DISTRICT COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF FLORIDA
                            FOURTH DISTRICT

                           JEFFREY SAVOIA,
                              Appellant,

                                    v.

    FITNESS INTERNATIONAL, LLC, d/b/a LA FITNESS and JOAN
                          VENTO,
                         Appellees.

                             No. 4D19-368

                          [December 18, 2019]

   Appeal from the Circuit Court for the Seventeenth Judicial Circuit,
Broward County; Jeffrey R. Levenson, Judge; L.T. Case No. 17-3255 CACE
(09).

   John H. Pelzer and Neal W. Hirschfeld of Greenspoon Marder LLP, Fort
Lauderdale, and Steven M. Singer of Law Offices of Steven M. Singer, P.A.,
Plantation, for appellant.

  Masha Ciampittiello and Michael W. LeRoy of Fulmer LeRoy & Albee,
PLLC, Orlando, for appellees.

CIKLIN, J.

   Jeffrey Savoia appeals a final summary judgment entered in favor of
Fitness International, LLC, d/b/a LA Fitness, and Joan Vento (the “gym”)
in a personal injury action. Savoia contends that the trial court erred in
entering summary judgment because issues of material fact remained
pertaining to whether he was prevented from reading a comprehensive
exculpatory clause contained in his contract with the gym. We agree and
reverse.

   Savoia slipped and fell in the gym’s bathroom and subsequently sued
the gym for damages. The gym moved for summary judgment, arguing
that when signing up for membership, Savoia signed a contract with an
exculpatory clause that waived any such claims.

   The contract was an electronic membership agreement, which was
presented to him on a computer tablet. Savoia was not shown a printed
contract. In the version of the contract that was printed and placed in the
record below, the contract is three pages, and the bottom of the first page
indicates that it is “Page 1 of 3.” Savoia’s signature appears on the bottom
of the first page and the exculpatory clause is in a box on the second page.
There is no mention of the exculpatory clause on the first page of the
contract.

   At his deposition, Savoia described the contract language as being
mostly obscured by a “pop-up” space for his signature. He further testified
as follows:

      Q.    So you just signed away without knowing, did they tell
            you what was in there?

      A.    They just said to me these are your payments, amounts,
            this is when your start date is. We had gone in with like
            four of us had done it, and I was after the fact, like, we
            all went there, they went there, and I came later on and
            signed the little tablet for them at a later date.

            ....

      Q.    Did you scroll up and down on the tablet?

      A.    No. He just told me sign it. This is your membership,
            and I said, okay. So I signed it. I was thinking that my
            friends already read the stuff, so I didn’t have to worry
            about it.

            ....

            I just thought it was a basic contract.

            ....

            I didn’t know it was so deep.

      Q.    What do you mean by basic contract? You understood
            it was a contract?

      A.    Yeah, you sign a contract that you owe the money, but
            I didn’t think about everything else.

  He also testified that if he had been offered a copy of the contract, he
would have read it.


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   In opposition to summary judgment, Savoia argued that to exclude his
claim, his waiver would have to be knowing and unequivocal. He
contended that he never saw the exculpatory clause or even pages two and
three of the contract. He pointed to material issues of fact as to what came
up on the computer screen, whether he was shown the release language,
and whether the release language was blocked by a pop-up signature
block, among others.

  Savoia’s affidavit and argument notwithstanding, the trial court entered
summary judgment in “a final order” that discussed the breadth and
wording of the exculpatory clause, but that did not address the material
and unresolved issues of fact raised by Savoia.

   On appeal, Savoia contends that a party is not bound by a signed
contract if portions of the contract were concealed from him or if he was
dissuaded from reading the contract. He argues that both of these
exceptions apply because pages two and three of the contract were
concealed on the small computer pad and the gym employee indicated that
the contract concerned only his ongoing financial obligation for his gym
membership. We agree and reverse.

