ORDER

TIMOTHY J. CORRIGAN, United States District Judge.

Plaintiffs are the victims of a Ponzi scheme whose mastermind, Kenneth Wayne McLeod, committed suicide on June 22, 2010. For the most part, the plaintiffs are current or former federal law enforcement officers and their spouses from all over the country who met McLeod at one of many government-sponsored retirement seminars where he pitched his fraudulent bond fund. Many have lost their life savings. Now, plaintiffs seek to hold the United States liable for their losses under the Federal Tort Claims Act.

Although there were numerous red flags that government employees could have heeded to stop McLeod before he cheated these investors, suits against the United States, as a sovereign, are subject to strict limitations. These limitations may bar a suit, even one which would be successful if brought against a private entity. After much study, the Court finds that plaintiffs' claims fail to overcome the government's sovereign immunity from suit. Thus, while the rampant fraud here calls out for a remedy, one cannot be secured from the United States.

I. Plaintiffs' Amended Complaint (Doc. 87)1 and Background Facts

Federal government agencies began regularly providing retirement education and training for their employees in 1986. Approximately two years later, various federal law enforcement agencies began contracting with Kenneth Wayne McLeod, who held himself out to be an expert on the federal retirement system, and his Jacksonville, Florida company, Federal Employee Benefits Group, Inc. ("FEBG"), to provide these services to federal employees at seminars, meetings and training events all over the country.

FEBG claimed to be a "financial services and benefits consulting firm focused on [f]ederal retirement options" and "dedicated to the complex issues surrounding special group employees, including [l]aw [e]nforcement [o]fficers...." Doc. 87 (Amended Complaint) at ¶ 144. FEBG charged the government up to $15,000 per event and many employees who attended FEBG seminars received educational information about federal retirement benefits from McLeod. However, in addition to group presentations at seminars and training sessions, McLeod offered private follow-up sessions with individual employees to give advice regarding how best to achieve the employees' personal retirement goals. These meetings were routinely held in federal agency offices. During these individual meetings, and frequently at group sessions as well, McLeod would pitch a financial product he created — the FEBG Bond Fund.2 While McLeod promoted the FEBG Bond Fund as a long term investment with a guaranteed return of 8-10% offered to a select group of investors and sometimes backed by a "promissory note," in actuality, the FEBG Bond Fund was a Ponzi scheme. Unaware of the true nature of this "investment," federal law enforcement officers and other federal employees invested or transferred from their TSP accounts to the FEBG Bond Fund tens and hundreds of thousands of dollars, some even more than a million. They also introduced their parents, friends and other colleagues to McLeod and he convinced them to invest as well. McLeod kept his investors in the dark over the course of many years by providing fake account statements, emails and memoranda showing the purported gains of their investments.3

To gain access to a steady stream of new federal employee investors to perpetuate the scheme, McLeod cultivated and capitalized on personal relationships with senior agency officials, many of whom were themselves FEBG Bond Fund investors. These senior officials enjoyed lavish parties, all expense paid Super Bowl trips, tax preparation services, subsidized mortgages and other benefits. Within the agencies where McLeod maintained these relationships, including the Drug Enforcement Administration ("DEA"), Immigration and Customs Enforcement ("ICE"), and others, FEBG became the nearly exclusive provider of retirement education and advice for those agencies' employees.4

According to a later investigation, FEBG began to experience cash flow problems in 2008 and McLeod, who already had a long history of personal financial difficulties, had trouble making interest payments to some of the FEBG Bond Fund investors. FEBG laid off many of its employees but financial problems continued. Then, in the spring of 2010, the Securities and Exchange Commission received a complaint from an FEBG investor who tried unsuccessfully to redeem his investment. The SEC interviewed McLeod, who admitted on June 17, 2010 that the FEBG Bond Fund was a Ponzi scheme. Five days later, just before McLeod was due to appear for a deposition with SEC lawyers, he committed suicide. Only then did investors discover that their money was never invested in any fund and that McLeod was a fraud. The SEC froze McLeod's assets, a receiver was appointed, the OIG opened its investigation and individual investors from all over the country conferred and assembled themselves, hiring counsel to sue the government in an attempt to recoup their losses and recover for emotional damages.5

In this suit, 141 individuals — including employees of DEA, CBP, ICE, FBI, FAA, FWS, USPS, Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives ("ATF"), and Naval Criminal Investigative Service ("NCIS"), their spouses, other family members and friends, two friends of McLeod's, and one FEBG employee, who all invested in the FEBG Bond Fund, as well as three people who hired McLeod to manage their money — have sued the United States under the FTCA, 28 U.S.C. § 2671 et seq.

