OPINION AND ORDER

WILLIAM S. DUFFEY, JR., UNITED STATES DISTRICT JUDGE.

This matter is before the Court on Defendant AgriFact Capital, LLC's ("AgriFact") Motion to Dissolve, or in the Alternative, Modify the Court's Temporary Restraining Order as Against AgriFact Capital, LLC [54] and AgriFact's Motion to Dismiss for Failure to State a Claim or Alternatively, to Dissolve or Modify the Injunction [72], which the Court construes together as AgriFact's Motions for Reconsideration of the September 4, 2015, "Consent Injunction and Agreed Order Establishing PACA Claims Procedure" [24], as clarified on October 22, 2015 [39].1

I. BACKGROUND

This is an action under the Perishable Agricultural Commodities Act ("PACA"), 7 U.S.C. §§ 499a, et seq. When perishable agricultural commodities ("Produce") are sold, PACA imposes a nonsegreated, "floating" trust, in favor of Produce sellers, on the Produce sold, products derived from the Produce, "and any receivables or proceeds from the sale of such" Produce or product derived from it. 7 U.S.C. § 499e(c)(2). PACA requires the buyer to hold the trust assets "in trust for the benefit of all unpaid suppliers or sellers of such [Produce]," "until full payment of the sums owing in connection with such transactions has been received by such unpaid suppliers...." Id. A trust beneficiary may bring an action in federal court "to enforce payment from the trust." 7 U.S.C. § 499e(c)(5).

CRISP Holdings LLC d/b/a Fresh Roots ("CRISP") bought Produce on credit from wholesale Produce suppliers, including Plaintiff Classic Harvest, LLC ("Plaintiff" or "Classic Harvest"). CRISP then resold the Produce to its customers ("Account Debtors") on credit, generating accounts receivable ("Accounts Receivable" or "Receivables"). Under PACA, CRISP was required to hold, in trust (the "PACA Trust"), the Produce, products derived from the Produce, and the Receivables or proceeds from the sale of the Produce (the "Trust Assets"), for the benefit of CRISP's unpaid Produce suppliers, including Classic Harvest (all together, the "PACA creditors").

On January 19, 2015, CRISP and AgriFact entered into a Factoring Agreement (the "Factoring Agreement"), under which CRISP "factored" to AgriFact certain of its Receivables in exchange for an immediate payment of 80% of the face value of the Receivable, plus another payment after AgriFact collected on the Receivable, less AgriFact's fees and expenses, and other adjustments.

The Factoring Agreement functioned, in general, as follows: CRISP offers for "sale" to AgriFact a Receivable that meets certain pre-established requirements. (Factoring Agreement § 1.10). If AgriFact chooses to "purchase" the Receivable, CRISP "sells, transfers, and assigns" to AgriFact CRISP's "right, title and interest in" the Receivable, and AgriFact pays to CRISP an "Advance," equal to 80% of the face value of the Receivable. (Id. §§ 2.2.2, 2.3). At the time a Receivable is factored, AgriFact also establishes a "Reserve" — that is, approximately 20% of the face value of each Receivable. The Reserve generally consists of "all unfunded purchase amounts,"2 plus any outstanding fees and expenses CRISP owes to AgriFact. (Id. § 2.4). AgriFact collects payment on the Receivable from the Account Debtor and applies these payments first to amounts CRISP owes to AgriFact under the Factoring Agreement, and then pays the remaining funds, if any, to CRISP. (Id. § 3.1). In sum, after AgriFact collects on a Receivable, AgriFact pays to CRISP an amount equal to 20% of the face value of the Receivable, less AgriFact's fees, and, generally, subject to limited exceptions, the amounts AgriFact was ultimately unable to collect from the Account Debtor. (See id. at § 3.5).3

From June 15, 2015, to August 14, 2015, Plaintiff sold Produce to CRISP valued in the total amount of $354,121.99. Plaintiff has not been paid for the Produce sold. It appears that the total amount CRISP owes to all of its unpaid PACA creditors, including Plaintiff, is $1,684,523.29. (See [41.1] at 19-43).

