DISTRICT COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF FLORIDA
                             FOURTH DISTRICT

                          STATE OF FLORIDA,
                              Appellant,

                                     v.

                            JORGE TORRES,
                               Appellee.

                              No. 4D20-225

                             [October 7, 2020]

   Appeal from the Circuit Court for the Seventeenth Judicial Circuit,
Broward County; Marina Garcia-Wood, Judge; L.T. Case No. 18-006000
CF10A.

  Ashley Moody, Attorney General, Tallahassee, and Melynda L. Melear,
Senior Assistant Attorney General, West Palm Beach, for appellant.

   Rachel Kuhl of Musca Law, Fort Lauderdale, for appellee.

SCHOSBERG FEUER, SAMANTHA, Associate Judge.

   In this appeal of an order granting a defense motion in limine to exclude
certain evidence, the State argues that the trial court improperly excluded
screenshots of text messages received by a sexual assault victim based on
a lack of proper authentication. We hold the messages were sufficiently
authenticated and should not have been excluded by the trial court, and
therefore reverse the order below. The other issues raised on appeal we
find without merit.

    The State charged the Defendant with sex offenses arising from the
sexual molestation of his minor cousin, which took place when the
Defendant was about 30 years old and the victim was about 12 years old.
The victim testified that when she was 14 or 15 years old, she began
receiving text messages from a person she believed to be the Defendant.
The content of the messages was mostly sexual. She received these
messages on her cell phone for over a year through a social media and
messaging application called “Kik.” The victim took screenshots of some
of the messages with the idea she might report the abuse when she was
older.
   The victim acknowledged that the sender’s profile picture did not show
the Defendant, but testified she could tell that the Defendant was the
sender because of the messages’ content. The sender identified himself by
using a screen name that was a nickname the Defendant’s family members
used for him. Significantly, the text messages referenced information
known only to the victim and the Defendant, such as a sexual encounter
with the victim by a pool and a watch the Defendant had given the victim
as a gift. The content of the messages also pointed to the Defendant as
the sender because he identified himself as the victim’s cousin, indicated
he was much older than the victim, and, when the victim asked if he was
moving to California with “Suzette,” the mother of the Defendant’s child,
he responded, “of course.”

   When the trial court questioned why the State did not have original
documents from the company that operated the Kik application, the State
responded that Kik was operated by a Canadian company that would not
comply with a subpoena from the United States. The Defendant argued
that the text messages contained insufficient evidence connecting the text
messages to the Defendant, specifically pointing to the absence of a phone
number or identifying name information in the messages. The trial court
granted the Defendant’s motion in limine and excluded the evidence of the
messages primarily based on the State’s failure to establish
authentication. The State now appeals that determination.

   The standard of review for a trial court’s determination regarding
authentication of evidence is abuse of discretion. Mullens v. State, 

16, 25 (Fla. 2016) (citing Coday v. State, 

, 1000 (Fla.
2006)). “Authentication or identification of evidence is required as a
condition precedent to its admissibility. The requirements of this section
are satisfied by evidence sufficient to support a finding that the matter in
question is what its proponent claims.” § 90.901, Fla. Stat. (2019). This
court has recognized that the ultimate determination of the authenticity of
evidence is a question for the fact-finder, and that “authentication for the
purpose of admission is a relatively low threshold that only requires a
prima facie showing that the proffered evidence is authentic.” Lamb v.
State, 

, 408 (Fla. 4th DCA 2018) (quoting Mullens, 

at 25). “In determining whether the evidence submitted is sufficient for
this purpose, the trial judge must evaluate each instance on its own
merits, there being no specific list of requirements for such a
determination.” Justus v. State, 

, 365 (Fla. 1983); see also
Symonette v. State, 

, 183 (Fla. 4th DCA 2012). “Evidence
may be authenticated by appearance, content, substance, internal
patterns, or other distinctive characteristics taken in conjunction with the

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circumstances. In addition, the evidence may be authenticated either by
using extrinsic evidence, or by showing that it meets the requirements for
self-authentication.” 

(quoting 

).

    The case law regarding authentication of electronic communications is
evolving. “Testimony that a person received a text or e-mail from another
is not sufficient, by itself, to authenticate the identity of the sender.”
Charles W. Ehrhardt, Florida Evidence § 901.1a, at (2020 ed.). However,
other factors can circumstantially authenticate such messages.

