PAUL G. BYRON, UNITED STATES DISTRICT JUDGE.
This case involves unfathomable tragedy. On June 12, 2016, an armed gunman entered the Pulse nightclub and gunned down as many people as he could, killing and injuring dozens. In the aftermath of the horrific attack, Plaintiffs filed suit alleging constitutional deprivations by the City of Orlando and its officers for not preventing the massacre, not going in quickly enough to "neutralize" the shooter, and for unreasonable searches and seizures during the subsequent investigation. These Plaintiffs have suffered immeasurably, and if magnitude of loss determined whether Plaintiffs could recover, then they surely would. But Plaintiffs assert constitutional
This matter is before the Court without oral argument on Defendants' Dispositive Motion to Dismiss (Doc. 49 (the "
The events giving rise to this suit begin the early hours of June 12, 2016. (Doc. 37, ¶¶ 76, 80). At that time, Defendant Adam Todd Gruler ("
Upon re-entering Pulse, the Shooter opened fire on the patrons within. (Id. ¶ 81). When the shooting began, Officer Gruler "immediately became aware that an active shooter was shooting patrons in Pulse," but allegedly "stayed outside." (Id. ¶¶ 81-82). "[S]ome time" after the shooting started, Orlando law enforcement officers entered Pulse and engaged the Shooter, causing him to retreat into a restroom where he barricaded himself with several hostages. (Id. ¶¶ 84-85). Roughly three hours later, law enforcement entered Pulse and "neutralized [the] Shooter." (Id. ¶ 86). All told, forty-nine people were killed, and fifty-three injured, by the Shooter. (Id. ¶ 87).
Over the next ten hours, Defendants John Does 1-12—most alleged to be Orlando police officers
Based on the officers' conduct, Plaintiffs initiated this action on June 7, 2018, alleging numerous constitutional claims related to the shooting. (Doc. 1). Fifteen days later, Plaintiffs filed an Amended Complaint (Doc. 18), which the Court dismissed without prejudice as a shotgun pleading. (Doc. 34). On August 15, 2018, Plaintiffs filed the SAC now before the Court. (Doc. 37). The SAC includes fifty-six named Plaintiffs, eighteen of whom are personal representatives of the estates of deceased victims of the shooting. (Id. ¶ 6). The remaining Plaintiffs were injured at Pulse, suffering gunshot wounds and/or non-physical injuries, such as post-traumatic stress disorder. (Id. ¶¶ 7-9, 12).
The SAC proceeds in four Counts. Count I alleges 42 U.S.C. § 1983 claims on behalf of all Plaintiffs against Officer Gruler and the City of Orlando for Defendants' violation of Plaintiffs' "interest in life, liberty[,] and property and [ ] substantive due process right[s] protected by the 4th and 14th Amendments to the U.S.
A complaint must contain "a short and plain statement of the claim showing that the pleader is entitled to relief." Fed. R. Civ. P. 8(a)(1). Thus, in order to survive a motion to dismiss made pursuant to Rule 12(b)(6), the complaint "must contain sufficient factual matter, accepted as true, to `state a claim to relief that is plausible on its face.'" Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662, 678, 129 S.Ct. 1937, 173 L.Ed.2d 868 (2009) (quoting Bell Atl. Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 544, 570, 127 S.Ct. 1955, 167 L.Ed.2d 929 (2007)). A claim is plausible on its face when the plaintiff "pleads factual content that allows the court to draw the reasonable inference that the defendant is liable for the misconduct alleged." Id.
Though a complaint need not contain detailed factual allegations, mere legal conclusions or recitation of the elements of a claim are not enough. Twombly, 550 U.S. at 555, 127 S.Ct. 1955. Moreover, courts are "not bound to accept as true a legal conclusion couched as a factual allegation." Papasan v. Allain, 478 U.S. 265, 286, 106 S.Ct. 2932, 92 L.Ed.2d 209 (1986). "While legal conclusions can provide the framework of a complaint, they must be supported by factual allegations." Iqbal, 556 U.S. at 679, 129 S.Ct. 1937. Courts must also view the complaint in the light most favorable to the plaintiff and must resolve any doubts as to the sufficiency of the complaint in the plaintiff's favor. Hunnings v. Texaco, Inc., 29 F.3d 1480, 1483 (11th Cir. 1994) (per curiam). In sum, courts must (1) ignore conclusory allegations, bald legal assertions, and formulaic recitations of the elements of a claim; (2) accept well-pled factual allegations as true; and (3) view well-pled allegations in the light most favorable to the plaintiff. Iqbal, 556 U.S. at 667, 129 S.Ct. 1937.
