OPINION AND ORDER

JOHN E. STEELE, Senior District Judge.

This matter comes before the Court on defendant Susan Devine's Motion to Dissolve Temporary Restraining Order (Doc. #96) filed on September 29, 2015. Plaintiffs filed a Motion to Strike defendants' Motion to Dissolve Temporary Restraining Order (Doc. #107) and Affidavit in support of same (Doc. #108) on October 5, 2015. Defendant Susan Devine filed an Opposition to plaintiffs' Motion to Strike (Doc. #122) on October 22, 2015. On November 16, 2015, plaintiffs filed a Memorandum in Opposition to the Motion to Dissolve the Temporary Restraining Order (Doc. #142), to which Susan Devine filed a Reply (Doc. #161) on December 10, 2015. Susan Devine filed a Notice of Supplemental Authority (Doc. #359) on April 13, 2016.

Also before the Court is Laird A. Lile, as custodian f/b/o Isabella Devine's Motion to Dissolve Temporary Restraining Order as to Specific Assets (Doc. #157-1) filed on December 8, 2015 and Laird A. Lile, as custodian f/b/o Conrad Homm's Motion to Dissolve or Modify Temporary Restraining Order1 (Doc. #165) filed on December 14, 2015, as renewed (Doc. #225) on January 28, 2016. Plaintiffs filed a Memorandum in Opposition to Intervenor-Defendants' Motion to Dissolve or Modify the Temporary Restraining Order (Doc. #173) and Affidavit in Support of same (Doc. #174) on December 22, 2015.

I. Procedural Background

On June 1, 2015, plaintiffs filed a six-count Complaint against Ms. Susan Devine ("Devine") alleging that Devine engaged in a money laundering enterprise with her ex-husband, Florian Homm, to conceal tens of millions of dollars fraudulently taken from the plaintiffs pursuant to an illegal "Penny Stock Scheme."2 (Doc. #2.) Plaintiffs' Complaint, and now Amended Complaint (Doc. #196), asserts claims against Devine for: (1) Violation of RICO, 18 U.S.C. § 1962(c); (2) RICO Conspiracy, 18 U.S.C. § 1962(d); (3) Florida RICO and Civil Remedies for Criminal Activities; (4) Florida RICO and Florida Civil Remedies for Criminal Activities— Conspiracy; (5) Unjust Enrichment; and (6) Constructive Trust. (Docs. ##2, 196.) Concurrently with the filing of the initial Complaint, plaintiffs filed an Ex Parte Motion for Temporary Restraining Order and Preliminary Injunction seeking to "restrain[] Devine from transferring or dissipating any and all assets in her name." (Doc. #3, p. 10.)

On July 1, 2015, this Court entered an Order granting plaintiffs' Motion for Temporary Restraining Order. (Doc. # 10.) The Temporary Restraining Order ("TRO") contained the following language:

(Id. at 66-67.) Additionally, the Court ordered Devine to produce "documents sufficient to identify all assets, anywhere in the world, currently under her direct or indirect control." (Id. at 68.) In response, Devine produced a list of eighty-two individually identified assets, eleven of which were shown as being held by Devine for the benefit of her children, Isabella Devine ("Isabella") and/or Conrad Homm ("Conrad"). (Docs. ##116-1, 130-1.)

Due to the freezing of these assets, on October 2, 2015, Laird Lile, as custodian f/b/o Isabella Devine and Conrad Homm, Orion Corporate & Trust Services, Ltd, Hosifa Stiftung Foundation, 200017, and Conrad Homm moved to intervene as a matter of right to protect their interests in assets subject to the Court's TRO. (Docs. ##103, 105.) On December 7, 2015, the Court allowed intervention by Laird Lile in his custodial capacity, Orion Corporate & Trust Services, Ltd, and Conrad Homm. (Doc. #156.)

The TRO was initially in place for a period of fourteen days and has since been modified (see, e.g., Docs. ##68, 76, 198, 230, 233, 275, 313, 333) and, pursuant to agreement of the parties, extended through the trial on the merits. (Docs. ##81, 83.) On September 29, 2015, less than two weeks after the Court entered an Order on the parties' Joint Motion to Consolidate the Preliminary Injunction Hearing with the Trial on the Merits (Doc. #83), Devine filed a Motion to Dissolve the TRO, (Doc. #96). Currently before the Court are Devine, Isabella, and Conrad's Motions to Dissolve the TRO (Docs. ##96, 157-1, 165, 225) and plaintiffs' Motion to Strike Devine's Motion to Dissolve, (Docs. ##107, 108).

