ORDER

JAMES D. WHITTEMORE, District Judge.

BEFORE THE COURT are motions to dismiss Relator Bell's Second Amended Complaint from Defendants Cross Garden Care Center, LLC (Dkt. 91) and Karl Cross (Dkt. 102), and Bell's responses in opposition (Dkts. 99, 110). Upon consideration, the motions are GRANTED in part and DENIED in part. The claims against Defendant Tabatha Cross have been dismissed (Dkt. 118), and her motion to dismiss is therefore DENIED as moot. (Dkt. 103).

I. FACTUAL ALLEGATIONS

This action alleges violations of the federal False Claims Act (FCA) and the Florida False Claims Act (FFCA) for claims relating to medical services and the length of patient stays submitted by a skilled nursing facility to the Center for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS). The United States and the State of Florida have elected not to intervene in the action. (Dkts. 31-32).

Accepting the allegations of the Complaint as true, Defendant Karl Cross is the founder of Cross Senior Care, a chain of skilled nursing facilities including the Cross Garden Care Center (CGC) facility. (Dkt. 81 ¶ 18). Relator Bell is a former administrator of the CGC facility, which was owned by Defendant Cross Garden Care Center, LLC (Cross Garden). (Id. ¶¶ 4, 16, 19). She reported directly to Karl Cross. (Id. ¶ 49).

Bell alleges that Defendants engaged in several practices she argues constitute violations of the FCA. For example, she contends that CMS covers the cost of a patient's first 100 days in a skilled nursing facility and, beyond this period, the patient is required to cover costs. (Id. ¶ 2, 40). She alleges Defendants "required their medical staff to keep patients on service for 100 days ... without regard to patient welfare or medical necessity ... to maximize reimbursement from Medicare." (Id. ¶ 3). More specifically, she alleges "[a]s she reviewed ... utilization reports, she noticed that Karl Cross and [Cross Garden] kept track of how many days a resident had remaining under Medicare's 100 day Benefit Period," that "once a patient reached 100 days, CGC, at the direction of Karl Cross, immediately discharged the patient," and that Defendants "refused to discharge any, or virtually any, Medicare patients before they reached the end of the 100 day Benefit Period." (Id. ¶¶ 68-70). Relatedly, she alleges that Defendants "falsely readmitted patients in order to reset the 100 day Benefit Period," such as patient W.S. who was readmitted after three to four day transfers to Palmetto Psychiatric Unit. (Id. ¶¶ 71-76). She was aware of the practice because she "personally observed [W.S.'] treatment." (Id. ¶ 79). The Complaint provides the initials of other patients who allegedly stayed at Cross Garden's facilities for 100 days during multiple benefit periods. (Id. ¶ 81).1

Next, Bell alleges that, as an administrator, she noticed "that many of the facility's residents did not require therapy services and were not eligible for treatment at the [skilled nursing facility]" but nonetheless received services. (Id. ¶ 50). The Complaint mentions a patient, W.S., who suffered schizophrenia and was able to perform everyday functions without assistance. (Id. ¶ 51). Defendants allegedly provided occupational and physical therapy services to him and submitted claims for reimbursement. (Id. ¶ 52-53). Another patient, J.P., could walk without assistance and refused therapy services. (Id. ¶ 57-58). Practitioners performed bedside therapy in the form of "a few minutes of stretching from time to time." (Id. ¶ 59). Bell personally observed the treatment of W.S. and J.P. (Id. ¶¶ 55, 62).

Bell also alleges Defendants categorized patients into higher Resource Utilization Group (RUG) levels to obtain higher reimbursements. (Id. ¶ 100). Rehab therapy is classified by different RUG levels, with higher levels resulting in higher Medicare reimbursement. (Id. ¶¶ 41, 47-48). And patients "with a high level of independence are not good candidates for rehab therapy," while patients who are "extremely sick, unable to participate, and have a poor rehab prognosis are not good candidates for rehab therapy." (Id. ¶¶ 43-45). She also alleges that Karl Cross "routinely wrote e-mails to the effect of, `We need to get these RUG levels up.'" (Id. ¶ 66).