Defendants seek dismissal of Count I because (i) it fails to state a plausible substantive due process claim, and (ii) Officer Gruler is entitled to qualified immunity. (Doc. 49). They also request dismissal of Counts I through III as against the City of Orlando because they fail to state a basis for municipal liability. (Id.). Furthermore, Defendants ask the Court to dismiss Counts II and III as against the Doe Defendants because the SAC impermissibly pleads fictitious defendants. (Id.). Finally, Defendants move to dismiss Count IV against the City of Orlando for failure to state a claim. On review, the Court agrees and holds the SAC is due to be dismissed in its entirety.
Before analyzing the SAC's claims, the Court takes note of the animating principles of the laws on which Plaintiffs' claims rest. Plaintiffs rely on 42 U.S.C. § 1983 to support each of their claims. Section 1983 vests individuals whose federal rights are violated by persons acting under color of
Section 1983 was therefore created to empower federal courts to vindicate the federal rights of individuals harmed by those acting with actual or apparent state law authority. Indeed, "[t]he very purpose of § 1983 was to interpose the federal courts between the States and the people, as guardians of the people's federal rights—to protect the people from unconstitutional action under color of state law, whether that action be executive, legislative, or judicial." Mitchum v. Foster, 407 U.S. 225, 242, 92 S.Ct. 2151, 32 L.Ed.2d 705 (1972) (citations omitted). To that end, § 1983 is a vehicle through which individuals can bring constitutional and federal claims against those clothed with state authority.
One such claim is a Fourteenth Amendment substantive due process claim. The Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment provides that "[n]o State shall... deprive any person of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law." U.S. Const. amend. XIV, § 1. Like § 1983, the Due Process Clause "was intended to prevent government `from abusing [its] power, or employing it as an instrument of oppression.'" Collins v. City of Harker Heights, 503 U.S. 115, 126, 112 S.Ct. 1061, 117 L.Ed.2d 261 (1992) (quoting DeShaney v. Winnebago Cty. Dep't of Soc. Servs., 489 U.S. 189, 196, 109 S.Ct. 998, 103 L.Ed.2d 249 (1989)).
Fourteenth Amendment substantive due process protections do not "entail a body of constitutional law imposing liability whenever someone cloaked with state authority causes harm." Cty. of Sacramento v. Lewis, 523 U.S. 833, 848, 118 S.Ct. 1708, 140 L.Ed.2d 1043 (1998). Neither is the Due Process Clause a "font of tort law to be superimposed upon whatever systems may already be administered by the States." Id. (quoting Daniels v. Williams, 474 U.S. 327, 332, 106 S.Ct. 662, 88 L.Ed.2d 662 (1986)). The Constitution, instead, deals with "the large concerns of the governors and the governed." Id.
The Court begins with Count I's substantive due process claims against Officer Gruler.
Before addressing the SAC, the Court submits the following overview of important precedent in this area, which illustrates why Plaintiffs' claims fail.
It has long been held that "a State's failure to protect an individual against private violence simply does not constitute a violation of the Due Process Clause." DeShaney,
Despite the department's notice of the threat and failure to act, the Supreme Court found no substantive due process violation, holding that the Due Process Clause provides no guarantee of government protection from private violence.
Id. at 195, 109 S.Ct. 998. Thus, the Court affirmed the principle that the Due Process Clause affords no affirmative right to government aid, "even where such aid may be necessary to secure life, liberty, or property interests of which the government itself may not deprive the individual." Id. at 196, 109 S.Ct. 998.