Plaintiffs claim McLeod, acting as an employee of the government under a contract, was negligent per se when he violated the Florida Securities and Investor Protection Act ("FSIPA"), by selling unregistered Florida securities to plaintiffs (Count I); that government employees who invited McLeod to attend the government sponsored seminars, who arranged private follow-up meetings between McLeod and individual plaintiffs, and/or in whose presence McLeod sold securities in violation of Florida law are liable for aiding and abetting McLeod's negligence in violating the FSIPA (Count II)6; that McLeod and the government employees who assisted him acted negligently by breaching a duty to their federal agency employees when they failed to adhere to various policies, regulations and standards of care governing solicitation, commercial activities and endorsements; by failing to supervise McLeod; by failing to warn government employees that McLeod was not endorsed by the government and that his securities were unregistered; by failing to vet or investigate McLeod's background or qualifications; and by favoring McLeod's services in violation of ethics laws, regulations and policies (Count III); that McLeod and the retirement counselors at the federal agencies who invited McLeod to speak to or meet with government employees breached fiduciary duties owed to the plaintiffs by permitting prohibited commercial solicitations during government-sponsored events, promoting McLeod's products during those events, failing to adhere to ethics laws and regulations that would have eliminated McLeod's ability to defraud employees, and failing to vet McLeod or FEBG before engaging him to provide retirement financial education to employees (Count IV); that the agencies that employed McLeod under personal service contracts negligently supervised him (Count V); and that the conduct of the government resulted in the negligent infliction of emotional distress (Count VI). Plaintiffs allege their investment losses total approximately $20 million but they seek lost amounts their Thrift Savings Plan accounts or pensions would have earned and emotional damages, bringing the damages claimed to approximately $120 million.

Following two earlier rounds of motion practice (Docs. 11, 14, 15, 21, 25, 26, 74, 75, 77, 78, 82), two hearings (Docs. 31, 84), a period of discovery, an unsuccessful effort to settle the case (Doc. 54), and the filing of an amended complaint (Doc. 87), the United States now moves to dismiss plaintiffs' amended complaint for lack of subject matter jurisdiction (Doc. 88), plaintiffs have responded (Doc. 92), and the government filed a reply (Doc. 96). On August 12, 2016 the Court held argument on the motion to dismiss. The record of all three hearings is incorporated by reference.

For purposes of this motion, the Court is viewing the claims from plaintiffs' "best case" scenario; thus, it is putting aside those investors who were not employed by the government, those who did not invest in the FEBG Bond Fund but hired McLeod to manage their investment portfolio, those who did not meet McLeod at a government-sponsored seminar or who did not attend a seminar at a GSA-controlled venue. For venue purposes, the Court is also presuming a plaintiff who resides in Florida and attended a seminar in Florida. At least two of the 141 plaintiffs present allegations of a paradigm case: both Rachel Cannon and Jacqueline Fruge are Florida residents, employed by federal agencies (Cannon by ICE and Fruge by the FBI), both attended government-sponsored seminars led by McLeod in GSA-controlled buildings in Florida where senior agency employees were present, both completed financial questionnaires provided by their supervisors, both heard McLeod pitch his "special" bond fund at the seminar, both invested in the FEBG Bond Fund (Cannon, $309,000; Fruge, $30,000), and both claim losses as a result.7 See Doc. 87 at ¶¶ 22, 44, 240, 262. Because these paradigm plaintiffs cannot demonstrate that subject matter jurisdiction is proper here, the Court need not address the government's numerous challenges to the claims of the other plaintiffs.8

