COHEN, J.
Allstate Floridian Insurance Company ("Allstate") appeals from the final judgment entered in favor of Thomas Farmer and Margaret Farmer ("the Farmers") in their breach of contract action for the payment of benefits under a homeowners insurance policy. Allstate claims the trial court erred in denying its motion for judgment in accordance with its motion for a directed verdict, because the Farmers failed to satisfy a condition precedent prior to filing suit. We disagree and affirm.
In October 2006, a large antenna attached to the Farmers' home was struck by lightning, causing damage to Thomas Farmer's amateur radio equipment. One month later, their pickup truck was stolen, resulting in its destruction and the loss of additional personal property, including other radio equipment. The Farmers' home was insured by Allstate and their truck was insured by Allstate Insurance Company, a separate, albeit related, entity from the party on appeal.
A few days after the truck theft, the Farmers filed what they thought to be two loss claims through their Allstate agent. During the claim-filing process, the Farmers gave their agent two handwritten inventory lists of their damaged personal property — one for the items damaged by the lightning strike, and the other for the items lost due to the truck theft — which the agent faxed to Allstate's claims center. That same day, the Farmers gave Allstate a recorded statement concerning the truck theft.
A few weeks later, in December 2006, Allstate informed the Farmers that they had to file three separate claims, one for the vehicle loss and two for the personal property losses that occurred on different days. The truck loss claim was brought under the Farmers' motor vehicle insurance policy provided by Allstate Insurance Company. The personal property claims were brought under the homeowners insurance policy provided by Allstate. The Farmers re-submitted a revised handwritten list of the items lost as a result of the truck theft. Near the end of December, Allstate returned to the Farmers a copy of the original list of lightning-damaged items, along with a letter requiring them to obtain an appraisal for items valued over $300. The Farmers had some of the items appraised through a radio product supplier and eventually submitted the requested documentation to Allstate.
While the Farmers' claims were being processed, the late filing of the lightning damage claim and a duplicative item on both inventory lists raised red flags, resulting in the involvement of Allstate's special investigation unit ("SIU") in the claims process.
In February, when Allstate had not received a completed authorization or proof of loss form from the Farmers for the property claims, the SIU representative telephoned the insureds to remind them of their obligation to complete and submit the documents, to which Thomas Farmer responded that he was "working on it."
The next month, at Allstate's request, the Farmers each agreed to submit to an examination under oath ("EUO") regarding their claims. In advance of these examinations, Allstate sent the Farmers a letter requesting that they bring certain documents to the EUO, including a completed proof of loss. Subsequently, the Farmers obtained counsel and requested a proof of loss form from Allstate. That request went unanswered. The EUOs were conducted in July, and Allstate did not respond to a follow-up letter from the Farmers' counsel inquiring if there was anything else Allstate needed to evaluate the claims. Eleven months after the submission of the claims, and despite the fact the SIU representative had all the necessary information to process the Farmers' property claims, a point it conceded at trial, Allstate still had not rendered a decision as to coverage.
In a two-count complaint for breach of contract, the Farmers generally asserted that they complied with all conditions precedent prior to filing suit. Allstate's amended answer to the second amended complaint claimed the Farmers were not entitled to recover under the policy because they failed to comply with conditions precedent prior to filing suit, specifically the requirement they submit to Allstate a signed, sworn proof of loss.
Following trial, Allstate moved the trial court to enter judgment in accordance with the motion for directed verdict. The trial court denied the motion after a hearing and entered judgment in the amount of $11,570.50 for the Farmers, bearing interest at the statutory rate of 11% per year and reserving jurisdiction to determine costs and fees.
On appeal, Allstate argues the jury was not permitted to determine whether the Farmers substantially complied with the proof of loss provision, or whether it was prejudiced by any noncompliance. Allstate claims the trial court ignored this Court's precedent in Starling v. Allstate Floridian Insurance Co., 956 So.2d 511 (Fla. 5th DCA 2007), and "essentially obliterated" a condition precedent in the policy. As it did below, Allstate asserts that the Farmers materially breached the proof of loss provision by failing to submit a completed form prior to suit, which barred them from recovery as a matter of law. Alternatively, Allstate argues the trial court should have entered judgment in its favor upon the jury's finding that the Farmers failed to substantially comply with the proof of loss condition, and should not have allowed the jury to determine whether it had been prejudiced by the noncompliance.