II. Motion to Strike

"Motions to strike are generally viewed with disfavor and infrequently granted." Quality Inns Int'l, Inc. v. Tampa Motel Assocs., Ltd., 154 F.R.D. 283, 287 (M.D. Fla. 1994) (citing Tingley Sys., Inc. v. Bay State HMO Mgmt., Inc., 833 F.Supp. 882, 884 (M.D. Fla. 1993)). The determination of whether a motion to strike should be granted is within the trial court's discretion. Id.

Plaintiffs assert that Devine's Motion to Dissolve should be stricken because the motion breaches the parties' agreement embodied in the September 16, 2015 joint motion and violates the Order entered on same. (Doc. #107.) Plaintiffs contend that they relied upon Devine's stipulation to combine the preliminary injunction hearing with the trial on the merits, and that the motion to dissolve is an attempt at a "de facto [preliminary injunction] hearing through a motion to dissolve the TRO." (Id. at 8.) The Court denies plaintiffs' Motion to Strike Devine's Motion to Dissolve the Temporary Restraining Order.

The parties have agreed that the hearing on the motion for preliminary injunction would be consolidated with the trial on the merits. (Doc. #81.) Devine's counsel, however, expressed a desire to preserve arguments regarding the propriety of the initial TRO, despite the agreed consolidation of the hearing on the preliminary injunction with the trial on the merits. (Doc. #122-2, p. 5.) The motion to dissolve the TRO primarily focuses on the Court's authority to issue it, and not on the factors to be considered during a preliminary injunction hearing.3 (See Doc. #96.) The Court will address the authority issues presented in Devine's Motion to Dissolve, without considering the Motion for Preliminary Injunction, which has been consolidated with the trial on the merits. (See Doc. #83.) Accordingly, the Court denies plaintiffs' Motion to Strike Devine's Motion to Dissolve.

III. Motions to Dissolve

Devine, Isabella, and Conrad move to dissolve the Court's TRO on the basis that the Court did not have authority to issue the TRO based on the causes of action alleged in plaintiffs' Complaint. For this reason, they assert, the TRO was improperly issued and should be dissolved. (Docs. ##96, 157-1, 165, 225.) Plaintiffs respond that the Court was authorized to enter the TRO, and that there is no basis to dissolve or modify it. (Docs. ##142, 169, 173.)

A. Standard of Review

The parties are at odds regarding the dissolution standard applicable to the TRO. (Doc. #96, p. 14; Doc. #142, p. 9; Doc. #161, pp. 2-3.) Plaintiffs argue that the applicable standard is that governing the dissolution of a preliminary injunction, while defendants assert that the proper standard is that governing dissolution of ex parte TROs. (Id.) This disagreement simply has no impact on the issues presently before the Court. The issue before the Court is simply whether the district court was authorized to issue a TRO in this case. Under any standard, a TRO which is issued by a court which lacks authority to do so must be improper.

B. Purpose of the Temporary Restraining Order

Devine, Isabella, and Conrad first argue that it was improper to issue a TRO to establish a fund from which the plaintiffs could satisfy a future money judgment. (Doc. #96, pp. 17-19; Doc. #157-1, pp. 3-6; Doc. #165, pp. 5-8) Plaintiffs respond that the relief sought is equitable in nature, and that the purpose of the TRO is to preserve the ability to obtain equitable relief in regard to the funds that were wrongfully taken from plaintiffs. (Doc. #142, pp. 13-16; Doc. #173, pp. 14-17.)