   An order granting summary judgment is reviewed de novo. Volusia Cty.
v. Aberdeen at Ormond Beach, L.P., 

, 130 (Fla. 2000).
“When reviewing a ruling on summary judgment, an appellate court must
examine the record in the light most favorable to the non-moving party;
the burden is upon the moving party to show conclusively the complete
absence of any genuine issue of material fact.” Harvey v. Deutsche Bank
Nat’l Tr. Co., 

, 303 (Fla. 4th DCA 2011).

   “Florida adheres to the principle that a ‘party has a duty to learn and
know the contents of a proposed contract before he signs’ it.” Wexler v.
Rich, 

, 1100-01 (Fla. 4th DCA 2012) (quoting Mfrs.’ Leasing,
Ltd. v. Fla. Dev. & Attractions, Inc., 

, 172 (Fla. 4th DCA
1976)). “Therefore, ‘[o]ne who signs a contract is presumed to know its
contents.’” 

(alteration in original) (quoting Addison v.
Carballosa, 

, 954 (Fla. 3d DCA 2010)). “A party to a written
contract cannot defend against its enforcement on the ground that he
signed it without reading it . . . .” All Fla. Sur. Co. v. Coker, 

,
510 (Fla. 1956) (citation omitted).

   However, there are two exceptions to this rule. A party can defend
against enforcement of a contract where “he aver[s] facts showing
circumstances which prevented his reading the paper” or where he “was

                                       3
induced by the statements of the other parties to desist from reading it.”

see also Allied Van Lines, Inc. v. Bratton, 

, 347-48 (Fla. 1977) (explaining that a contract is binding “[u]nless one
can show facts and circumstances to demonstrate that he was prevented
from reading the contract, or that he was induced by statements of the
other party to refrain from reading the contract”).

   The case of Parham v. East Bay Raceway, 

(Fla. 2d DCA
1983), another personal injury case involving a release, is instructive.
Parham’s accident occurred in the pit area at the East Bay Raceway. 

Prior to entering the Raceway, Parham signed an agreement
releasing the Raceway from all liability. 

   Prior to entering the pit area, an employee advised Parham that he must
pay a dollar for “insurance,” sign his name on a form for “insurance,” and
get his hand stamped. 

was attached to a clipboard:

      The upper half of this form consisted of language releasing the
      Raceway from all liability in the event of an injury to a
      signatory in any restricted area. The lower half contained
      signature lines, some of which had been filled in. The only
      portion of this form visible to Parham at the time was the lower
      half; the upper half was covered by a form of the same size
      which had been folded in half. (It was learned after the
      accident that this folded form was an identical release form
      which had already been filled with signatures.) Upon being
      shown by the employee where to sign, Parham affixed his
      signature on a signature line and had his hand stamped.

then struck and injured by a race car and sued. 

the release, the trial court granted summary judgment in
favor of the Raceway and its insurer. 

the Second District reversed. 

The court
disagreed with the contention of the Raceway that the issue was purely
legal, whether one can avoid a contract based on a contention that he did
not read before signing despite having the opportunity to do so. 

Instead, it recognized that whether fraud existed in obtaining an
instrument is a question of fact for the jury, and concluded:

      [A] genuine issue of material fact exists for the jury as to
      whether the Raceway employee at the ticket shack leading to
      the restricted areas misrepresented to Parham that the

                                      4
      contents of the release agreement concerned the matter of
      “insurance” and/or concealed the contents of the agreement
      from him. If the jury finds that the employee committed either
      or both of these acts, a genuine issue of material fact will
      remain as to whether one or both of these actions dissuaded
      or prevented Parham from exercising his opportunity to read
      the release form before signing it. If the jury finds that
      Parham was dissuaded or prevented from doing so, the
      agreement is voidable. The negligence issue will then need to
      be addressed and resolved.