The Farmers argue their failure to comply with the proof of loss condition did not entitle Allstate to disclaim coverage as a matter of law. They assert the trial court was correct in allowing them to demonstrate to the jury that Allstate was not prejudiced by any noncompliance with the provision.
As the parties' issues pertaining to insurance coverage raise questions of law, review is de novo. Herrera v. C.A. Seguros Catatumbo, 844 So.2d 664, 665 (Fla. 3d DCA 2003). An insurance policy is interpreted in accordance with its plain language, and any ambiguity is strictly construed against the drafter and liberally in favor of the insured. Chandler v. Geico Indem. Co., 78 So.3d 1293, 1300 (Fla.2011); U.S. Fid. & Guar. Co. v. Romay, 744 So.2d 467, 471 (Fla. 3d DCA 1999).
The Farmers' insurance policy with Allstate begins with a general statement regarding the insuring agreement:
Within thirty days of receiving the insured's "signed, sworn proof of loss," Allstate promises to notify the insured of its intent to repair, replace or pay for the property. Paragraph 12 of the policy, entitled "Suit Against Us," provides that "[n]o suit or action may be brought against
The purpose of a proof of loss provision is to inform the insurer of facts surrounding the loss, and to afford the insurer an adequate opportunity to investigate, prevent fraud, and form an intelligent estimate of its rights and liabilities before it is obliged to pay. 13 Lee R. Russ & Thomas F. Segalla, Couch on Insurance § 186.22 (3d ed.2011).
A condition precedent represents an obligation to be performed before the contract is effective. See Alvarez v. Rendon, 953 So.2d 702, 708 (Fla. 5th DCA 2007); 31 Fla. Jur.2d Insurance § 2686 (2012). Courts require there to be at least substantial compliance with conditions precedent in order to authorize performance of a contract. See Seaside Cmty. Dev. Corp. v. Edwards, 573 So.2d 142, 145 (Fla. 1st DCA 1991). Here, Allstate argues the Farmers failed to substantially comply with a condition precedent and thus were barred from recovery as a matter of law. For support, Allstate cites Starling.
Premised on facts almost identical to this case, the policy in Starling required
The insurer sought summary judgment based on the insured's failure to provide a notarized proof of loss and a record of repair expenses within the sixty-day period. At a hearing, the insured's counsel argued substantial compliance with the proof of loss provision. The trial court granted summary judgment after determining the insured failed to comply with a condition precedent to suit, and noted that the insurer did not have to prove prejudice. The trial court relied in part on Goldman, 660 So.2d 300, wherein the court held the insured's failure to submit to an EUO prior to suit was a material breach of a condition precedent in the policy.
In affirming the lower court, this Court explained:
956 So.2d at 513. This Court went on to provide:
Id. (quoting Haiman v. Fed. Ins. Co., 798 So.2d 811 (Fla. 4th DCA 2001)). Applying Goldman to the proof of loss violation, this Court concluded that the insured's failure to submit a proof of loss and inventory list constituted a material breach of the condition precedent to suit, and "[h]er failure to substantially comply with the policy's condition precedent bar[red] recovery." 956 So.2d at 513-14.
Under Starling, Allstate claims the Farmers' failure to provide it with a signed, sworn proof of loss constituted a material breach of the policy as a matter of law because the failure to submit a proof of loss prior to suit does not constitute substantial compliance with a proof of loss condition. Even if a fact question was created, based on the Farmers' cooperation and excuses for noncompliance, Allstate notes that the jury ultimately found the Farmers failed to substantially comply with the proof of loss condition. Accordingly, Allstate argues the Farmers were barred from recovery under Starling.