As discussed previously by the Court (Doc. #10, pp. 63-64), the freezing of a defendant's assets prior to trial is improper where only legal relief in the form of money damages is sought. Grupo Mexicano de Desarrollo, S.A. v. All. Bond Fund, Inc., 527 U.S. 308 (1999) ("Grupo Mexicano"); Rosen v. Cascade Int'l, Inc., 21 F.3d 1520, 1530 (11th Cir. 1994). Where equitable relief is sought, however, a district court can appropriately issue an asset freeze order to preserve funds for the equitable remedy, Levi Strauss & Co. v. Sunrise Int'l Trading Inc., 51 F.3d 982, 987 (11th Cir. 1994),4 even where the request for equitable relief is coupled with requests for money damages, SEC v. ETS Payphones, Inc., 408 F.3d 727, 734 (11th Cir. 2005). Such alternative pleading is allowable under the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure. Fed. R. Civ. P. 8(a).

As previously discussed, in the instant matter plaintiffs seek a number of equitable remedies, including an accounting, disgorgement, and the imposition of a constructive trust. (Doc. #196.) Additionally, the Florida legislature has explicitly authorized the imposition of injunctive relief under the Florida RICO statute, Fla. Stat. § 895.05(1), (6). Accordingly, the Court was authorized to issue an asset freeze to preserve funds for the equitable remedies sought by plaintiffs and pursuant to Fla. Stat. § 895.05(1), (6).

C. Availability of Equitable Relief

Devine, Isabella, and Conrad assert, however, that equitable relief is not available to plaintiffs under the causes of action brought in the Amended Complaint.5 (Docs. ##96, 157-1, 165, 225.) Therefore, they argue, the TRO was improperly issued and must be dissolved. (Id.)

(1) Federal RICO

Counts I and II of plaintiffs' Amended Complaint assert claims pursuant to the Federal Racketeer and Corrupt Organization Act, 18 U.S.C. § 1962(c). (Doc. #196, pp. 101-10.) Devine, Isabella, and Conrad argue that the TRO was improperly issued because equitable relief is not available for Federal RICO claims and plaintiffs have an adequate remedy at law. (Doc. #96, pp. 21-23; Doc. #157-1, pp. 9-10; Doc. #165, pp. 8-9.)

(a) Availability of Equitable Relief Under Federal RICO Statute

The circuits are split as to whether the federal RICO statute provides injunctive relief for private civil litigants. Compare Nat'l Org. for Women, Inc. v. Scheidler, 267 F.3d 687, 695 (7th Cir.), rev'd on other grounds, 537 U.S. 393 (2003), with Religious Tech. Ctr. v. Wollersheim, 796 F.2d 1076 (9th Cir. 1986). The parties have not pointed to, nor can the Court find, a case where the Eleventh Circuit has taken a position on whether the federal RICO statute authorizes injunctive relief to private litigants.

The federal RICO statute contains the following civil remedies provision:

18 U.S.C. § 1964(a). The Court finds the reasoning in Scheidler to be persuasive. Other courts have found that injunctive relief is available to private litigants in a civil federal RICO action. See Bennett v. Berg, 685 F.2d 1053, 1064-65 (8th Cir. 1982) (injunctive relief possibly available), aff'd on reh'g, 710 F.2d 1361 (8th Cir. 1983); Chevron Corp. v. Donziger, 974 F.Supp.2d 362, 568-69 (S.D.N.Y. 2014) (holding that private injunctive relief is available in civil federal RICO actions); In re Managed Care Litig., 298 F.Supp.2d 1259, 1282-83 (S.D. Fla. 2003) (finding that the civil remedies portion of the federal RICO act authorized injunctive and declaratory relief to private plaintiffs); Motorola Credit Corp. v. Uzan, 202 F.Supp.2d 239, 243-44 (S.D.N.Y 2002) (finding that courts have inherent equitable powers to grant injunctive relief in civil cases, including civil RICO actions), remanded on other grounds, 322 F.3d 130 (2d Cir. 2003).6 Accordingly, the Court had the authority to issue the TRO to preserve plaintiffs' equitable remedies available under their federal RICO claims.

(b) Adequate Remedy at Law

Devine, Isabella, and Conrad next assert that even if private injunctive relief is available under plaintiffs' federal RICO claims, plaintiffs are not entitled to equitable relief because they have an adequate remedy at law. (See Doc. #96, p. 21; Doc. #157-1, p. 10; Doc. #165, pp. 6-7.)