To collect the amount owed to it, on August 25, 2015, Plaintiff filed its Complaint [1] asserting claims against CRISP, its principals and parent company (together, "Defendants"), for breach of their duties under PACA, and to enforce the PACA Trust. Plaintiff also asserts, in Count VII of its Complaint, a claim against AgriFact for conversion and unlawful retention of the PACA Trust Assets. Plaintiff claims that, under the Factoring Agreement, AgriFact improperly held and collected proceeds from the Receivables which, Plaintiff claims, were subject to the PACA Trust and should have been used to pay the priority claims of CRISP's PACA creditors.

On August 26, 2015, Plaintiff moved for a preliminary injunction to enjoin Defendants from using, consuming, or otherwise dissipating the PACA Trust Assets, including making payment from those assets to any creditor, person, or entity. (Mot. for Prelim. Inj. [5]). Plaintiff also requested that the Court exercise in rem jurisdiction over the PACA Trust Assets and establish a framework for potential PACA creditors to submit their claims and share, on a pro rata basis, in the recovery of PACA Trust Assets. (Id.).

On September 4, 2015, the Court entered the "Consent Injunction and Agreed Order Establishing PACA Claims Procedure" (the "September 4th Order") [24]. The September 4th Order provides that the Court exercise exclusive in rem jurisdiction over CRISP's PACA Trust Assets, and further provides that any creditor who seeks to assert a claim to the Trust Assets must assert its claim in this action. The September 4th Order also provides: "Pending further orders of this Court, no banking institution ... or other organization/entity (including, without limitation, AgriFact []) holding funds for [CRISP] shall pay, transfer, or permit assignment or withdrawal of any existing PACA trust assets held on behalf of [CRISP]." (Sept. 4th Order ¶ 5). The September 4th Order set October 22, 2015, for a hearing to finalize and resolve any objections to the proposed PACA Claims Procedure.

On October 13, 2015, AgriFact filed its objections to the September 4th Order. AgriFact argued, among other things, that Paragraph 5 of the September 4th Order does not apply to the Receivables, and their proceeds, that were factored to AgriFact.

On October 22, 2015, the Court conducted a hearing to confirm the proposed PACA Claims Procedure. At the hearing, the Court considered AgriFact's objections and clarified that, under the terms of the September 4th Order, AgriFact is enjoined from transferring or otherwise expending any funds that it received from invoices it obtained from CRISP pursuant to the Factoring Agreement (the "Injunction"). The Court permitted AgriFact to file a motion to modify the Injunction, including to determine whether the Receivables are Trust Assets.4

On October 28, 2015, and November 13, 2015, AgriFact moved for reconsideration of the Injunction.

On December 3, 2015, Plaintiff filed its Amended Complaint. Although the Amended Complaint addresses the pleading deficiencies AgriFact asserted in its Motion to Dismiss, the parties continue to disagree on whether the Receivables, and their proceeds, are Trust Assets.

AgriFact contends that it is entitled to keep the Receivables, and their proceeds, because it purchased the Receivables from CRISP, the purchase was "commercially reasonable," and it did not breach the PACA Trust. AgriFact thus argues that the Receivables, and any amounts collected from them, are not Trust Assets. AgriFact argues further that, even if the Receivables are Trust Assets, the Court should modify the Injunction to reduce the amount of funds AgriFact is enjoined from using. Plaintiff argues the Receivables were not sold to AgriFact and thus they remained PACA Trust Assets, subject to the PACA creditors' priority claims.