States v. Siddiqui, 

, 1322–23 (11th Cir. 2000)
(finding that a number of factors supported the authenticity of the e-mail:
the e-mail bore the defendant’s address and when the witness replied to
the e-mail the “reply function” of the witness’s e-mail system automatically
put the defendant’s address as the sender; the context of the e-mail
showed details of the defendant’s conduct and an apology that correlated
to the defendant’s conduct; and the e-mail referred to the author by the
defendant’s nickname and the witnesses confirmed that in phone
conversations the defendant made the same requests as in the e-mails);
Pavlovich v. State, 

, 978–79 (Ind. Ct. App. 2014) (finding text
messages properly authenticated by circumstantial evidence by a witness
who confirmed that the 2662 number was used to arrange a meeting with
the defendant; that the witness recognized the defendant’s voice on the
outgoing voicemail when she called the 2662 number; and that the
messages from the 2662 number indicated familiarity with the witness’
escort business, the prior meeting between the witness and defendant and
their prior discussion).

   This court in Symonette addressed the admissibility in a murder trial
of photos of text messages where the cell phone was recovered from the

. A search warrant for the phone had been
issued and executed, revealing said text messages, and a witness further
identified the messages as those sent between her and the defendant, some
of which she testified were sent while they were sitting together in the same
vehicle.

“The extrinsic evidence offered by the
State, as well as the circumstances surrounding the procurement of the
phone and pictures, is sufficient to show that the matter in question is
genuinely what the State claims—pictures of the defendant’s text
messages to the driver.”

v. Lumarque, 

, 172–73 (Fla. 3d DCA 2010), the court held that text messages and
photos were properly authenticated when the State’s forensic expert
testified that they were found on the defendant’s phone, which was seized
during a lawful search of the defendant’s home shortly after the incident.


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   Even when messages are not obtained directly from the sender’s phone,
electronic communications, like other traditional communications, “may
be authenticated by appearance, contents, substance, internal patterns,
or other distinctive characteristics taken in conjunction with the
circumstances.” State v. Love, 

620, 621 (Fla. 5th DCA 1997).
See also Walker v. Harley-Anderson, 4D19-2216 (Fla. 4th DCA Sept. 9,
2020).

   Just as a letter that has been received, an e-mail or text may be
circumstantially authenticated by its contents or the fact that it was in
reply to an e-mail sent by the recipient. See Ehrhardt, Florida Evidence §
901.1a. In a recent opinion involving a video found posted on the
defendant’s Facebook page, we explained that evidence can be
authenticated even if the State does not “call the creator” of the evidence
or search the device which was used to create the evidence. See 

(finding that “if the video’s distinctive characteristics
and content, in conjunction with circumstantial evidence, are sufficient to
authenticate the video, then the government has met its authentication
burden”).

   Circumstances that have supported authenticity “include when a letter
is written disclosing information which is likely known only to the
purported author.” 

. In Love, the letter “contained
specific details concerning the crime, the relationship between the co-
defendants, incriminating evidence, and a proposed plan to fabricate
testimony. This information was likely known only by the three co-
defendants.”

The court cited other details in the letter and
concluded the trial court erred by excluding the letter because there was
prima facie evidence that the defendant or someone acting on the
defendant’s behalf had written it.

State, 

, 700 (Fla. 2013), the Florida
Supreme Court addressed the authentication of a Walgreens receipt,
which the defendant had challenged because it lacked any information
regarding the cash register, cashier, or transaction number. The trial
court found the receipt admissible “because it was printed on paper with
a distinctive green Walgreens logo watermark, the Walgreens’ return policy
was printed on the back of the receipt, the front of the receipt showed no
evidence of tampering, and the time and date-stamp matched [the
witness’s] account” of the purchase.

agreed,
holding that “[t]hese distinctive characteristics of the receipt in
conjunction with the other circumstances, i.e., the trail of documentary
evidence that supported [the witness’s] testimony . . . , were adequate
authentication.”

    In this case, the victim identified the Defendant as the sender of the
messages based on his extensive history of texting the victim through the
Kik application, the nickname he used as his screen name and the content
of the messages which referenced facts known only to the defendant and
the victim, such as the pool incident and the gifted watch. Further, the
sender of the text messages repeatedly referred to his age as an issue,
consistent with the Defendant being around 30 years old while the victim
was 11 or 12. The victim also asked the Defendant whether he was moving
to California with “Suzette” and he replied “of course.” The victim testified
that “Suzette” is the mother of the Defendant’s child.

    Considering the contents and distinctive characteristics of the
messages, “taken in conjunction with the circumstances,” Love, 

at 622, we find the State’s evidence satisfied the “prima facie showing”
required to authenticate the Kik messages as having been authored by the
Defendant, Mullens, 

at 25, and hold that the trial court abused
its discretion by excluding them. We further note that no evidence was
presented indicating the victim had tampered with the evidence, and any
argument that the victim fabricated the messages will thus go to the weight
of the evidence, not its admissibility. See 

.
Accordingly, we reverse the trial court’s order and remand this case for
further proceedings.

   Reversed and remanded for further proceedings.

GROSS and ARTAU, JJ. concur.

                            *        *         *

   Not final until disposition of timely filed motion for rehearing.




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