This principle was reaffirmed in another tragic case, Town of Castle Rock v. Gonzales, 545 U.S. 748, 125 S.Ct. 2796, 162 L.Ed.2d 658 (2005). There, Jessica Gonzales had obtained a Colorado restraining order limiting her estranged husband's contact with her and her three daughters. Id. at 751, 125 S.Ct. 2796. One evening, Gonzales' daughters went missing. Id. at 753, 125 S.Ct. 2796. She immediately called the police, alerting them that she suspected her estranged husband had taken them. Id. Gonzales contacted the police five times that night, and each time they did nothing. Id. at 753-54, 125 S.Ct. 2796. Hours after the girls went missing, the estranged husband showed up at the police station and initiated a firefight with police, who shot and killed him. Id. at 754, 125 S.Ct. 2796. Soon after, it was discovered that he murdered the girls and left them in his car. Id. at 754, 125 S.Ct. 2796. Gonzales brought suit, asserting substantive and procedural due process claims, for the police's failure to enforce her restraining order.
The Supreme Court summarily found that Gonzales could not state a substantive due process claim because "the Due Process Clause does not `requir[e] the State to protect the life, liberty, and property of its citizens against invasion by private actors.'" Id. at 755, 769, 125 S.Ct. 2796 (quoting DeShaney, 489 U.S. at 195, 109 S.Ct. 998). The Court likewise found that Gonzales could not state a procedural due process claim. Id. at 769, 125 S.Ct. 2796. Faced with the question of whether Gonzales had a "legitimate claim of entitlement" in the police enforcing her restraining order, the Court held that a "benefit is not a protected entitlement if government officials may grant or deny it in their discretion." Id. at 756, 760-61, 125 S.Ct. 2796. "The practical necessity for [police] discretion" warranted the conclusion that Colorado police were not under a mandatory
Following the high Court's direction, the U.S. Circuit Courts of Appeals have applied this principle in myriad cases. For instance, in Tucker v. Callahan, 867 F.2d 909, (6th Cir. 1989), the Sixth Circuit affirmed the dismissal of a suit bringing due process claims against a police officer who watched a brawl that rendered the plaintiff a quadriplegic but failed to intervene or summon emergency assistance. Id. at 910-14. In Pinder v. Johnson, 54 F.3d 1169 (4th Cir. 1995) (en banc), the Fourth Circuit found no substantive due process violation where police officers responding to a reported domestic dispute affirmatively promised the victim that the perpetrator would be arrested and detained, but actually released the perpetrator who immediately returned to burn the victim's house down, killing her three children. Id. at 1172, 1174.
Closer to home, the Eleventh Circuit has consistently affirmed the proposition that "a person does not have a constitutional right under the Fourteenth Amendment to be protected from the criminal acts of third parties." See, e.g., Mitchell v. Duval Cty. Sch. Bd., 107 F.3d 837, 838 (11th Cir. 1997) (per curiam). In Mitchell, Richard Mitchell tried to call his father from the school's administration office to get a ride home, but school officials denied his entry, so he had to use an outside pay phone and wait there for his father to arrive. Id. Mitchell was then shot and killed by private actors while waiting for his ride. Id. The personal representative of Mitchell's estate sued the school board under the Due Process Clause. Id. The Eleventh Circuit summarily affirmed the district court's dismissal, citing DeShaney and rejecting the plaintiff's argument that the claim could proceed under a "special relationship" or "special danger" theory of Fourteenth Amendment liability. Id. at 838-40.
Against this backdrop, it is clear that Count I against Officer Gruler cannot survive. Since this entire circumstance begins and ends with a private actor, Officer Gruler cannot be sued for violating Plaintiffs' due process rights. Indeed, Count I boils down to a claim that Gruler initially absconded and then failed to protect Plaintiffs after the attack began. Yet, "[t]he affirmative duty of protection that the Supreme Court rejected in DeShaney is precisely the duty [Plaintiffs] rel[y] on in this case." See Pinder, 54 F.3d at 1174. Officer Gruler's alleged failure to protect Plaintiffs
Even if Count I was not precluded by the DeShaney rule, the SAC does not plausibly allege that Officer Gruler's conduct shocks the conscience. Count I is therefore due to be dismissed on this alternative ground.