II. Standard of Review

Barring an applicable waiver, sovereign immunity protects the United States from any claim. Zelaya v. United States, 781 F.3d 1315, 1321 (11th Cir.) (citations omitted), cert. denied, ___ U.S. ___, 136 S.Ct. 168, 193 L.Ed.2d 124 (2015). One such waiver, the FTCA, "makes the United States liable for money damages `caused by the negligent or wrongful act or omission of any employee of the Government.'" Logue v. United States, 412 U.S. 521, 525-26, 93 S.Ct. 2215, 37 L.Ed.2d 121 (1973) (citation omitted).9 However, there are many exceptions to this waiver of immunity, "which must be strictly construed in favor of the United States." JBP Acquisitions, LP v. United States, 224 F.3d 1260, 1263 (11th Cir.2000) (quotation and citation omitted). "If the alleged conduct falls within one of these statutory exceptions, the court lacks subject matter jurisdiction over the action" under the FTCA. Id. at 1263-64 (citations omitted). In other words, "when an exception applies to neutralize what would otherwise be a waiver of immunity, a court will lack subject matter jurisdiction over the action." Zelaya, 781 F.3d at 1322 (citation omitted).

The government argues that the FTCA's misrepresentation and discretionary function exceptions bar plaintiffs' claims. See 28 U.S.C. §§ 2680(a) and (h). Both parties rely on material outside the four corners of the amended complaint;10 thus, this motion raises a factual (as opposed to a facial) challenge to the Court's subject matter jurisdiction under Rule 12(b)(1). Generally, when presented with such a motion, "no presumptive truthfulness attaches to plaintiff's allegations, and the existence of disputed material facts will not preclude the trial court from evaluating for itself the merits of jurisdictional claims." Lawrence v. Dunbar, 919 F.2d 1525, 1529 (11th Cir.1990) (quotation and citation omitted).

However, where the jurisdictional basis for the claim is intertwined with the merits, the Court must view the jurisdictional facts as it would at summary judgment, construing all inferences in favor of plaintiffs as the non-moving party. Douglas v. United States, 814 F.3d 1268, 1275-76 (11th Cir.2016); see also Odyssey Marine Exploration, Inc. v. Unidentified Shipwrecked Vessel, 657 F.3d 1159, 1169-70 (11th Cir.2011) (citation omitted) (explaining that facts should be viewed in light most favorable to plaintiff on a 12(b)(1) motion when the jurisdictional basis for the claim is intertwined with the merits). Here the jurisdictional basis is intertwined with the merits of plaintiffs' claims; thus, the Court will construe all inferences in plaintiffs' favor. See, e.g., Freeman v. U.S. Marshal Service, 310 Fed.Appx. 355, 358 (11th Cir.2009) (vacating order of summary judgment for lack of subject matter jurisdiction in advance of discovery where evidence viewed in light most favorable to plaintiff might show that Court Security Officer was a government employee for FTCA purposes, which would establish subject matter jurisdiction and necessary element of tort claim).

Yet while the Court will construe all factual inferences in plaintiffs' favor, "[i]n the face of a factual challenge to subject matter jurisdiction, the burden is on the plaintiff to prove that jurisdiction exists." OSI, Inc. v. United States, 285 F.3d 947, 951 (11th Cir.2002) (citations omitted). Thus, plaintiffs must prove that the exceptions invoked by the government do not apply. See id. (explaining that plaintiff bore the burden of proving that the discretionary function exception did not apply). Stated otherwise, it is plaintiffs' burden to allege facts falling outside the exceptions. See, e.g., Douglas, 814 F.3d at 1276 ("At the pleading stage, [plaintiff] must allege a plausible claim that falls outside the discretionary function exception.").