   Here, like the folded contract in Parham, in the light most favorable to
Savoia, there is and remains a question of fact as to whether the
presentation of the release on the computer tablet “prevented his reading
the paper.” The record on review does not include a picture of the tablet
or screen on which the contract was presented, nor is there a rendering in
the record showing what the contract actually looked like when it was
presented to Savoia on the computer tablet. It is unclear if a scroll bar or
arrows on the screen indicated that there was more text below the place
where Savoia signed, or if Savoia was able to see the indication that he
was viewing “Page 1 of 3.” The undeveloped record does not reveal whether
the electronic presentation of the contract “prevented his reading the”
contract, and thus, this remains a genuine issue of fact.

   Likewise, the question remains as to whether Savoia “was induced by
the statements of the other parties to desist from reading it.” See 

. According to Savoia, the LA Fitness employee stated
that the contract consisted of “payments, amounts, . . . [and] start date”
and told him to sign. This is comparable to the statement by the employee
in Parham that he must sign for “insurance.” Thus, despite knowing that
some of the text was blocked, believing the contract consisted only of
financial terms, Savoia may have been induced into not reading further by
the employee. Based on the state of the record, this appears to clearly be
a question of fact for jury resolution.

   One could argue that Savoia was not prevented from reading the
contract, but rather chose not to read the contract, since he testified, “I
was thinking that my friends already read the stuff, so I didn’t have to
worry about it,” or that he chose to sign despite knowing that there was
language obscured by the pop-up. “However, the mere existence of an
opportunity for a party to know the contents of a proposed contract is not
sufficient by itself to infer constructive notice where the party justifiably

                                     5
relies to his detriment upon a misrepresentation by the other party about
the nature of the proposed contract.” 

. We are
compelled to look at the facts in the light most favorable to Savoia, and in
that light, it is unclear whether he would have chosen to sign if he knew
that there was more to the contract than mere payment information and
membership dates.

  Whether or not Savoia ultimately prevails following a trial is of no
import at this stage of the proceedings. Because several genuine issues of
material fact remain, the trial court erred in entering summary judgment.
We therefore reverse and remand for further proceedings.

   Reversed and remanded.

FORST, J., concurs.
GERBER, J., dissents with opinion.

GERBER, J., dissenting.

   I respectfully dissent. The record reflects no genuine issue of material
fact that the plaintiff chose not to read the contract, not that the gym
prevented or dissuaded him from reading the contract. At the plaintiff’s
deposition, he candidly testified, “I was thinking that my friends already
read the stuff, so I didn’t have to worry about it.”

    The plaintiff’s after-the-fact testimony that if he had been offered a copy
of the contract, he would have read it, is belied by the record. He was
offered the contract on the tablet. He did not scroll up and down on the
tablet. He simply chose not to read the contract because, again, he “was
thinking that my friends already read the stuff, so I didn’t have to worry
about it.”

   Although the plaintiff later claimed that the “pop-up” signature space
mostly obscured the contract’s language, and that the gym’s agent
misrepresented the contract simply as “your payments, amounts, this is
when your start date is . . . [t]his is your membership,” the plaintiff did
not testify that either of those facts was the reason why he did not read
the contract. Again, the plaintiff testified that the reason why he did not
read the contract was because he “was thinking that my friends already
read the stuff, so I didn’t have to worry about it.”

   In fact, the plaintiff’s testimony that he “was thinking my friends
already read the stuff, so I didn’t have to worry about it” belies the
plaintiff’s testimony that the “pop-up” signature space obscured the

                                      6
contract’s language. If his friends were able to “read the stuff,” then
presumably he understood that he could have “read the stuff.” He simply
chose not to.

   Parham v. East Bay Raceway, 

(Fla. 2d DCA 1983), is
distinguishable. Unlike Parham, this is not a case where the plaintiff
testified that he chose not to read the contract because the contract’s
language was obscured or because he was relying upon an agent’s
representation about the contract’s contents. Instead, the plaintiff
testified that he chose not to read the contract because he was relying on
his friends - “I was thinking that my friends already read the stuff, so I
didn’t have to worry about it.”

   In sum, the plaintiff’s choice not to read the contract is where this case
began, and where this case should end. The circuit court properly entered
summary judgment. I would affirm.

                            *        *         *

   Not final until disposition of timely filed motion for rehearing.




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