II. DISCUSSION

A. Legal Standard

A district court has discretion to revise or reconsider interlocutory orders at any time before final judgment has been entered. See Fed. R. Civ. P. 54(b); see also Toole v. Baxter Healthcare Corp., 235 F.3d 1307, 1315 (11th Cir.2000). The Court does not reconsider its orders as a matter of routine practice. See LR 7.2 E, NDGa. A motion for reconsideration is appropriate only where there is: (1) newly discovered evidence; (2) an intervening development or change in controlling law; or (3) a need to correct a clear error of law or fact. See Jersawitz v. People TV, 71 F.Supp.2d 1330, 1344 (N.D.Ga.1999); Pres. Endangered Areas of Cobb's History, Inc. v. U.S. Army Corps of Eng'rs, 916 F.Supp. 1557, 1560 (N.D.Ga.1995), aff'd, 87 F.3d 1242 (11th Cir.1996). A motion for reconsideration should not be used to present the Court with arguments already heard and dismissed, or to offer new legal theories or evidence that could have been presented in the previously-filed motion. Bryan v. Murphy, 246 F.Supp.2d 1256, 1259 (N.D.Ga. 2003); see also Pres. Endangered Areas, 916 F.Supp. at 1560 ("A motion for reconsideration is not an opportunity for the moving party and their counsel to instruct the court on how the court `could have done it better' the first time.").

To be eligible for preliminary injunctive relief under Rule 65 of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure, a movant must establish each of the following elements: (1) a substantial likelihood of success on the merits; (2) that irreparable injury will be suffered if the relief is not granted; (3) that the threatened injury outweighs the harm the relief would inflict on the non-movant; and (4) that entry of the relief would serve the public interest. See Schiavo ex rel. Schindler v. Schiavo, 403 F.3d 1223, 1225-26 (11th Cir.2005); Parker v. State Bd. of Pardons and Paroles, 275 F.3d 1032, 1034-35 (11th Cir.2001). Preliminary injunctive relief is a drastic and extraordinary remedy which should not be granted unless the movant can clearly establish each of the four elements. Four Seasons Hotels and Resorts v. Consorcio Barr, S.A., 320 F.3d 1205, 1210 (11th Cir.2003). The crux of AgriFact's argument for reconsideration of the Injunction is that Plaintiff has not, and cannot, show that it is likely to succeed on the merits of its claim to recover Trust Assets from AgriFact.

B. PACA Framework and Third-Party Transferee Liability

PACA was enacted to regulate and "promote fair dealing" in the sale of Produce. See Reaves Brokerage Co. v. Sunbelt Fruit & Vegetable, 336 F.3d 410, 413 (5th Cir.2003). Produce sellers, "because of the need to sell their products quickly, were often unsecured creditors of buyers whose creditworthiness they were unable to evaluate before the sale." Id. (citing Endico Potatoes, Inc. v. CIT Group/Factoring, Inc., 67 F.3d 1063, 1067 (2d Cir.1995)). "Due to a large number of defaults by the purchasers, and the sellers' status as unsecured creditors, the sellers recover, if at all, only after banks and other lenders who have obtained security interests in the defaulting purchaser's inventories, proceeds, and receivables." Endico Potatoes, 67 F.3d at 1067 (citing JSG Trading Corp. v. Tray-Wrap, Inc., 917 F.2d 75, 77 (2d Cir.1990); H.R. Rep. No. 543, at 3). To "remedy such burden on commerce in [Produce] and to protect the public interest," PACA was amended to create a statutory trust for the benefit of unpaid Produce sellers. See id.; 7 U.S.C. § 499e(c)(1).5

Section 499e(c)(2) imposes a nonsegreated "floating" trust on the Produce sold, products derived from the Produce, "and any receivables or proceeds from the sale of such [Produce] or product." 7 U.S.C. § 499e(c)(2). PACA requires the Produce buyer to hold the trust assets "in trust for the benefit of all unpaid suppliers or sellers of such [Produce]," "until full payment of the sums owing in connection with such transactions has been received by such unpaid suppliers...." Id. The trust allows Produce sellers "to recover against the purchasers and puts the sellers in a position superior to all other creditors," including secured creditors. See Gargiulo v. G.M. Sales, Inc., 131 F.3d 995, 999 (11th Cir. 1997) (citing Endico Potatoes, 67 F.3d at 1067).