To prevail on a substantive due process claim, plaintiffs must plead and ultimately prove official action that "shocks the conscience." Lewis, 523 U.S. at 846, 118 S.Ct. 1708. The conscience-shocking standard was first articulated in Rochin v. California, 342 U.S. 165, 72 S.Ct. 205, 96 S.Ct. 183 (1952). There, the Supreme Court found that the illegal forced pumping of a detained suspect's stomach "shock[ed] the conscience" because it violated the "decencies of civilized conduct." Id. at 172-73, 72 S.Ct. 205. This amounted to a substantive due process violation.
Since then, the Supreme Court has been loath to recognize other circumstances where the "shocks the conscience" standard is met to support a substantive due process claim. In Lewis, the Court noted that even intentional harm seldom violates the Due Process Clause, and "only the most egregious official conduct can be said to be `arbitrary in the constitutional sense.'" 523 U.S. at 846, 118 S.Ct. 1708 (quoting Collins, 503 U.S. at 129, 112 S.Ct. 1061). In defining this standard, the Court found that conduct intended to injure a person arbitrarily—i.e. government conduct disconnected from a legitimate government interest—"is the sort of official action most likely to rise to the conscience-shocking level." Id. at 849, 118 S.Ct. 1708 (citing Daniels, 474 U.S. at 331, 106 S.Ct. 662 ("Historically, this guarantee of due process has been applied to deliberate decisions of government officials to deprive a person of life, liberty, or property.")). That means "negligently inflicted harm is categorically beneath the threshold of [a] constitutional due process" violation. Id. at 849, 118 S.Ct. 1708. Furthermore, this inquiry turns on the facts—it is not "subject to mechanical application in unfamiliar territory." Id.
In the context of police action, the Supreme Court has held that an even "higher standard of fault" is necessary to support a due process claim when police are required to act fast in the face of an emergency. Id. at 852-54, 118 S.Ct. 1708. "[W]hen unforeseen circumstances demand an officer's instant judgment, even precipitate recklessness fails to inch close enough to harmful purpose to spark the shock that implicates `the large concerns of the governors and the governed.'" Id. at 853, 118 S.Ct. 1708 (quoting Daniels, 474 U.S. at 332, 106 S.Ct. 662). Furthermore, courts may "not use hindsight to judge the acts of police officers," and must instead consider "what [the officer(s)] knew (or reasonably should have known) at the time of the act." Rodriguez v. Farrell, 280 F.3d 1341, 1352-53 (11th Cir. 2002).
The Supreme Court expounded this rule in Lewis, where it addressed the competing courses of action a police officer must consider when responding in a split second to a dangerously-fleeing suspect. 523 U.S. at 853, 118 S.Ct. 1708. There, police initiated a dangerous high-speed chase—prohibited by the sheriff's department's policy on pursuit—that ended with a collision that killed a teenage passenger on the
Like the officers in Lewis, Officer Gruler was faced with a sudden emergency and had no time to deliberate. He could have gone in immediately to face an uncertain threat, potentially harming those inside in an attempt to neutralize the suspect, or alternatively stayed outside Pulse, called for backup, or set up a perimeter to secure the structure. He chose to momentarily leave his post and stayed outside when the gunshots began. In these circumstances, Officer Gruler's conduct does not "shock the conscience." Assuming the truth of the SAC's allegations and viewing the SAC in the light most favorable to Plaintiffs, Officer Gruler's conduct can conceivably be characterized as negligent—perhaps even reckless. But as noted above, even "precipitate recklessness" is insufficient to support a substantive due process claim. See Lewis, 523 U.S. at 853, 118 S.Ct. 1708. "Regardless whether [Officer Gruler's] behavior offended the reasonableness held up by tort law or the balance struck in law enforcement's own codes of sound practice, it does not shock the conscience, and [he may] not [be] called upon to answer for it under § 1983." See id. at 855, 118 S.Ct. 1708. So Count I also fails because, DeShaney aside, Officer Gruler's alleged conduct does not "shock the conscience."