Finally, Bell contends that Medicaid patients in Florida receive an allowance of $105 per month while in a skilled nursing facility, and that the CGC facility "took money out of the patients' individual accounts and placed it in a general facility account." (Id. ¶ 85-87). "Karl Cross then used the money from this general account to purchase furniture for the [skilled nursing facility]." (Id. ¶ 88). The Complaint includes as an example Karl Cross removing $400 from W.S.' account to purchase a $90 television. (Id. ¶ 89-90). And "nurses complained to Bell that they were prevented from providing therapy services to Medicaid patients because Medicaid reimbursed at a lower level than Medicare for such services." (Id. ¶ 93).

Bell brings three claims against Defendants. Count I alleges a violation of the FCA, 31 U.S.C. § 3729(a)(1)(A), for knowingly presenting a false claim for payment in the form of billing unnecessary therapy services, falsely inflating RUG levels, unnecessarily retaining patients for 100 days, and improperly resetting the 100-day benefit period for readmitted patients. (Id. ¶¶ 99-100). Count II alleges a violation of § 3729(a)(1)(B) for making a false record or statement to a false claim when Defendants "created false narratives in patient notes to justify their decision to provide services in excess of what is medically necessary." (Id. ¶¶ 104-05). Bell brings Count III under the FFCA, Fla. Stat. § 68.082(2)(a), alleging Defendants "appropriate[d] patient allowances and us[ed] those funds to purchase furniture and equipment for their facilities." (Id. ¶¶ 109-10).

Defendants raise four arguments for dismissal.2 First, they argue the Complaint does not allege fraud with particularity to satisfy Rule 9(b) of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure. Second, they contend that Bell invoked an incorrect basis for the Court's supplemental jurisdiction over the FFCA claim and that the conduct giving rise to the FFCA claim is not part of the same transaction or occurrence as the FCA claim. Third, they contend the Middle District of Florida is an improper venue. Finally, they argue the Second Amended Complaint is an impermissible shotgun pleading. (Dkts. 92, 102).

II. STANDARD

A complaint must contain a "short and plain statement of the claim showing that the pleader is entitled to relief." Fed. R. Civ. P. 8(a)(2). The complaint must "plead all facts establishing an entitlement to relief with more than `labels and conclusions' or a `formulaic recitation of the elements of a cause of action.'" Resnick v. AvMed, Inc., 693 F.3d 1317, 1324 (11th Cir. 2012) (quoting Bell Atl. Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 554, 555 (2007)). "[O]nly a complaint that states a plausible claim for relief survives a motion to dismiss." Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662, 679 (2008) (citation omitted). "A claim has facial plausibility when the plaintiff pleads factual content that allows the court to draw the reasonable inference that the defendant is liable for the misconduct alleged." Id. at 678 (citation omitted). "Determining whether a complaint states a plausible claim for relief will ... be a context-specific task that requires the reviewing court to draw on its judicial experience and common sense." Id. at 679 (citation omitted).

III. DISCUSSION

The motions are due to be granted in part and denied in part. The allegations in Count I satisfy Rules 8(a) and 9(b) of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure, but the allegations supporting Count II do not. Second, the FFCA claim in Count III is due to be dismissed because the factual allegations giving rise to the FFCA claim are not part of the same transaction or occurrence as the FCA claim. Third, the Middle District of Florida is a proper venue for this action. Finally, Defendants' contention that the Complaint is a shotgun pleading is not a basis to dismiss the action.

1. Specificity of the Allegations Stating an FCA Claim

The FCA imposes liability on any person who knowingly presents or causes to be presented a false or fraudulent claim for payment or approval, 31 U.S.C. § 3729(a)(1)(A), or knowingly makes, uses, or causes to be made or used a false record or statement material to a false or fraudulent claim, § 3729(a)(1)(B). "To prevail on an FCA claim, the plaintiff must prove that the defendant (1) made a false statement, (2) with scienter, (3) that was material, (4) causing the Government to make a payment." United States v. AseraCare, Inc., 938 F.3d 1278, 1284 (11th Cir. 2019) (citation omitted); see also United States ex rel. Sharpe v. Americare Ambulance, No. 8:13-cv-1171-T-33AEP, 2017 WL 2840574, at *4 (M.D. Fla. July 3, 2017); Baklid-Kunz v. Halifax Hosp. Med. Ctr., No. 6:09-CV-1002-ORL-31, 2014 WL 2968251, at *3 (M.D. Fla. July 1, 2014).