The primary duty of a PACA trustee is to "maintain trust assets in a manner that such assets are freely available to satisfy outstanding obligations to [Produce] sellers.... Any act or omission which is inconsistent with this responsibility, including dissipation of trust assets, is unlawful and in violation of [PACA]." See D.M. Rothman & Co., Inc. v. Korea Commercial Bank of N.Y., 411 F.3d 90, 94 (2d Cir.2005) (quoting 7 C.F.R. § 46.46(d)(1)). "PACA regulations define `dissipation' as `any act or failure to act which would result in the diversion of trust assets or which could prejudice or impair the ability of unpaid ... sellers ... to recover money owed in connection with produce transactions.'" Id. (quoting 7 C.F.R. § 46.46(a)(2)). "Thus, to determine whether a PACA trustee's actions or omissions constitute a breach of fiduciary duty, [a court should] examine whether the trustee `in any way encumbered the funds or rendered them less freely available to PACA creditors.'" Coosemans Specialties, Inc. v. Gargiulo, 485 F.3d 701, 706 (2d Cir.2007) (quoting D.M. Rothman, 411 F.3d at 99)).

General principles of trust law govern the PACA trust. C.H. Robinson Co. v. Trust Co. Bank, N.A., 952 F.2d 1311, 1316 (11th Cir.1992). A trustee may sell trust assets unless the sale breaches the trust. See, e.g., Boulder Fruit Exp. & Heger Organic Farm Sales v. Transp. Factoring, Inc., 251 F.3d 1268, 1272 (9th Cir. 2001) (citing Restatement (Second) Of Trusts § 190). Because a PACA trust is a nonsegregated, "floating" trust, a trustee "is permitted to convert trust assets into other property, provided that the trustee honors its obligation to `maintain trust assets in a manner that such assets are freely available to satisfy outstanding obligations to [Produce] sellers.'" Nickey Gregory Co., LLC v. AgriCap, LLC, 597 F.3d 591, 595-96 (4th Cir.2010) (citing 7 C.F.R. § 46.46(b); quoting 7 C.F.R. § 46.46(d)(1)); see also Boulder Fruit, 251 F.3d at 1271 ("[N]othing in PACA or the regulations prohibits PACA trustees from attempting to turn receivables into cash by factoring."). Thus, "a commercially reasonable sale of accounts for fair value is entirely consistent with the trustee's primary duty under PACA and 7 C.F.R. § 46.46(d)(1) — to maintain trust assets so that they are freely available to satisfy outstanding obligations to [Produce] sellers." Boulder Fruit, 251 F.3d at 1271; see also Nickey Gregory, 597 F.3d at 595-96. When a trust asset is sold, the trustee necessarily relinquishes its interest in the asset and receives cash in return for it — that is, the asset sold is converted into cash and the asset itself is no longer a trust asset. The sale is not a breach of trust because the trust asset — now the cash — is "freely available" to satisfy the trustee's outstanding obligations to its PACA creditors.

AgriFact argues that there is a "circuit split" as to how a court should interpret a factoring agreement involving PACA trust assets. AgriFact urges the Court to follow the "commercially reasonable" test applied by the Ninth Circuit in Boulder Fruit, and find that the PACA Trust has not been breached in this case because the Factoring Agreement is commercially reasonable. The Court disagrees.