Next, Plaintiffs attempt to salvage their substantive due process claims by advancing a deliberate indifference theory. (Doc. 37, ¶ 92). Like before, this fails.
Outside the custodial context, this claim is hard to come by. "[A]t the very least, [it] require[s] a showing of deliberate indifference to an extremely great risk of serious injury to someone in Plaintiffs' position." Waddell v. Hendry Cty. Sheriff's Office, 329 F.3d 1300, 1306 (11th Cir. 2003) (emphasis added). "To act with deliberate indifference, a state actor must know of and disregard an excessive—that is, an extremely great—risk to the victim's health or safety." Id. This standard is "sensibly employed only when actual deliberation is practical." Lewis, 523 U.S. at 851, 118 S.Ct. 1708.
Accordingly, the "deliberate indifference" standard for substantive due process claims is inapplicable to this case of unforeseen circumstances where actual
Plaintiffs cite several inapposite district court decisions in support of their argument that Officer Gruler's conduct was deliberately indifferent to Plaintiffs' constitutional rights. First, Olson v. Barrett, No. 6:13-cv-1886, 2015 WL 1277933 (M.D. Fla. Mar. 20, 2015). In Olson, police went to Shelly Olson's home one evening, in part to perform a suicide check. Id. at *1-3. Police questioned Ms. Olson in her home, then went outside to gather additional information, leaving her unattended. Id. at *3. Moments later, Ms. Olson retrieved a shotgun and shot herself in the chest. Id. "None of the officers provided Ms. Olson with basic life support at this time, and no ambulance was called." Id. Paramedics arrived nine minutes after the gunshot, too late to save Ms. Olson's life. Id. at *4. Her estate brought a substantive due process claim, and the district court found that the complaint stated a plausible "medical indifference" claim based on officers' failure to "undertake any lifesaving actions" in the nine minutes that Ms. Olson laid on the ground dying in front of police without receiving any medical treatment. Id. at *9-11.
Plaintiffs' reliance on Olson is misguided. Unlike Olson, which involved a suicide attempt witnessed by police followed by nine minutes of inaction while Ms. Olson lay dying in front of police, the instant case stems from a prolonged emergency created by a well-armed assailant firing dozens of rounds inside a nightclub over several hours. The Court is not inclined to expand Olson's narrow holding to the dramatically different facts of this case. See White v. Lemacks, 183 F.3d 1253, 1259 (11th Cir. 1999) (requiring the arbitrary and conscience-shocking standards "be narrowly interpreted and applied").
Second, Plaintiffs offer Waldron v. Spicher, No. 5:16-cv-658, 2017 WL 3972464 (M.D. Fla. Aug. 11, 2017) (Report & Recommendation), adopted, 2017 WL 3922946 (M.D. Fla. Sept. 7, 2017). Waldron is likewise unhelpful to Plaintiffs' case. In Waldron, police responded to an emergency call reporting an attempted suicide by Anthony Ybarra, Jr. Id. at *1. Mr. Ybarra tried to hang himself from a tree but was almost immediately noticed by family members and a neighbor who cut him down and began administering CPR. Id. When a deputy arrived, he instructed the person performing CPR to stop, told incoming emergency units not to hurry, and blocked paramedics from reaching Mr. Ybarra after they arrived. Id. at *1-2. Paramedics eventually reached Mr. Ybarra and resumed CPR "with life signs," but he died in the hospital a week later. Id. at *2. Mr. Ybarra's estate brought a substantive due process claim for the police's "medical indifference," and at the motion to dismiss stage, the court found that the complaint stated a plausible claim. Id. at *6. The Court is unpersuaded by Waldron for the same reasons it is unmoved by Olson.
Finally, the Court turns to Officer Gruler's qualified immunity argument. Qualified immunity protects government officials "from liability for civil damages insofar as their conduct does not violate clearly established statutory or constitutional rights of which a reasonable person would have known." Harlow v. Fitzgerald, 457 U.S. 800, 818, 102 S.Ct. 2727, 73 L.Ed.2d 396 (1982). Qualified immunity protects all officials except "the plainly incompetent or those who knowingly violate the law." Malley v. Briggs, 475 U.S. 335, 341, 106 S.Ct. 1092, 89 L.Ed.2d 271 (1986).