As discussed supra, the Eleventh Circuit has held that alternative remedy pleading is permissible. The preclusion of equitable relief if there exists an adequate remedy at law does not preclude alternative pleading. See Muzuco v. Re$ubmitlt, LLC, No. 11-62628-Civ, 2012 WL 3242013, at *8 (S.D. Fla. Aug. 7, 2012); Wiand v. Dewane, No. 8:10-CV-246-T-17MAP, 2011 WL 4460095, at *8 (M.D. Fla. July 11, 2011); Brown v. Tuscano, 254 F.R.D. 690, 699 (S.D. Fla. 2008); Adelphia Cable Partners, Inc. v. E & A Beepers Corp., 188 F.R.D. 662, 666 (S.D. Fla. 1999) ("Although equitable relief ultimately may not be awarded where there exists an adequate remedy at law, Plaintiff certainly may plead alternative equitable relief.").

Where both equitable and legal relief are sought, the presence of the request for legal relief does not preclude the Court's ability to issue preliminary injunctive relief to preserve the availability of the equitable relief. ETS Payphones, Inc., 408 F.3d at 734. The preliminary injunctive relief, however, can only extend to those assets in which an equitable interest is being claimed. United States ex rel. Rahman v. Oncology Assocs., P.C., 198 F.3d 489, 496 (1999) (Where a plaintiff asserts a claim "to specific assets of the defendant or seeks a remedy involving those assets, a court may in the interim invoke equity to preserve the status quo pending judgment where the legal remedy might prove inadequate and the preliminary relief furthers the court's ability to grant the final relief requested.").

In the instant action, plaintiffs have alleged a number of equitable remedies, including disgorgement, an accounting, and the imposition of a constructive trust. (Doc. #196, pp. 117-19.) It is clearly established that disgorgement is an equitable remedy and "a district court may freeze a defendant's assets to ensure the adequacy of a disgorgement remedy." CFTC v. Levy, 541 F.3d 1102, 1114 (11th Cir. 2008); ETS Payphones, Inc., 408 F.3d at 734 (upholding asset freeze as a justified "means of preserving funds for the equitable remedy of disgorgement"). Here, the asset freeze is proper to preserve plaintiffs' equitable remedies—i.e., the amount of funds that plaintiffs seek an equitable remedy to. The asset freeze, however, may not preserve any amount of assets in excess of the equitable relief sought.7

Additionally, this Court finds that there is no adequate remedy at law for the funds at issue here. The crux of plaintiffs' Amended Complaint is based upon Devine's involvement in the penny stock scheme orchestrated by her ex-husband by concealing funds fraudulently obtained from plaintiffs and transferring them in and out of various financial accounts around the world. (Doc. #196.) Plaintiffs demonstrated to the Court the vast and complicated schemes utilized by Devine, in conjunction with her ex-husband, to conceal the proceeds that plaintiffs allege are rightfully theirs. The continuation of the TRO will prevent the ongoing scheme whereby penny stock scheme proceeds illegally taken from plaintiffs are continually transferred in and out and from one account to another in an effort to evade plaintiffs' ability to obtain their return.

Further, the funds are claimed by plaintiffs to be their own, under a theory of constructive trust. "A constructive trust is an equitable remedy designed to prevent the unjust enrichment of culpable parties." TemPay, Inc. v. Biltres Staffing of Tampa Bay, LLC, 929 F.Supp.2d 1255, 1262 (M.D. Fla. 2013) (citing Bender v. CenTrust Mortg. Corp., 51 F.3d 1027, 1029 (11th Cir. 1995)). Additionally, a constructive trust may be imposed upon funds in the possession of third parties under certain circumstances. Id. at 1262 n.10. The Court considers those funds capable of reasonable tracing to be the res of a constructive trust, and if not enjoined, the funds will be dissipated, preventing plaintiffs from regaining their res. For these reasons, the Court finds that the plaintiffs have no adequate remedy at law for the funds they seek return of as properly belonging to them, and were entitled to an asset freeze for assets that have a reasonable connection with the illegal conduct that is the subject of plaintiffs' Amended Complaint.8

Under the circumstances of this case, the Court was authorized to freeze assets up to the amount alleged illegally taken from the plaintiffs as plaintiffs have no adequate remedy at law. Due to the allegations of the intricate scheme to conceal and commingle these funds, the Court finds that it is reasonable to impose the TRO on funds of Devine, and those accounts alleged to be held nominally in the name of her children,9 where Devine has not held a job in years and has been shown to distribute illegal funds throughout different accounts in hopes of eventually preventing the reasonable tracing and recovery of the actual penny stock scheme proceeds by plaintiffs.