Moreover, an FCA complaint must "state with particularity the circumstances constituting fraud." Fed. R. Civ. P. 9(b); see United States ex rel. Clausen v. Lab. Corp. of Am., 290 F.3d 1301, 1310 (11th Cir. 2002). This is satisfied if the complaint alleges "facts as to time, place, and substance of the defendant's alleged fraud, specifically the details of the defendants' allegedly fraudulent acts, when they occurred, and who engaged in them." Hopper v. Solvay Pharm., Inc., 588 F.3d 1318, 1324 (11th Cir. 2009) (internal quotation marks and citations omitted).

Rule 9(b) does not permit a relator "merely to describe a private scheme in detail but then to allege simply and without any stated reason for his belief that claims requesting illegal payments must have been submitted, were likely submitted or should have been submitted to the Government." Clausen, 290 F.3d at 1311 (citation omitted). Rather, there must be "some indicia of reliability ... in the complaint to support the allegation of an actual false claim for payment being made to the Government." Id. (emphasis in original). As the Eleventh Circuit explains:

United States ex rel. Chase v. HPC Healthcare, Inc., 723 F. App'x 783, 789 (11th Cir. 2018) (internal citations omitted).3

Defendants contend Counts I and II fail to allege the submission of a false claim, scienter, falsity, and materiality. (Dkt. 91 at 4-5). Although a close call, the allegations are sufficient to state a claim for presentment of a false claim, but not a false statement in connection with a claim.

Count I: Presentment of a False Claim

Bell raises four alleged practices of Defendants to support Count I: unnecessary therapy, inflated RUG levels, and maximizing and resetting 100-day benefit periods. While some of the allegations suffer deficiencies,4 Count I states an FCA claim with the required specificity.

Turning to Bell's Complaint, she supports her claim of unnecessary services by noting that patient W.S. was able to perform everyday functions yet received therapy. (Dkt. 81 ¶¶ 50-51). And although another patient, J.P., could walk without assistance and refused therapy, Defendants' practitioners nonetheless assisted him at his bedside with stretching, which was submitted as a claim for therapy services. (Id. ¶¶ 58-59). Although she does not provide detail of any particular claims that were submitted, Bell "personally observed" the treatment of W.S. and J.P. (Id. ¶¶ 55, 62).

She also alleges that Defendants "required their medical staff to keep patients on service for 100 days ... without regard to patient welfare or medical necessity ... to maximize reimbursement from Medicare." (Id. ¶ 3). In support, she alleges that "[a]s she reviewed ... utilization reports, she noticed that Karl Cross and [Cross Garden] kept track of how many days a resident had remaining under Medicare's 100 day Benefit Period," that "once a patient reached 100 days, CGC, at the direction of Karl Cross, immediately discharged the patient," and that Defendants "refused to discharge any, or virtually any, Medicare patients before they reached the end of the 100 day Benefit Period." (Id. ¶¶ 68-70). The Complaint lists other patients who allegedly stayed at facilities unnecessarily for 100 days, including for multiple periods. (Id. ¶¶ 71-76, 81). She was aware of the practice, since she "personally observed the patients remaining in care far longer than necessary, and often on multiple 100-day cycles, and because she had access to Defendants' records to confirm the accuracy of her personal observation." (Id. ¶¶ 79, 82).

At least in part, Bell alleges that Defendants billed Medicaid for unnecessary medical services. Courts have found such claims actionable under the FCA. See, e.g., U.S. ex rel. Riley v. St. Luke's Episcopal Hosp., 355 F.3d 370, 376-77 (5th Cir. 2004); United States ex rel. Polukoff v. St. Mark's Hosp., 895 F.3d 730, 742 (10th Cir. 2018) (reversing dismissal on claim for unnecessary treatment). Notwithstanding, the FCA requires that an actionable statement must be known to be false. Riley, 355 F.3d at 376-77 (finding allegations sufficient where plaintiff asserted defendants knowingly ordered unnecessary services, admitted patients, and "artificially upgraded" organ transplant status); see also United States v. Adams, 371 F.Supp.3d 1195, 1215 (N.D. Ga. 2019) (citing Riley in finding allegation that defendants ordered treatment "knowing [it] was unnecessary" sufficient to establish falsity). In refusing to dismiss an FCA claim, the court in Adams noted that the medical provider could not "avoid" allegations of unnecessary medical treatment "simply by arguing that, in his own view, the treatments he administered were medically necessary." 371 F. Supp. 3d at 1212. (citation omitted); see also United States ex rel. Conroy v. Select Med. Corp., 211 F.Supp.3d 1132, 1154 (S.D. Ind. 2016) (finding that in length of stay case, "[c]ontrary to [defendant's] suggestion, Relators need not prove at this stage the clinical merits of [the doctor's] decision to transfer [a patient]").