The Farmers distinguish Starling on the basis that prejudice was not raised and considered in determining whether the breach was material. They argue that an insured may avoid forfeiture resulting from breach of a proof of loss condition upon proving the insurer was not prejudiced
In Macias, the supreme court examined the effect of an insured's failure to provide notice of loss to an insurer under a PIP policy. Following a nonjury trial, the trial court entered judgment for the insurer after finding the insured failed to prove she gave notice and provided proof of the accident. The district court reversed on the basis that the lack of notice required the insurer to show prejudice. Disagreeing with the district court's application of the burden of proving prejudice, the supreme court explained:
475 So.2d at 1217-18 (citations omitted) (emphasis added).
The Farmers claim the presumption of prejudice rule discussed in Macias is equally applicable to breaches of proof of loss conditions. Their position is supported by recent cases from the Fourth District Court of Appeal that have applied the prejudice presumption rule where an insured failed to provide both notice and proof of the loss. See Soronson, 96 So.3d at 952-53 (affirming summary judgment in favor of insurer because insured did not present sufficient evidence to rebut presumption of prejudice); Kramer v. State Farm Fla. Ins. Co., 95 So.3d 303, 306-07 (Fla. 4th DCA 2012) (same). Because the Farmers raised prejudice below, they argue the trial court was correct in allowing them to present evidence to rebut the presumption of prejudice to Allstate. As the jury ultimately found Allstate was not prejudiced by their breach of the proof of loss condition, they argue the lower court's ruling should be affirmed.
This Court recently discussed the burden of proving prejudice and the concept of material breach in State Farm Mutual Automobile Insurance Co. v. Curran, 83 So.3d 793 (Fla. 5th DCA 2011), review granted, 86 So.3d 1114 (Fla.2012). There, we rejected the notion that an insured automatically forfeited benefits under an
83 So.3d at 802 (footnote omitted). As the insurer in Curran failed to meet its burden of proving prejudice, we held that the insured's breach was not material. Id. at 806.
Allstate claims that the Macias prejudice analysis is limited to notice of loss cases, and that this Court should not extend the analysis to proof of loss cases. Borrowing from De Ferrari v. Government Employees Insurance Co., 613 So.2d 101, 103 (Fla. 3d DCA 1993), Allstate argues Macias did not create a new duty or obligation to establish prejudice where none previously existed. In Curran, however, this Court rejected De Ferrari and explained that no new duty was being created under the contract by analyzing prejudice. 83 So.3d at 804. Like the contract in Curran, the contract in this case "establishes a duty without specifying the consequences when that duty is breached."
As highlighted in Curran, the notice of loss and proof of loss provisions are of the same ilk as they are both designed to aid an insurer in the investigation of a claim. Indeed, the prejudice that arises from an
In the instant case there is little to no indication Allstate was hampered in its investigation of the Farmers' claims without the proof of loss form. To the contrary, the evidence reflected that the Farmers were extremely cooperative with Allstate, giving recorded statements, providing documentation, obtaining appraisals, and submitting to EUOs, all prior to the start of litigation. Allstate's own representative admitted she had all the information necessary to resolve the claims. Allstate had every opportunity to resolve the dispute and avoid litigation and the specter of unnecessary attorney's fees, but failed to avail itself of that opportunity. While the timing of the lightning strike claim and duplicative item might have raised "red flags," Allstate presented no evidence of a fraudulent claim.
Properly applying the Macias prejudice presumption rule, the trial court did not err in allowing the Farmers to prove to the jury that Allstate was not prejudiced by their failure to substantially comply with the proof of loss condition.
As a final matter, Allstate argues the 11% interest rate applicable to the judgment was entered in error as it was not the applicable statutory interest rate in effect at the time of the judgment under section 55.03(3), Florida Statutes (2011). The judgment was signed and filed in February 2012, and the postjudgment interest rate after January 1, 2012, was 4.75%.
AFFIRMED; AMENDED as to postjudgment interest.
LAWSON, J., concurs.
BERGER, J., dissents, with opinion.
BERGER, J., dissenting.
I disagree with the majority because I believe this court's decision in Starling v. Allstate Floridian Ins. Co., 956 So.2d 511 (Fla. 5th DCA 2007) controls the outcome of this case. The plain language of the policy requires there be full compliance with policy terms before a lawsuit may be filed. Since the jury found that the Farmers failed to comply with a condition precedent-namely, that they provide a signed and sworn proof of loss-I would reverse the final judgment entered in their favor. Accordingly, I dissent.