the mother for child support. The father relied upon a statement from the
Navy Federal Credit Union to support his claim that he gave the mother a
total of $12,142. The mother’s testimony was confusing; she mentioned
rent payments made on behalf of the father’s mother and sister, and
money she loaned the father. The father said that any rent payments he
gave the mother came out of an account at Bank of America, but he did
not bring those bank records with him. The parents were not carefully
questioned about the payments reflected on the credit union statement.

   At the close of the hearing, the ALJ announced that the father’s child
support obligation would be $627 per month going forward, and that he
would provide the amount of retroactive support to be paid in his written
order. That order followed, finding $7,155 due in retroactive support.

                             Discussion

   When an ALJ denies a litigant’s request for a continuance, this court’s
standard of review is abuse of discretion. Iglesias v. Dep’t of Bus. & Prof’l
Regulation, 

, 708 (Fla. 3d DCA 1999).

      While the rule of judicial discretion in granting or denying
      motions for continuance maintains its vitality, strict
      adherence to that rule may sometimes bring about unfair and
      unjust results. Hence, as a component of that rule, appellate
      courts may in circumstances where that discretion has been
      abused, correct the injustice by reversal of the trial court’s
      decision.

Myers v. Siegel, 

, 1244-45 (Fla. 5th DCA 2006).

   Under the rules of procedure applicable to administrative proceedings,
a motion for an extension of time shall be “filed prior to the expiration of
the deadline sought to be extended and shall state good cause for the
request.” Fla. Admin. Code R. 28-106.204(4). “The presiding officer may
grant a continuance of a hearing for good cause shown.” Fla. Admin. Code
R. 28-106.210.

      Factors to be considered in determining whether the trial
      court abused its discretion in denying the motion for
      continuance include whether the denial of the continuance

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      creates an injustice for the movant; whether the cause of the
      request for continuance was unforeseeable by the movant and
      not the result of dilatory practices; and whether the opposing
      party would suffer any prejudice or inconvenience as a result
      of a continuance.

Fleming v. Fleming, 

, 603 (Fla. 4th DCA 1998). Although
Fleming was a divorce case, appellate courts apply the Fleming factors
when determining whether it was an abuse of discretion for an ALJ to deny
a timely request for a continuance in a proceeding to determine a parent’s
child support obligation.      See Harris v. Dep’t of Revenue ex rel.
Insixiengmay, 

, 924 (Fla. 2d DCA 2016).

   The request for a continuance in this case was made so the father could
attempt to secure affordable counsel. The father had a right to be
represented by counsel, at his own expense, at the support hearing. §
120.62(2), Fla. Stat. (2018). Judicial protection of the right to counsel
“ensures continued public confidence in our system of justice.” 

. In cases involving child support, attorneys assist in
arriving at a just result by organizing relevant evidence and ensuring that
the evidence is brought to the hearing for a judge or ALJ to consider.

    Timely attempting to obtain affordable legal assistance can be “good
cause” within the meaning of Rule 28-106.201. Yet, denial of a motion for
a continuance is not an abuse of discretion simply because a party is
compelled to appear in a legal proceeding without representation. See
Hogan v. Aloia, 

, 482 (Fla. 4th DCA 2018) (applying Fleming
factors and finding trial court did not abuse its discretion when it denied
the wife’s motion for a continuance after she failed to pay her attorney for
several months and he withdrew); Lee v. Lee, 

, 743 (Fla. 1st
DCA 2000) (applying Fleming factors and finding trial court did not abuse
its discretion when it denied the husband’s motion for a continuance
where he ably represented himself after discharging attorneys because he
could not afford them). In those cases, appellate courts are still required
to apply the Fleming factors to protect the integrity of the proceeding.
      Special circumstances sometimes exist, however, in which the
      denial of a motion for continuance creates an injustice for the
      movant. In these circumstances, this court’s obligation to
      rectify the injustice outweighs its policy of not disturbing a
      trial court’s ruling on a continuance, . . . in particular, in cases
      where the opposing party would suffer no injury or great
      inconvenience as a result of a continuance.


                                      -5-
Silverman v. Millner, 

, 78 (Fla. 3d DCA 1987) (internal
citations omitted).
  Applying the Fleming factors to this case, we conclude that the ALJ
abused his discretion in denying the father’s motion for a continuance.
              1.     THE DENIAL OF THE CONTINUANCE CREATED
                       AN INJUSTICE FOR THE FATHER.

   The first factor considered under the Fleming analysis is “whether the
denial of the continuance creates an injustice for the 

. An injustice can be found when an unfavorable outcome appears
to be due to the litigant’s limited litigation skill and where the litigant was
unrepresented through no fault of his own. See 

    For example, in Neal v. Swaby, 

(Fla. 2d DCA 2007), at
a paternity, visitation, and child support hearing, the mother appeared
with counsel and the father requested a continuance to secure counsel
(which was denied). 

In reversing, the second district ruled that
while the father “was articulate,” he “was placed at a distinct disadvantage
due to his lack of knowledge concerning the nuances of courtroom
procedure.” 