Even if the FCA requires objective falsity,5 the allegations of objectively unnecessary treatment, including maximizing 100-day stays and improperly resetting the benefit period, would satisfy this requirement. Indeed, courts have allowed claims alleging unnecessary maximization of the 100-day benefit period. See, e.g., United States ex rel. Integra Med Analytics, LLC v. Creative Solutions in Healthcare, Inc., No. SA-17-CV-1249-XR, 2019 WL 5970283, at *2 (W.D. Tex. Nov. 13, 2019); United States v. SavaSeniorCare, LLC, No. 3:11-00821, 2016 WL 5395949, at *5 (M.D. Tenn. Sept. 27, 2016); United States v. Life Care Centers of Am., Inc., No. 1:08-CV-251, 2014 WL 11429265, at *4 (E.D. Tenn. Mar. 26, 2014).

Moreover, Bell alleges that the false claims were submitted to CMS and payments were made. (Dkt. 81 ¶¶ 53, 60, 77, 81, 100). In terms of indicia of reliability, rather than "provid[e] specific billing information," Bell alleges "direct knowledge of the defendants' submission of false claims based on her own experiences and on information she learned in the course of her employment." HPC Healthcare, Inc., 723 F. App'x at 789; see also United States ex rel. Matheny v. Medco Health Solutions, Inc., 671 F.3d 1217, 1230 (11th Cir. 2012) (noting "more toleran[ce] toward complaints that leave out some particularities of the submissions of a false claim if the complaint also alleges personal knowledge or participation in the fraudulent conduct").

Bell notes that she personally observed patients who received unnecessary treatment and had access to their records and utilization reports, which included "the patient's name, treatment regimen, RUG level, insurance information, and the number of days that the patient has spent in the facility." (Dkt. 81 ¶ 63-65). Unlike Clausen and Corsello v. Lincare, Inc., 428 F.3d 1008 (2005), upon which Defendants rely, she has provided some detail about amounts of charges, dates, and billing policies, and she limits her claim to matters about which she alleges personal knowledge. And it is not fatal to her claim that she did not work in a skilled nursing facility's billing department. See United States v. Med-Care Diabetic & Med. Supplies, Inc., No. 10-81634-CIV-RYSKAMP/HOP, 2014 WL 12279512, at *9 (S.D. Fla. Dec. 23, 2014). These allegations are sufficient to survive at the motion to dismiss stage.6

As for scienter, Bell alleges that Defendants "knowingly" submitted false claims.7 (Dkt. 81 ¶¶ 99-100). She also points out that one of the medical providers at the CGC facility, former Defendant Tabatha Cross, is among the most prolific billers of Medicare for nursing facility evaluations in Florida. (Dkt. 81 ¶¶ 22-23); cf. Pandya, 389 F. Supp. 3d at 1222 (finding "at a minimum, deliberate ignorance or reckless disregard of ... falsity" where government alleged, among other things, a "dramatic increase in Medicare billing following the retirement of [a former employer]"). Bell alleges personal knowledge of patient records, which reflected that several patients stayed at the skilled nursing facility for 100 days before being readmitted with a reset benefit period. And Karl Cross' alleged statement, "We need to get these RUG levels up," suggests Defendants knowingly sought to maximize Medicare reimbursements. See United States v. Life Care Centers of Am., Inc., 114 F.Supp.3d 549, 555 (E.D. Tenn. 2014) (denying summary judgment where, among other things, supervisors directed employees to increase RUG levels). Additionally, she alleges that when she complained about Defendants' practices, Karl Cross "insisted on billing Medicare for the unnecessary medical services." (Dkt. 81 ¶ 4).