(2) Florida RICO and Civil Remedies for Criminal Activities

Counts III and IV of plaintiffs' Amended Complaint assert claims pursuant to the Florida Racketeer and Corrupt Organization Act, Fla. Stat. §§ 895.01-.06. (Doc. #196, pp. 111-15.)

(a) Preliminary Injunctive Relief Expressly Authorized by Florida RICO Statute

The Florida RICO statute specifically authorizes entry of a temporary restraining order and/or preliminary injunction limiting a defendant's right to dispose of assets during the pendency of litigation. See Fla. Stat. § 895.05(6); Bardfield v. Chisholm Props. Circuit Events, LLC, No. 3:06cv232/MCR/MD, 2009 WL 1659641, at *2 (N.D. Fla. June 12, 2009). Additionally, the state legislature has granted courts the authority to "enjoin violations of the provisions of s. 895.03 by issuing appropriate orders and judgments." Fla. Stat. § 895.05(1).

The legislature can provide courts the ability to issue injunctive relief, and restrict such ability, and the courts must "heed" to the legislature's command. Grupo Mexicano, 527 U.S. at 342 (Ginsberg, J., concurring in part and dissenting in part); Truax v. Corrigan, 257 U.S. 312, 376 (1921) (Brandeis, J. dissenting) ("What Congress can do in curtailing the equity power of the federal courts, state Legislatures may do in curtailing equitable powers of the state courts, unless prevented by the Constitution of the state. In other words, states are free since the adoption of the Fourteenth Amendment, as they were before, either to expand or to contract their equity jurisdiction."). Here, Florida's legislature has granted courts the authority to issue preliminary injunctive relief under the Florida RICO statute.

Accordingly, the Court finds that the legislature has explicitly provided for the preliminary injunctive relief sought by plaintiffs and awarded by the TRO. Therefore, the Court was authorized to issue a TRO pursuant to Counts III and IV of plaintiffs' Amended Complaint. See Fla. Stat. § 895.05(1), (6).

(b) Florida RICO's Extra-Territorial Application

Devine alleges that plaintiffs cannot obtain equitable relief for their Florida RICO claims because Florida RICO does not apply extra-territorially and, therefore, plaintiffs do not have viable claims under Florida RICO which would support the issuance of the TRO. (Doc. #96, p. 24.)

"[T]he Florida RICO Act does not apply extraterritorially." Arthur v. JP Morgan Chase Bank, NA, 569 F. App'x 669, 681 (11th Cir. 2014). A plaintiff needs to "allege Florida criminal activity in order to support a Florida RICO claim based on a federal law predicate act." Id. at 682. "Under federal law, venue is only appropriate in the district where the offense was committed or, in cases of conspiracy or continuing offenses under 18 U.S.C. § 3237(a), where the defendant performed an overt act in furtherance of the crime." Id. (citation omitted).

Plaintiffs have alleged the following federal predicate acts to support their Florida RICO claims: Money Laundering in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 1956(a)(1)(B)(i); Money Laundering in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 1956(a)(1)(A)(i); Money Laundering in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 1956(a)(2)(A); Money Laundering in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 1956(a)(2)(B)(i); Monetary Transactions in Property Derived from Unlawful Activity in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 1957; Transportation of Stolen, Converted, or Fraudulently-Taken Goods, Securities, or Money in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 2314; Receipt, Possession, Concealment, Sale, or Disposal of Stolen, Converted, or Taken Goods in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 2315; and Wire Fraud in Violation of 18 U.S.C. § 1343. (Doc. #196, ¶¶ 241-66, 285.)