III. Discussion

A typical FTCA case might involve an auto accident caused by a negligent government driver, a medical malpractice suit involving a VA or Navy hospital, or perhaps a premises liability suit involving injuries sustained at a federal facility. It is far less common to have an FTCA case where the main injury is investment loss. Plaintiffs themselves recognize that investor suits against the government have not fared well. See Doc. 92 (Plaintiffs' Response) at 1 (citing Zelaya, 781 F.3d 1315; Baer v. United States, 722 F.3d 168 (3d Cir.2013); Molchatsky v. United States, 713 F.3d 159 (2d Cir.2013); Dichter-Mad Fam. Partners, LLP v. United States, 709 F.3d 749 (9th Cir.2013); Suter v. United States, 441 F.3d 306 (4th Cir.2006), as examples of failed efforts by Ponzi scheme victims to sue the government under the FTCA). This case is also unusual in that typical FTCA plaintiffs are not themselves government employees.11 Nonetheless, plaintiffs claim that the government is liable for the negligent conduct of McLeod and other government employees who allegedly allowed McLeod's fraudulent scheme to flourish.

The government argues that it cannot be liable for McLeod's conduct because he was not an employee within the meaning of the FTCA and that even if he was, his fraudulent activities would be outside the scope of any federal employment, thereby barring government liability as to Count I in its entirety and barring government liability as to Counts III, IV, V and VI to the extent those counts allege liability premised on McLeod's actions as an employee. The government also argues that the misrepresentation exception and the discretionary function exception bar all of plaintiffs' claims. The government further contends it cannot be liable for Counts I and II arising under the FSIPA and that, to the extent plaintiffs are attempting to state a claim of negligence per se arising out of a FSIPA violation, those claims are barred by Florida's statute of repose, Fla. Stat. § 95.11(4)(e).

A. McLeod's Status as an Employee or Contractor

Having previously maintained that McLeod was a non-employee contractor whose actions only subjected the United States to liability via the enabling negligent conduct of other government employees, plaintiffs now allege McLeod himself acted as an employee of the United States and that the United States is directly liable for his conduct as well as that of other government employees.12 For purposes of the FTCA, those deemed employees of the United States include "officers or employees of any federal agency" and "persons acting on behalf of a federal agency in an official capacity, temporarily or permanently in the service of the United States, whether with or without compensation." 28 U.S.C. § 2671. A "[f]ederal agency," however, "does not include any contractor with the United States." Id. Thus, the United States is generally not liable for the tortious conduct of its contractors' employees. Logue, 412 U.S. at 528-32, 93 S.Ct. 2215 (discussing Congressional decision to exempt the United States from liability for injury caused by employees of a contractor and holding that for purposes of the FTCA, county sheriff's employees who allegedly failed to prevent death of federal detainee at county jail were employees of a contractor, not employees of the United States). However, where the parties' contract grants the United States the authority to "control the physical conduct of the contractor in the performance of the contract," id. at 527, 93 S.Ct. 2215, a contractor may be deemed to be "acting on behalf of a federal agency," and the United States will be liable for the contractor's employees' tortious conduct as though they were employed by the United States. Means v. United States, 176 F.3d 1376, 1379 (11th Cir.1999). Thus, in certain situations, "even private individuals who are not on the Government's payroll may be considered employees for purposes of establishing the Government's liability" under the FTCA. Patterson & Wilder Constr. Co., Inc. v. United States, 226 F.3d 1269, 1274 (11th Cir.2000).

While this exception is a narrow one, construing all inferences in plaintiffs' favor for purposes of the motion, the Court addresses the government's arguments assuming, as plaintiffs have alleged, that McLeod acted as an employee of the government.13

B. Misrepresentation Exception

The government contends that all of plaintiffs' claims are barred by the FTCA's misrepresentation exception captured within 28 U.S.C. § 2680(h): the United States' waiver of sovereign immunity "shall not apply" to "[a]ny claim arising out of assault, battery, false imprisonment, false arrest, malicious prosecution, abuse of process, libel, slander, misrepresentation, deceit, or interference with contract rights...." (emphasis supplied).