Finally, Defendants contend Count I does not plead materiality with the required level of specificity, but they limit their discussion to the practice of resetting the 100-day benefit period.8 (Dkt. 91 at 16-17). First, this fails to acknowledge the allegations of maximizing 100-day stays and providing unnecessary medical services. Second, Defendants reason that "the only way a [skilled nursing facility's] alleged `re-setting' of a patient's benefit period ... could be material in this context is if, when making a claim for payment, a [skilled nursing facility] makes a representation to the Government regarding the amount of time left on the patient's benefit period, and that this representation influences ... the Government's payment decision." (Id. at 17). It is plausible, however, that a claim for a patient's stay in a skilled nursing facility is nonetheless false if it did not properly fall within the 100-day benefit period. See Adams, 371 F. Supp. 3d at 1213-14 (denying motion to dismiss where claim submitted was not reimbursable and in violation of Medicare manual); see also United States ex rel. Ortiz v. Mount Sinai Hosp., 256 F.Supp.3d 443, 452 (S.D.N.Y. 2017) ("[T]here have been numerous cases imposing FCA liability ... based on violations of Medicare manual provisions."); 42 C.F.R. § 413.335(a) (providing that "[u]nder the prospective payment system, [skilled nursing facilities] receive a per diem payment of a predetermined rate for inpatient services furnished to Medicare beneficiaries").

In sum, the allegations in Count I state an FCA claim, and this part of the motion is therefore due to be denied.9

Count II — Making a False Record or Statement to a False Claim

Count II alleges without elaboration that "CGC, at the direction of Karl Cross, with services being performed, at least in part, by [Tabatha] Cross, knowingly made or caused to be made a false record or statement to a false claim when they created false narratives in patient notes to justify their decision to provide services in excess of what is medically necessary." (Dkt. 81 ¶ 105). Creating false narratives in patient notes is not mentioned elsewhere in the Complaint. There is, moreover, no allegation about the content of the false narratives or whether they were included with any submitted claims. It is therefore impossible to determine whether the statements were material. Similarly, there is no indication of when the false narratives were provided or for which services or patients. Count II does not satisfy the specificity requirement of Rule 9(b) and is therefore due to be dismissed with leave to amend.

2. The FFCA Claim

Defendants similarly argue that Bell failed to plead the FFCA count with the required level of specificity, including detailing the submission of a false claim submitted to the State of Florida. (Dkt. 91 at 20-21). They also argue that 31 U.S.C. § 3732, rather than 28 U.S.C. § 1367, provides supplemental jurisdiction in the false claims context, and that the statute's criteria are not met. (Dkt. 91 at 22).

In her Complaint, Bell cites both statutes and contends "[p]ursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1367, this Court has supplemental jurisdiction over the subject matter of the claims brought pursuant to the FFCA on the grounds that the claims are so related to the claims within this Court's original jurisdiction that they form part of the same case or controversy under Article III of the Constitution." (Dkt. 81 ¶¶ 6, 8). And in her opposition, she adds that "[c]ourts have supplemental jurisdiction over related claims. Here, the State false claims mirror (and even overlap) the Federal claims, and it is completely appropriate for a qui tam relator to file both her federal and state false claims act claims together in one action." (Dkt. 99 at 13). Bell's contention is without merit.

First, 31 U.S.C. § 3732 provides the criteria for supplemental jurisdiction over state law claims in FCA cases. Courts have found that § 1367 does not apply "if another federal statute expressly provides different criteria for the exercise of supplemental jurisdiction," as with § 3732. See, e.g., U.S. ex rel. King v. Solvay S.A., No. CIV.A. H-06-2662, 2015 WL 5692859, at *2 (S.D. Tex. Sept. 28, 2015).