To receive qualified immunity, a government official "must first prove that he was acting within the scope of his discretionary authority when the allegedly wrongful acts occurred." Lee v. Ferraro, 284 F.3d 1188, 1194 (11th Cir. 2002) (internal quotation marks omitted). "Once the defendant establishes that he was acting within his discretionary authority, the burden shifts to the plaintiff to show that qualified immunity is not appropriate." Lee, 284 F.3d at 1194. To do so, the plaintiff must make a two-part showing. First, the plaintiff must allege that the facts of the case, if proven to be true, would make out a constitutional violation. Pearson v. Callahan, 555 U.S. 223, 232, 129 S.Ct. 808, 172 L.Ed.2d 565 (2009); Beshers v. Harrison, 495 F.3d 1260, 1265 (11th Cir. 2007). Second, the plaintiff must show that the constitutional right was "clearly established" at the time of the alleged misconduct. Pearson, 555 U.S. at 232, 129 S.Ct. 808. Because qualified immunity provides a complete defense from suit, "courts should ascertain the validity of a qualified immunity defense as early in the lawsuit as possible." Gilmore v. Hodges, 738 F.3d 266, 272 (11th Cir. 2013).
"For a constitutional right to be clearly established, its contours `must be sufficiently clear that a reasonable official would understand that what he is doing violates that right.'" Hope v. Pelzer, 536 U.S. 730, 739, 122 S.Ct. 2508, 153 L.Ed.2d 666 (2002) (quoting Anderson v. Creighton, 483 U.S. 635, 640, 107 S.Ct. 3034, 97 L.Ed.2d 523 (1987)). Even in novel factual circumstances, "officials can still be on notice that their conduct violates established law ...." Id. at 741, 122 S.Ct. 2508 (rejecting a requirement that previous cases have "materially similar" facts to give officials notice). For instance, officials may be on notice where "a broader, clearly established principle ... control[s] the novel facts in [a] situations," or where conduct "so obviously violates th[e] constitution that prior case law is unnecessary." Mercado v. City of Orlando, 407 F.3d 1152, 1159 (11th Cir. 2005).
In this case, Plaintiffs can satisfy neither part of the two-part showing to establish that Officer Gruler is not entitled qualified immunity. As discussed supra Subsections III.A.1-3, Plaintiffs have not alleged facts that make out a constitutional violation. See Pearson, 555 U.S. at 232, 129 S.Ct. 808. And even if they had, Plaintiffs have not shown that the constitutional right at issue was "clearly established." See id. Plaintiffs rely on Olson and Waldron to demonstrate that the Pulse nightclub occupants had a "clearly established" constitutional right to Officer Gruler's assistance. (Doc. 55, p. 6). But as the Court's analysis supra Subsection III.A.3 makes clear, neither Olson nor Waldron supports the proposition that Officer Gruler violated Plaintiffs' rights. Count I therefore fails to state a plausible claim against Officer Gruler, and even if it did, he is entitled to qualified immunity.
Count I also avers claims by all Plaintiffs against the City of Orlando. (Doc. 37, p. 16). However, the Complaint and Response to Defendants' Motion to Dismiss do not make clear the theory of liability Count I relies on for this Defendant. Indeed, the City of Orlando is not mentioned in the SAC's "GENERAL ALLEGATIONS" section (see Doc. 37, ¶¶ 76-90) or in the allegations specific to Count I (see id. ¶¶ 92-106). Count I incorporates by reference the SAC's "PARTIES" section, which mentions Defendant City of Orlando in a single paragraph.
Plaintiffs' first Amended Complaint alleged claims against thirty John Doe Defendants without including identifying information specific to any individual John Does. (Doc. 18). In an August 1, 2018, hearing (the
(Doc. 34, p. 3 n.2).
Plaintiffs did not heed the Court's repeated warnings. Instead, Plaintiffs filed the SAC, which brought two Counts against fifteen Doe Defendants. (Doc. 37, ¶¶ 116, 120).