The misrepresentation exception covers direct miscommunications by government employees, JBP Acquisitions, 224 F.3d at 1266, implied misrepresentations, Baroni v. United States, 662 F.2d 287, 288 (5th Cir.1981), and failures to communicate, JBP Acquisitions, 224 F.3d at 1266, and applies to both negligent and intentional misrepresentations. Block v. Neal, 460 U.S. 289, 296, 103 S.Ct. 1089, 75 L.Ed.2d 67 (1983). Particularly relevant here, the misrepresentation exception applies when the claim "is based on the communication or miscommunication of information upon which others might be expected to rely in economic matters." Zelaya, 781 F.3d at 1334. Moreover, the misrepresentation exception bars not only claims for misrepresentations, but claims "arising out of" misrepresentations. Id. at 1333. Whether a claim "arises out of" a misrepresentation "is interpreted broadly to include all injuries that are dependent upon" the misrepresentation. Id.14

For example, in JBP Acquisitions, the plaintiff real estate loan purchaser sued the United States for, inter alia, conversion, trespass, negligence, and interference with property rights when the government sold it a loan secured by a housing project and then sold the property to another buyer who bulldozed the project before plaintiff could intervene in the proceeding. 224 F.3d at 1262. The district court dismissed the claims for lack of subject matter jurisdiction and the Eleventh Circuit affirmed, rejecting JBP's argument that the suit was over the government's failure to perform operational tasks in connection with the loan transfer. Id. at 1263. Instead, the Court held the misrepresentation exception applied because "the basis of the Government's negligence, in fact what makes it negligence in the first place, is the Government's misrepresentation to [the bulldozing buyer] regarding [the government's] current ownership of the loan." Id. at 1265 (emphasis omitted). "It is that misrepresentation which is the `crucial element of the chain of causation' upon which JBP's claims are founded." Id. (citations omitted).

Thus, if the government's misstatements are essential to the negligence claim, the misrepresentation exception will apply. Block, 460 U.S. at 296, 103 S.Ct. 1089. Otherwise, the exception does not apply. Id. In other words, the exception "does not bar negligence actions which focus not on the [g]overnment's failure to use due care in communicating information, but rather on the [g]overnment's breach of a different duty." Id. at 297, 103 S.Ct. 1089. Therefore, "if a plaintiff can show that the [g]overnment has breached a duty distinct from the duty not to make a misrepresentation and if that breach has caused the plaintiff's injury, the fact that the [g]overnment may have also made a misrepresentation will be insufficient to trigger the misrepresentation exception to a waiver of sovereign immunity." Zelaya, 781 F.3d at 1336.

In Zelaya, plaintiff investors who lost money in a Ponzi scheme operated by the Stanford Group sued the SEC claiming it violated its statutory duty to notify the Securities Investor Protection Corporation (SIPC) which might have acted on the SEC's information that the Stanford Group was in financial trouble. Id. at 1334. In arguing that the government's negligence was more than a failure to communicate (which would bar the claim as a misrepresentation), the investors argued that the SEC's duty to notify the SIPC was an "operational task devoid of any communicative aspect." Id. at 1337. The Eleventh Circuit rejected that argument, finding it made "no sense at all" because it was the content of the communication which would have triggered action by the SIPC and not the mere fact of compliance with an operational task of notification. Id. Thus, the investors' effort to engage in a "semantical sleight-of-hand" "to end-run the misrepresentation exception" was unsuccessful. Id.