Money Laundering in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 1956(a)(1) occurs when:

18 U.S.C. § 1956(a)(1). Plaintiffs' first federal predicate act alleged for their Florida RICO claim is violation of 18 U.S.C. § 1956(a)(1)(B)(i). (Doc. #196, ¶¶ 241-44B, 285.) Within plaintiffs' Amended Complaint, plaintiffs allege that Devine conducted numerous financial transactions, as listed in Appendix 1 to plaintiffs' Amended Complaint, involving proceeds from the penny stock scheme. (Id. ¶¶ 242-44.) Plaintiffs allege that from Florida, Devine directed the transfer of penny stock proceeds from accounts in Switzerland, Singapore, and other countries to other accounts, including those in the United States, and that Devine traveled from Florida to other countries for the sole purpose of furthering the concealment and transfer of penny stock scheme proceeds. (Id. ¶¶ 217-21, 244B, 283; Doc. #174-24.) Specifically, the Appendix attached to plaintiffs' Amended Complaint shows that proceeds were transferred from Switzerland to a title company in Naples, Florida for the purpose of purchasing Devine's Naples home and to Bank of America accounts in Naples, Florida. (Doc. #196, pp. 129-30, 132-38.) Pursuant to the asset list produced by Devine, the Bank of America accounts held in her name are located in Naples, Florida. (Doc. #116-1; Doc. #176-1, pp. 1-8.) Plaintiffs further allege that Devine maintained her "nerve center" or "headquarters" for her money laundering enterprise in Florida and that Devine and Florian Homm filed for their "sham" divorce in Florida. (Doc. #196, ¶¶ 224, 283.)

The Court finds more than an isolated relation to Florida has been alleged and demonstrated by plaintiffs. While located in Florida, Devine conducted transactions with penny stock scheme proceeds in an attempt to transfer and conceal them. Further, some of the transactions involving the penny stock proceeds were in and out of accounts located in Florida. The specific transactions in and out of Florida also form the basis of the federal predicate acts for Money Laundering in violation of 18 U.S.C. §§ 1956(a)(1)(A)(i), 1956(a)(2)(A), 1956(a)(2)(B)(i). Accordingly, the Court finds that these allegations are sufficiently connected with Florida to support plaintiffs' Florida RICO claims and are not based solely on extra-territorial activities.11 The Court was not precluded from issuing the TRO on the basis of extra-territorial conduct.

(3) Unjust Enrichment and Constructive Trust

Counts V and VI of plaintiffs' Amended Complaint assert claims for unjust enrichment and constructive trust. (Doc. #196, ¶¶ 301-12.) Devine, Isabella, and Conrad allege that plaintiffs' unjust enrichment claim does not permit the equitable relief sought by plaintiffs. (Doc. #95, pp. 28-30; Doc. #157-1, pp. 8, 11-12; Doc. #165, pp. 11-12.) Devine, Isabella, and Conrad further argue that imposition of a constructive trust is not a cause of action, that plaintiffs have an adequate remedy at law, and that a constructive trust must cover specific, not general, assets. (Doc. #96, pp. 30-32; Doc. #157-1, pp. 11-12; Doc. #165, pp. 12-14.) In light of these considerations, defendants argue, the Court was not authorized to issue the TRO on the basis of these counts.

(a) Unjust Enrichment Claim Based Upon Wrongful Conduct

Devine asserts that plaintiffs' claim for unjust enrichment fails because it is premised upon wrongful conduct, which is an improper basis for such a claim, and therefore equitable relief would not be authorized under this invalid unjust enrichment claim. (Doc. #96, pp. 28-29.) In response, plaintiffs argue that (1) plaintiffs assert their claim for unjust enrichment alternatively of any alleged wrongdoing and (2) Devine's distinction between claims of wrongful enrichment and unjust enrichment are not recognized in Florida. (Doc. #142, pp. 16-17; Doc. #169, pp. 11-12.)

Plaintiffs argue that they have "pleaded in the alternative that Devine has been unjustly enriched regardless of any wrongdoing on her part." (Doc. #142, p. 16; Doc. #169, p. 12.) It is well established that alternative pleading is permissible under the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure. Fed. R. Civ. P. 8(a). In the instant case, however, plaintiffs have incorporated paragraphs involving allegations of wrongdoing into their unjust enrichment claim, which defeat their arguments of alternative pleading. (See Doc. #196, ¶ 301.)