The conclusion that Plaintiffs' fictitious-defendant pleading warrants dismissal is bolstered by Eleventh Circuit caselaw, which has drawn fine distinctions in this area. "It is important to distinguish suing fictitious parties from real parties sued under a fictitious name. There may be times when, for one reason or another, the plaintiff is unwilling or unable to use a party's real name." Dean v. Barber, 951 F.2d 1210, 1215 (11th Cir. 1992). The likelihood that pleading Doe defendants will be permissible increases where the plaintiff is pro se
Plaintiffs seek to invoke an exception that the Court finds inapplicable. Plaintiffs argue that an exception to the fictitious-party rule allows fictitious-defendant pleading "if a plaintiff uses the discovery process to determine the identity of the defendants whose conduct has been described in the complaint." (Doc. 55, p. 10 (citing Wright & Miller, 5A Federal Practice & Procedure, § 1321 (3d ed.))). To that end, Plaintiffs say fictitious-defendant pleading is appropriate where "a) the fictitious party is a real person whose identity is unknown, b) plaintiff contemporaneously seeks to ascertain the identity of the fictitious party through limited discovery, and c) the court finds that such proposed discovery is narrowly tailored and is likely to lead to identification of the fictitious party." (Id. (quoting Quad Int'l, Inc. v. Doe, No. 12-674-N, 2013 WL 718448, at *3 (S.D. Ala. Jan. 7, 2013))).
Second, the fact that two Defendants are named in the SAC—Officer Gruler and the City of Orlando—precludes application of the exception. In Quad Int'l, the court limited the scope of the exception to situations where "plaintiff knows of no party defendant which could be named and thus cannot otherwise bring suit." Id.
In sum, fictitious-party pleading "wreaks havoc on a defendant's ability to respond." (Doc. 35, p. 23). The SAC's failure to identify the Doe Defendants with substantial specificity—and Plaintiffs' failure to meet the limited-discovery exception's requirements—requires
Last, the Court turns to Count IV, which alleges a Monell claim against Defendant City of Orlando for its failure to adequately train Officer Gruler and the Doe Defendants "in how to provide adequate security in public places that are highly susceptible to danger, and how to enter and neutralize an active shooter." (Doc. 37, pp. 26-30). Defendants move to dismiss Count IV on two grounds: (i) Count IV lacks an underlying constitutional violation; and (ii) Count IV fails to state a plausible claim. (Doc. 49, pp. 21-25). The Court agrees that dismissal is warranted on either ground.
First, Count IV fails because of the absence of an underlying constitutional violation. Indeed, a Monell claim is derivative of—and thus requires—an underlying constitutional violation. City of L.A. v. Heller, 475 U.S. 796, 799, 106 S.Ct. 1571, 89 L.Ed.2d 806 (1986). As the Court concluded supra, the SAC fails to allege underlying constitutional violations by Defendant City of Orlando's officers. Count IV thus does not state a claim. See Knight ex rel. Kerr v. Miami-Dade Cty., 856 F.3d 795, 821 (11th Cir. 2017) ("There can be no policy-based liability or supervisory liability when there is no underlying constitutional violation."). But even if the SAC alleged an underlying constitutional violation, it fails to allege a custom or policy supporting Monell liability.
A plaintiff suing a municipality can recover under § 1983 if "action pursuant to official municipal policy of some nature caused a constitutional tort." Monell, 436 U.S. at 691, 98 S.Ct. 2018. Official municipal policy includes governmental leaders' decisions, as well as "practices so persistent and widespread as to practically have the force of law. These are actions for which the municipality is actually responsible." Connick v. Thompson, 563 U.S. 51, 61, 131 S.Ct. 1350, 179 L.Ed.2d 417 (2011) (citation and quotation marks omitted). To support a Monell claim, the official policy must be the "moving force behind the constitutional violation." Harris, 489 U.S. 378, 389, 109 S.Ct. 1197, 103 L.Ed.2d 412 (1989) (alteration accepted).