Second, and in any event, neither statute's requirements are met. As § 3732 provides, "[t]he district courts shall have jurisdiction over any action brought under the laws of any State for the recovery of funds paid by a State or local government if the action arises from the same transaction or occurrence as an action brought under" the FCA. (emphasis added). Bell's FFCA claim is based on Defendants' alleged appropriation of patients' Medicaid allowance in order to purchase furniture for their facilities and their reluctance to perform services not covered by Medicare. (Dkt. 81 ¶¶ 89-93). Despite her vague conclusion that the claims "overlap," this conduct does not constitute the same transaction or occurrence as the allegations giving rise to the FCA claim, such as unnecessary medical services and maximizing and resetting 100-day patient stays. Nor is it "so related to the [FCA] claims ... that [it] form[s] part of the same case or controversy under Article III of the United States Constitution." 28 U.S.C. § 1367.

Bell alleges a violation of Fla. Stat. § 68.082(2)(a), which tracks 31 U.S.C. § 3729(a)(1)(A). See Klusmeier v. Bell Constructors, Inc., 469 F. App'x. 718, 719 n.1 (11th Cir. 2012) (applying FCA analysis to FFCA claims). However, she does not allege the presentment of a false claim to the government, much less with requisite specificity. Rather, the Complaint alleges conduct subsequent to the patients obtaining money from the government. The presentment requirement cannot be met by alleging improper activity independent to the submission of a false claim. Hopper, 588 F.3d at 1326 ("Improper practices standing alone are insufficient to state a claim ... absent allegations that a specific fraudulent claim was submitted to the government."); see also Escobar, 136 S. Ct. at 2003 ("The [FCA] is not an all-purpose antifraud statute, or a vehicle for punishing garden-variety breaches of contract or regulatory violations." (internal quotation marks and citation omitted)). Additionally, she does not allege any basis for her personal knowledge of any submitted claims. Accordingly, the Court lacks jurisdiction over the FFCA claim and Count III is due to be dismissed.

3. Venue

Defendants contend that because the Complaint alleges fraudulent activity that occurred at the CGC facility and the individual parties reside in the Southern District of Florida, the Middle District is an improper venue. (Dkt. 91 at 21-22; Dkt. 102 at 21).10 Dismissal on this basis is unwarranted.

In the Complaint, Bell asserts venue is proper because Defendants "transact business" in the district. (Dkt. 81 ¶ 9). And in her oppositions to the motions to dismiss, she observes that "this case has been investigated (and continues to be investigated) by the U.S. Attorney Office for the Middle District of Florida, and Defendants can be found in this venue." (Dkt. 99 at 13). Indeed, 31 U.S.C. § 3732(a) provides that an FCA claim "may be brought in any judicial district in which the defendant or, in the case of multiple defendants, any one defendant can be found, resides, transacts business, or in which any act proscribed by section 3729 occurred." (emphasis added). That Defendants can be found or transact business in the Middle District, which they do not contest, satisfies the statute. Accordingly, venue is proper, and this part of the motion is due to be denied.

4. Shotgun Pleading

In a footnote, Cross Garden argues the Complaint "is an example of shotgun pleading that warrants dismissal under Rules 8 and 10, as described in [its] motion to dismiss the [First Amended Complaint]." Dkt. 91 at 2 n.2. Although the counts in the Complaint do incorporate by reference the background allegations, they no longer incorporate the allegations of the preceding counts. (See Dkt. 20 ¶¶ 124, 129). Moreover, the allegations in each count sufficiently describe the factual basis for the claim to put Defendants on notice. See Weiland v. Palm Beach Cty. Sheriff's Office, 792 F.3d 1313, 1323 (11th Cir. 2015) ("The unifying characteristic of all types of shotgun pleadings is that they fail to one degree or another, and in one way or another, to give the defendants adequate notice of the claims against them and the grounds upon which each claim rests."). They also specify that "CGC, at the direction of Karl cross," engaged in the allegedly violative conduct. Because the allegations put Defendants on notice of the claims against them, this is not a basis to dismiss the Complaint.

CONCLUSION

Accordingly, Defendants' motions to dismiss are GRANTED in part and DENIED in part. (Dkt. 91, 102). Counts II and III are DISMISSED without prejudice. Bell is granted leave to file an amended complaint within twenty (20) days of the date of this Order or file a notice of her election not to amend. Within fourteen (14) days of the filing of Bell's amended complaint or notice, Defendants shall respond. The stay of discovery remains in effect. (Dkt. 120).

DONE AND ORDERED.