By contrast, in Block, a homeowner sued the government when a federal lending agency failed to inspect and supervise construction of her home, resulting in defects. 460 U.S. at 290-91, 103 S.Ct. 1089. The Supreme Court held that while misrepresentations may have been made along the way, the government had undertaken an independent duty to inspect and supervise the construction and it was these failures that formed the basis of the homeowner's claim. Id. at 297, 103 S.Ct. 1089. In so ruling, the Supreme Court contrasted the facts of Block with those of United States v. Neustadt, where the plaintiff homeowner alleged a faulty government inspection and appraisal failed to reveal structural defects. Id. at 296, 103 S.Ct. 1089 (citing Neustadt, 366 U.S. 696, 81 S.Ct. 1294, 6 L.Ed.2d 614 (1961)). In holding that the misrepresentation exception barred Neustadt's claim, the Supreme Court rejected the Fourth Circuit's characterization of the claim as one for "the careless making of an excessive appraisal" in violation of the government's statutory duty under the National Housing Act and instead found that Neustadt's claim was that she was misled by statements in the appraisal, in other words, the communication of misinformation upon which she relied. Neustadt, 366 U.S. at 704, 706-07, 81 S.Ct. 1294. As the Court in Block explained, whereas the essence of Neustadt's claim was a negligent misrepresentation (barred by the FTCA exception), in Block, the homeowner alleged an injury proximately caused by the government's failure to perform a duty that was distinct from its duty to use due care in communicating to the homeowner. Block, 460 U.S. at 297, 103 S.Ct. 1089. Thus, the suit did not arise out of misrepresentations and was not barred by the FTCA exception. Id. at 298-99, 103 S.Ct. 1089. See also JM Mechanical Corp. v. United States, 716 F.2d 190, 195 (3d Cir. 1983) (reversing order granting motion to dismiss under the misrepresentation exception and remanding where plaintiff's allegations of negligence were separate from misrepresentation because, although government failed to communicate regarding lack of a valid bond (which was not actionable), plaintiff's injuries were caused by the government's breach of duty to secure a valid bond).

Plaintiffs argue that, as in Block, McLeod and other government employees committed negligent acts independent of any misrepresentations.

In Counts I and II, plaintiffs claim that McLeod and government employees engaged in negligence per se when McLeod sold unregistered securities and government employees aided and abetted his doing so by inviting McLeod to government sponsored seminars, arranging meetings between him and employees, and/or allowing him to sell securities, in violation of FSIPA (Fla. Stat. § 517.07). Doc. 87 (Amended Complaint) at ¶¶ 175-192. Yet had the FEBG Bond Fund been legitimate, the fact of its being unregistered would have had no effect on plaintiffs. And conversely, if McLeod had registered the fraudulent securities (lying about them to do so since they didn't exist), plaintiffs would still have suffered the same harm. Plaintiffs' injuries flow from the securities and McLeod's representations which underlay them being fraudulent, not because they were unregistered. Moreover, the basis for plaintiffs' FSIPA claim is that McLeod told some investors that the investment in the FEBG Bond Fund was a loan backed by a promissory note which, if true, would be required to be registered. But of course his statements were false. Thus, McLeod's violation of FSIPA was based on a misrepresentation and the failure to register the security was not itself an independent act that caused plaintiffs harm. See Zelaya, 781 F.3d at 1337 (rejecting plaintiffs' claim that the content of the communication the SEC was required — and failed — to provide was immaterial). Notwithstanding plaintiffs' characterization of this claim, the underlying element causing their injuries was McLeod's misrepresentations about the FEBG Bond Fund; thus this is a claim which "arises out of" McLeod's misrepresentations and is therefore barred. See id. at 1333-34 (explaining that "`arising out of' is interpreted broadly to include all injuries that are dependent upon [a misrepresentation]" regardless of how plaintiff has framed the claim). Since McLeod's conduct is not actionable, neither is that of government employees alleged to have aided or abetted him as alleged in Count II. Even so, to the extent plaintiffs were harmed by any government employee who engaged in conduct that aided or abetted McLeod in his violation of FSIPA, it was due to an implied misrepresentation or failure to communicate on their part or alternatively, would be deemed to "arise out of" McLeod's misrepresentations. Id.