In support of her argument that an unjust enrichment claim cannot be predicated upon wrongful conduct, Devine cites to cases which all rely on the decision in Guyana Tel. & Tel. Co. v. Melbourne Int'l Commc'ns, Ltd., 329 F.3d 1241 (11th Cir. 2003) ("Guyana Tel."). (Doc. #96, pp. 28-29.) In Guyana Tel., the Court relied upon a Law Review article that was not premised upon Florida law that found a distinction between unjust enrichment and wrongful enrichment. Id. at 1245 n.3. As plaintiffs point out, no Florida Court has made a distinction between unjust enrichment and wrongful enrichment, State Farm Fire & Cas. Co. v. Silver Star Health & Rehab. Inc., No. 6:10-cv-1103-Orl-31GJK, 2011 WL 6338496, at *6 (M.D. Fla. Dec. 19, 2011), aff'd, 739 F.3d 579 (11th Cir. 2013), and more recent Florida cases have allowed recovery under unjust enrichment based upon wrongful conduct. (Doc. #142, p. 17; Doc. #169, p. 11.) In the absence of Florida law on this issue, the Court declines to make such a distinction.

(b) Availability of Equitable Relief for Unjust Enrichment Claim

Devine, Isabella, and Conrad assert that equitable relief is not available to plaintiffs for their unjust enrichment claim, and therefore the Court was not authorized to issue the TRO. (Doc. #96, pp. 28-30; Doc. #157-1, pp. 11-12; Doc. #165, pp. 11-14.) Plaintiffs argue to the contrary. (Doc. #142, pp. 16-19; Doc. #169, pp. 11-12.)

As previously held by this Court, "Florida courts have long recognized a cause of action for unjust enrichment `to prevent the wrongful retention of a benefit, or the retention of money or property of another, in violation of good conscience and fundamental principles of justice or equity.'" State Farm Fire & Cas. Co. v. Silver Star Health & Rehab, 739 F.3d 579, 584 (11th Cir. 2013) (quoting Butler v. Trizec Props., Inc., 524 So.2d 710, 711 (Fla. 2d DCA 1988)). The focus should be on the relief requested and available under plaintiffs' unjust enrichment claim.12 Plaintiffs are clearly requesting the equitable remedies of an accounting, disgorgement, and imposition of a constructive trust for their unjust enrichment claim. (Doc. #196, pp. 118-19.)

Devine attempts to attack each equitable remedy requested by plaintiffs. Devine argues that an accounting is not available to plaintiffs because plaintiffs can obtain the information they seek through an accounting by conducting discovery. (Doc. #161, pp. 8-9.) Contrary to Devine's position, the Eleventh Circuit has held that an accounting is available, despite the availability of discovery, where there is "a sufficiently complicated transaction and an inadequate remedy at law." Zaki Julaibee Establishment v. McFliker, 771 F.3d 1301, 1311 (11th Cir. 2014). The case at hand is a prime example of "sufficiently complicated transactions" to justify an accounting.13

Devine next argues that a constructive trust is unavailable as a remedy for unjust enrichment and that nowhere have plaintiffs claimed that a constructive trust is a claim for which an asset-freezing injunction may be granted.14 (Doc. #161, p. 8.) As previously held, constructive trust is not a cause of action, but an equitable remedy based upon an established cause of action. Collinson v. Miller, 903 So.2d 221, 228 (Fla. 2d DCA 2005). A constructive trust is "designed to prevent the unjust enrichment of culpable parties." TemPay, Inc., 929 F. Supp. 2d at 1262 (citing Bender, 51 F.3d at 1029).

Devine argues that a confidential relationship is a necessary requirement for the imposition of a constructive trust. (Doc. #96, p. 31 n.13.) However, in 1957, the Florida Supreme Court stated that "breach of a confidential relationship [is] but one of several circumstances in which the imposition of a constructive trust is equitable and just." Silver v. Digges, No. 6:06-CV-290-Orl-19DAB, 2006 WL 2024935, at *4 (M.D. Fla. July 17, 2006) (citing Wadlington v. Edwards, 92 So.2d 629, 631 (Fla. 1957)). A constructive trust "is `constructed' by equity to prevent an unjust enrichment of one person at the expense of another as the result of fraud, undue influence, abuse of confidence or mistake in the transaction that originates the problem." Wadlington, 92 So. 2d at 631 (citations omitted). A constructive trust is a flexible remedy, with "no unyielding formula" and the "equity of the transaction must shape the measure of relief." Collinson, 903 So. 2d at 228 (citations omitted). The Court finds that plaintiffs have adequately asserted the remedy of a constructive trust under the circumstances of this case, and the Court had the authority to grant the TRO.