The court held the father “clearly suffered
injustice” from the denial of his motion to continue where the final order
was partially unsupported by the evidence and the father “was denied
visitation with his children as a result of a hearing at which he was
required to proceed without legal representation.” 

see also
Baron v. Baron, 

, 1236 (Fla. 2d DCA 2006).

   Here, the denial of the father’s request for a continuance created an
injustice. The mother appeared pro se, but the Department did not. The
Department’s attorney had a statutory obligation to establish the father’s
support obligation such that the child would be “maintained from the
resources of [her] parents, thereby relieving, at least in part, the burden
presently borne by the general citizenry through public assistance
programs.” § 409.2551, Fla. Stat. (2018).

   While the father is literate and there was no language barrier, he had
limited ability to prepare and present his case and protect his rights during
the hearing. An attorney would have assisted the father in clearing
evidentiary hurdles and organizing his presentation. An attorney would
have instructed the father to gather and bring all of his records so he could
prove which payments he made to the mother were for child support and
which payments were for something else. Without an attorney, the father
did not anticipate that the mother would claim the transfers reflected on
his credit union statement were for anything other than child support

                                     -6-
(such as rent or a loan repayment). The father also did not anticipate that
counsel for the Department would advocate that he should receive only
credit for $1,800–the amount the mother agreed was for child support.
Rulings in cases like this can have financial impact for years.

   The father’s credit union statement shows that during the retroactive
period, he gave the mother more than $11,000. The final order found that
the father owed the mother $3,355. If the father had been able to prove
that all or even most of his payments to the mother during the retroactive
period were for child support, his retroactive support obligation would
have been less. Because the father was a layman and unprepared to
present his case, the court may have required him to pay more in
retroactive support than he owed.

   On this record, the denial of the father’s request for an extension
created an injustice.

          2. THE REQUEST FOR CONTINUANCE WAS UNFORESEEABLE
               AND NOT THE RESULT OF DILATORY PRACTICES.

   The second factor considered under the Fleming analysis is “whether
the cause of the request for continuance was unforeseeable by the movant
and not the result of dilatory 

. The
Department argues that the father knew he would need an attorney on
March 16, 2018 when he requested the hearing, but he was dilatory
because he waited until two weeks before the trial to seek counsel.

   A party is not dilatory when he tries but is unable to secure counsel
within thirty days. See Peiman v Peiman, 

(Fla. 5th DCA
2002). Peiman is similar to the case at bar. There, a husband’s attorney
withdrew one month before the dissolution trial, yet the husband did not
move for a continuance until the eve of trial. 

His motion
explained that he had attempted to retain three attorneys, one of whom
declined representation just three days before the hearing and another
who agreed to represent him but needed sixty days to prepare. 

motion for a sixty-day continuance was denied. 

second Fleming factor, the court in Peiman agreed that
thirty days before trial, the husband knew that he needed an attorney;
however, the court found that he was not dilatory when he attempted on
three occasions to hire an attorney. 

The court further found
that “the fact that one of the attorneys agreed to represent the Former
Husband, but could not do so unless the case was continued, tends to


                                   -7-
demonstrate that the Former Husband             was   not   requesting   the
continuance merely for delay.” 

instant case, the father was not on notice that he might need an
attorney until he received the notice of hearing on March 22. The letter
accompanying the proposed support order suggested that the next step
would be somewhat informal, where he could tell his “story to an
administrative law judge” who would decide the case.

   Objectively, it was the March 22 notice of hearing that triggered the
father’s need to secure an attorney, if he wanted one. The notice advised
him for the first time that the hearing was “formal” and that he had “the
right to be represented by counsel.”

   The father’s financial situation limited his ability to pay an attorney.
Finding a lawyer who will work for free is sometimes as difficult as hitting
a major league knuckleball. The father thought he could retain an
attorney in Duval County until Jacksonville Legal Aid declined to represent
him, referring him to Legal Aid in Broward County.

   The father’s efforts were not dilatory. Within three weeks of receiving
the notice of hearing, he delivered his records to Jacksonville Legal Aid,
which actively sought counsel for him in Broward County. He did not
delay in filing his motion─it was filed only three weeks after the notice of
hearing was signed and almost two weeks before the scheduled hearing.
The request for only thirty additional days was not unreasonable under
these circumstances.

     3. THERE IS NO EVIDENCE THE MOTHER WOULD SUFFER PREJUDICE
          OR INCONVENIENCE AS A RESULT OF THE CONTINUANCE.

    The third and final Fleming factor is “whether the opposing party would
suffer any prejudice or inconvenience as a result of a 

. The Department seems to concede this factor and does not
argue on appeal that the mother would have suffered prejudice or
inconvenience if the court granted the thirty-day continuance. See, e.g.,

(recognizing that it may be inconvenient and
sometimes costly to appear for a hearing that is continued, yet finding the
third Fleming factor established where the record did not suggest prejudice
or injustice would have befallen the opposing party).

   For these reasons, we reverse the final order and remand for a new
hearing.


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WARNER and FORST, JJ., concur.


                         *        *       *

  Not final until disposition of timely filed motion for rehearing.




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