As to Count III, plaintiffs allege government employees engaged in common law negligence when they failed to adhere to various OPM policies and GSA regulations prohibiting commercial solicitations or the provision of specific investment advice, failed to supervise or control McLeod, failed to warn employees that McLeod was not endorsed by the government and that he was selling unregistered securities, failed to vet or investigate McLeod, and negligently favored his services in violation of ethics rules. Doc. 87 at ¶¶ 193-202. In Count IV this same conduct is alleged to result in a breach of fiduciary duty to plaintiffs. Id. at ¶¶ 203-211. In Count V, plaintiffs allege the government negligently supervised McLeod and FEBG. Id. at ¶¶ 212-219. In Count VI, plaintiffs allege that all of the foregoing conduct was done in a manner that caused plaintiffs to suffer the negligent infliction of emotional distress. Id. at ¶¶ 220-224. Plaintiffs argue these claims are not barred by the misrepresentation exception because "[t]he government's failure to observe and enforce the anti-solicitation regulations and OPM [Office of Personnel Management] policy directives at agency-sponsored retirement training events" is actionable independent of any government misrepresentation. Doc. 92 (Response) at 46. Plaintiffs also assert that their state law Good Samaritan claim survives because the agencies undertook "a duty to properly conduct and supervise agency retirement and financial education and training," a duty that is "unrelated" to an "agency's duty to make accurate communications," which independent duty was violated by "negligently permitting commercial solicitation and vending when prohibited, negligently permitting commercial solicitation when prohibited, and negligently allowing specific investment advice when prohibited." Doc. 92 (Response) at 48-49. Plaintiffs claim these are failures to perform "operational" duties which are distinct from the duty not to miscommunicate but which nonetheless are linked to plaintiffs' injuries. Id. at 49.

The government argues that it is not the agency employees' failure to follow GSA regulations or some other policy that harmed plaintiffs. Rather, to the extent that government employees harmed plaintiffs (as opposed to it just being McLeod who harmed plaintiffs by his misrepresentations), it was because they vouched for McLeod in a manner which encouraged employees to invest their money with him. According to the government, providing McLeod with airs of respectability and trustworthiness is conduct that falls squarely within the misrepresentation exception. See Boda v. United States, 698 F.2d 1174 (11th Cir.1983) (holding claim barred by misrepresentation exception where plaintiff lost heirloom diamond ring to man in witness protection program whose credentials were provided by the government). In Boda, the Eleventh Circuit "accept[ed] the reasoning of the [S]eventh [C]ircuit ... in Redmond v. United States" in finding that Neustadt barred the negligence claims because they arose out of government misrepresentations. Boda, 698 F.2d at 1176; see also Redmond v. United States, 518 F.2d 811 (7th Cir. 1975) (holding claim barred by misrepresentation exception where the government vouched for a fraudster and plaintiff invested and lost his money).

Plaintiffs claim Boda and Redmond are unpersuasive because they predate the Supreme Court's Block decision which countenanced a Good Samaritan theory of liability as to government employees. While this statement of Block's import is true, neither Boda nor Redmond depart from that principle. Moreover, Block did not abrogate Neustadt, which both Boda and Redmond recognized as binding. In both Boda and Redmond, the plaintiffs were relying on misrepresentations of government employees or their failures to communicate, notwithstanding, like here, that there was an underlying fraudster who was associated with (or, as plaintiffs allege, employed by), the government. See Boda, 698 F.2d at 1175 (plaintiff's suit alleged government employees failed to warn her about criminal history of participant in witness protection program); Redmond, 518 F.2d at 813 (plaintiff's suit alleged he relied on an "aura of respectability," "credibility and trustworthiness" conferred on defrauding securities dealer by government employees). Moreover, in Zelaya, where the plaintiffs were ostensibly proceeding on a Good Samaritan theory,15 the Eleventh Circuit recently reaffirmed that miscommunications or failures to communicate or failures to warn by government employees are barred by the misrepresentation exception. Zelaya, 781 F.3d at 1335, 1338 (holding that "the misrepresentation exception applies to the breach of the duty to use due care in obtaining and communicating information upon which [the plaintiff] may reasonably be expected to rely in the conduct of his economic affairs") (citing Neustadt, 366 U.S. at 706, 81 S.Ct. 1294).

Thus, just because plaintiffs have alleged negligence per se based on a statutory duty under Florida law, negligence under a Good Samaritan theory, and violations of OPM policies and GSA regulations, they still must identify injuries proximately caused by any of that independent negligence;16 here plaintiffs merely state that the breach of those duties "are sufficiently linked to Plaintiffs' injuries." See Doc. 92 (Response) at 49. This is not enough. Plaintiffs must show that some act of independent negligence was the cause of their injury. Zelaya, 781 F.3d at 1336. In Zelaya, the Eleventh Circuit explained that an independent claim of negligence is actionable only where the plaintiff's economic injuries arise out of something other than misrepresentations. Id. at 1337 (distinguishing Block and other cases). Plaintiffs must demonstrate injuries suffered from a duty that is distinct from the misrepresentations. Id. at 1336. United States v. Shearer, 473 U.S. 52, 55, 105 S.Ct. 3039, 87 L.Ed.2d 38 (1985) ("Section 2680(h) does not merely bar claims for [the listed torts]; in sweeping language it excludes any claim arising out of [those torts].") (emphasis in original).