Lastly, plaintiffs have requested the equitable remedy of disgorgement in their unjust enrichment claim. Disgorgement is an equitable remedy and "a district court may freeze a defendant's assets to ensure the adequacy of a disgorgement remedy." Levy, 541 F.3d at 1114.

D. Scope of the Temporary Restraining Order

Devine, Isabella, and Conrad assert that the scope of the TRO is too broad in that it covers assets that illegal proceeds have not been traced to and assets in the name of Isabella and Conrad— and no illegal conduct has been alleged against Isabella and Conrad. (Doc. #96, pp. 26-28; Doc. #157-1, pp. 12-14; Doc. #165, pp. 12-14.)

"In exercising such equitable powers, the Court must examine the relationship between the asset and the conduct." Smith v. Copeland, No. 1:09-CV-1200-RWS, 2009 WL 2223926, at *2 (N.D. Ga. July 23, 2009). Accordingly, although Devine had already agreed to an extension of the TRO and consolidation of the preliminary injunction hearing with the trial on the merits, plaintiffs are only entitled to preliminary injunctive relief to assets which they are seeking equitable relief and that have reasonable relation to the alleged wrongful conduct. See CFTC v. Sidoti, 178 F.3d 1132, 1138 (11th Cir. 1999) (alteration in original) (quoting SEC v. First City Fin. Corp., 890 F.2d 1215, 1231 (D.C. Cir. 1989)) ("Since disgorgement primarily serves to prevent unjust enrichment, the court may exercise its equitable power only over property causally related to the wrongdoing . . . [D]isgorgement may not be used punitively.").

Here, when moving for the ex parte TRO, plaintiffs submitted documentation to the Court preliminarily showing Devine's involvement in the penny stock scheme and the transfer of funds throughout different bank accounts. (Docs. ##3-4.) However, the Court holds that plaintiffs are only entitled to freeze assets up to the amount that they seek to disgorge and they must make a preliminary showing that each asset they desire to remain frozen contains, or was purchased with, illegal penny stock scheme proceeds. In making such a showing, only "a reasonable approximation of a defendant's ill-gotten gains [is required]. . . . Exactitude is not a requirement." ETS Payphones, Inc., 408 F.3d at 735 (alteration in original) (citation omitted).

The basis of plaintiffs' Amended Complaint is that Devine has taken extreme measures to conceal proceeds from the penny stock scheme in an effort to commingle them and prevent plaintiffs from obtaining the return of their money. (Doc. #196.) These allegations, coupled with the fact that since 1989 Devine has either not worked or only performed unpaid work, justifies the reasonable belief that the assets subject to the TRO are comprised of illegal proceeds from the penny stock scheme. Further, pursuant to stipulation of the parties, the Court has released items clearly obtained prior to the commencement of the penny stock scheme. (Doc. #68.)

The Court also finds that it was appropriate to freeze some assets held for the benefit of Conrad and Isabella. Plaintiffs' Amended Complaint explains an intricate plan by Devine to hide illegal proceeds in accounts in the names of her children in an effort to shield the assets. Plaintiffs have produced substantial evidence showing that the accounts held for the benefit of Isabella and Conrad have been funded with penny stock scheme proceeds. (Doc. #173.) Plaintiffs have also submitted evidence indicating that Devine utilized these accounts for her own personal expenses. (Id.) Accordingly, the Court finds that it had a sufficient basis to freeze the assets which are subject to the TRO.

Plaintiffs have alleged that approximately $200 million was wrongfully taken from them pursuant to the penny stock scheme and they seek return of that amount. (Doc. #196, ¶¶ 2, 72.) Accordingly, a freeze of assets above this amount would be improper as such amount in excess of $200 million would not serve the purpose of preserving equitable relief. A review of the asset spreadsheet provided by Devine shows that the assets frozen pursuant to the Court's TRO do not exceed $200 million. (See Doc. #176, Ex. A.) Accordingly, the Court holds that the TRO does not exceed that which is appropriate to preserve the availability of plaintiffs' equitable remedies.

Accordingly, it is hereby

ORDERED:

DONE and ORDERED.