Under certain circumstances, a local government may incur liability for failing to train its employees about their obligation to avoid violating citizens' rights. Connick, 563 U.S. at 61, 131 S.Ct. 1350. Such a claim is only available where "a municipality's failure to train its employees in a relevant respect ... amount[s] to `deliberate indifference to the rights of persons with whom the untrained employees come into contact.'" Id. (alteration accepted) (quoting Canton, 489 U.S. at 388, 109 S.Ct. 1197). Generally, "a pattern of similar constitutional violations by untrained employees" is necessary to establish the requisite deliberate indifference. Id. at 62, 131 S.Ct. 1350. However, there is a second path to failure-to-train liability: the "single-incident" theory, which Plaintiffs rely upon here. Id. at 63-64, 131 S.Ct. 1350; (Doc. 37, ¶ 122; Doc. 55, p. 12).
The single-incident theory was first mentioned in Canton. There, the Supreme Court hypothesized that a municipality could incur liability for failing to train its employees based on a single constitutional violation where, because of the employees' duties, the need for training is "so obvious, and the inadequacy so likely to result in the violation of constitutional rights, that the policymakers of the city can reasonably be said to have been deliberately indifferent to the need." Canton, 489 U.S. at 390, 109 S.Ct. 1197. The Court illustrated with the following example:
Id. at 390 n.10, 109 S.Ct. 1197 (citation omitted).
The theory was put to the test in Connick. John Thompson was convicted of attempted robbery after Orleans Parish District Attorneys failed to disclose to the defense exculpatory evidence as required by Brady v. Maryland, 373 U.S. 83, 83 S.Ct. 1194, 10 L.Ed.2d 215 (1963). Connick, 563 U.S. at 54, 131 S.Ct. 1350. Because of this conviction, Thompson did not testify when he went to trial for murder, and he was again convicted. Id. After spending eighteen years in prison, the Brady evidence was discovered and both convictions were vacated. Id. Thompson was retried and acquitted. Id. at 56, 131 S.Ct. 1350. Thompson sued the attorney's office for its policy of failing to adequately train its prosecutors on their Brady obligations. Id. at 57, 131 S.Ct. 1350. The Supreme Court found that the attorney's office was not liable under the single-incident theory, holding "[t]he obvious need for specific legal training that was present in the Canton scenario is absent here." Id. at 64, 131 S.Ct. 1350.
Like Connick, Count IV fails because Plaintiffs did not plausibly allege that the City of Orlando's failure to train officers on "security in public places that are highly susceptible to danger, and how to enter and neutralize an active shooter," (Doc. 37, ¶ 121), fits within the "narrow range of Canton's hypothesized single-incident liability." See Connick, 563 U.S. at 64, 131 S.Ct. 1350. As discussed more thoroughly above, Plaintiffs have not plausibly alleged that nightclubs are at such great risk of attack that a municipality's failure to train its police officers on how to respond and even "neutralize an active shooter" amounts to deliberate indifference. The incredibly specific training envisioned by Plaintiffs on responding to and neutralizing a hypothetical active shooter without violating anyone's constitutional rights bears no resemblance to the use-of-deadly-force training envisioned in Canton. Though municipalities would be wise to train their police officers on responding to active shooters, failure to provide such training does not amount to a constitutional tort. See Gaviria v. Guerra, No. 17-23490, 2018 WL 1876124, at *7 (S.D. Fla. Apr. 19, 2018) ("Neither the Supreme Court nor the Eleventh Circuit has ever applied the single-incident liability exception."). Count IV thus does not state a plausible claim.
Plaintiffs are not entitled leave to amend. District courts must sua sponte grant leave to amend after dismissing a plaintiff's pleading the first time. Vibe Micro, Inc. v. Shabanets, 878 F.3d 1291, 1295 (11th Cir. 2018). The Court allowed amendment after dismissing the Amended Complaint on August 1, 2018, and need not do so again. (Doc. 34). Moreover, each claim fell well short of the plausibility threshold, thus the Court finds that amendment would be futile. See Corsello v. Lincare, Inc., 428 F.3d 1008, 1014 (11th Cir. 2005) (stating a district court need not allow amendment where amendment would be futile). The SAC is thus due to be dismissed with prejudice.
Accordingly, it is
(Id. ¶ 72).