Plaintiffs attempt to escape the broad reach of the misrepresentation exception by arguing that the government's breach of separate duties is an essential part of the chain of causation that led to their injuries. Plaintiffs focus on language in Block which explains that where claims of misrepresentation and negligence share factual and legal issues, the negligence claims can go forward notwithstanding the FTCA's misrepresentation exception. See Block, 460 U.S. at 298, 103 S.Ct. 1089. But where the damages are caused by reliance on the misrepresentation, it cannot be said that a distinct duty has caused a breach. Id. To survive the misrepresentation exception, plaintiffs must allege that the "cause of the injury was the breach of a duty that was distinct from the duty not to miscommunicate." Zelaya, 781 F.3d at 1336.

The crucial component of plaintiffs' claims — the essence of what caused them harm — is that McLeod, assumed to be a government employee, lied about the bona fides of the FEBG Bond Fund, and other government employees, either expressly or impliedly, convinced plaintiffs to trust McLeod and invest with him. Without those misrepresentations, plaintiffs would have suffered no injuries, despite any other negligence by McLeod or other government employees. Stated otherwise, none of the alleged acts of "independent" negligence by McLeod or other government employees would have resulted in injuries to the plaintiffs had the plaintiffs not relied on misrepresentations by McLeod or other government employees. Plaintiffs' injuries are dependent on these misrepresentations and therefore are deemed to "arise out of" them. Id. at 1333 (explaining that "injuries that are dependent" on a misrepresentation are deemed to "arise out of" the misrepresentation).

"[T]he essence of an action for misrepresentation, whether negligent or intentional, is the communication of misinformation on which the recipient relies." Block, 460 U.S. at 296, 103 S.Ct. 1089 (explaining that the claim in Neustadt failed because Neustadt could not identify an injury that he would have suffered independent of his reliance on erroneous appraisal). See also Zelaya, 781 F.3d at 1337 (holding that plaintiffs' claims were barred by the misrepresentation exception because their "injuries here arose precisely from the SEC's failure to notify SPIC"); JBP Acquisitions, 224 F.3d at 1265 ("Without the false representation by the Government that it was the owner of the Property, the consent agreement in the condemnation proceedings never would have been consummated, the Property would not have been demolished, and JBP would have suffered no injury."). So it is here.

IV. Conclusion

In fulfilling Congress' mandate that federal agencies educate their employees about their retirement benefits, the federal law enforcement agencies involved here made what, in retrospect, was a disastrous choice in selecting Kenneth Wayne McLeod to take part in that mission. But it was not attendance at the seminars or meeting with McLeod that harmed the employees; rather, it was the additional step of investing in McLeod's bogus FEBG Bond Fund that caused them injury. That decision was made in reliance on McLeod's and other government employees' misrepresentations or omissions. Thus, plaintiffs' injuries "arise out of" misrepresentations made by government employees. The FTCA's misrepresentation exception bars all of plaintiffs' claims against the government.17

In so ruling, the Court is not without empathy for the many law enforcement officers, their families and friends who were duped by McLeod and who lost so much. While it may seem anomalous that the government may be liable for negligence but not when it makes (even intentional) misrepresentations, such is the way that Congress chose to write the FTCA. This Court must follow the law. With McLeod dead, it is not certain where these plaintiffs go to find their remedy. But, unfortunately, it is not from the United States.

Accordingly, it is hereby

ORDERED:

The United States' motion to dismiss (Doc. 88) is GRANTED. Plaintiffs' amended complaint (Doc. 87) is dismissed for lack of subject matter jurisdiction. The Clerk shall close the file.

DONE AND ORDERED at Jacksonville, Florida this 12th day of September, 2016.