In Boulder Fruit, the Ninth Circuit held that factoring agreements do not, per se, violate PACA including because, consistent with general trust principles, "a trustee can sell trust assets unless the sale breaches the trust." Boulder Fruit, 251 F.3d at 1272. The court concluded that "a commercially reasonable sale of accounts for fair value is entirely consistent with the trustee's primary duty under PACA ... to maintain trust assets so that they are freely available to satisfy outstanding obligations to [Produce] sellers." Id. at 1271 (emphasis added). In finding that the factoring agreement at issue was a "commercially reasonable" sale, the Ninth Circuit noted that "the factoring agreement allowed the [trustee] to convert invoices that were not payable for 30 days (including uncollectible and invalid invoices) into cash that [the trustee] could have used to immediately pay [PACA creditors]," and that the trustee actually received from the factor "more for the accounts than the accounts would prove to be worth." Id. at 1272.

In Boulder Fruit, the "question before the [court was] whether [the trustee] breached the PACA trust by selling its accounts to [the factor] pursuant to the factoring agreement." Id. at 1271; see also id. at 1272 ("The only question in this case is whether Certified breached its duty as a trustee when it sold the accounts receivable to Transfac."). The Ninth Circuit did not decide whether the factoring agreement was, in fact, a "true sale" of trust assets — the threshold issue disputed in this case. Put another way, the Ninth Circuit's holding that a commercially reasonable sale of trust assets does not breach the trust necessarily requires a finding that the trust assets were, in fact, sold. See Nickey Gregory, 597 F.3d at 604 (whether factoring agreement was commercially reasonable was not material because Boulder Fruit "involved a true factoring agreement in which receivables were actually sold to the factor," and thus "unlike in this case, the receivables no longer remained PACA trust assets"); see also Reaves, 336 F.3d at 417 (same).

A "true sale" of trust assets facilitates funds being available to pay Produce sellers who benefit from the PACA trust. If the sale of an invoice is a "true sale," market forces should produce a fair value for the invoice. A willing buyer ordinarily would agree to pay for the invoice an amount of money that reflects the face value of the invoice adjusted by the risk of collection, the same risk of collection, or non-collection, that the PACA trustee had when it owned the invoice. The result is that the trustee receives payment of funds that become immediately available to pay PACA creditors protected by the trust. A "true sale" thus facilitates the receipt of funds by the trustee of the fair market value of an invoice making available funds to pay PACA creditors. In this way, a "true sale" facilitates payment to Produce sellers. See Boulder Fruit, 251 F.3d at 1271.

Boulder Fruit does not, as AgriFact suggests, hold that a PACA trust is not breached as long as the transaction is "commercially reasonable." Rather, "whether a transaction is commercially reasonable is simply one factor that may be relevant in determining whether a PACA trustee has met its ultimate burden of proving that trust assets remained freely available [for the benefit of unpaid PACA creditors]." See Coosemans, 485 F.3d at 707 ("regardless of whether the factoring agreement in this case was commercially reasonable on its face, defendants are, as a matter of law, liable to plaintiffs because the factoring agreement... was with a party having arguable claims of more than one million dollars against the PACA trust" and thus "the factoring agreement jeopardized the trust funds and made them unavailable for timely payment to [PACA creditors]") (citing Bronia, Inc. v. Ho, 873 F.Supp. 854, 861 (S.D.N.Y.1995) ("relinquishing control ... without securing payment is `dissipation of the trust assets,'" and inconsistent with trustee's PACA duties)); see also E. Armata, Inc. v. Korea Commercial Bank, 367 F.3d 123, 133-134 (2d Cir.2004) (trustee's use of PACA trust funds to pay commercially reasonable interest and fees to maintain a bank account with overdraft protection does not, per se, breach the PACA trust; "maintaining a checking account with `commercially reasonable' terms may facilitate, rather than impede, fulfillment of a PACA trustee's duty `to maintain trust assets so that they are freely available to satisfy outstanding obligations to [Produce] sellers.'").

Whether there was a commercially reasonable "true sale" of the Receivables is the core issue here. Whether the Factoring Agreement constitutes a true sale of the Receivables determines whether AgriFact held the Receivables, and the proceeds collected from them, as Trust Assets subject to the priority interest of the PACA creditors. See Nickey Gregory, 597 F.3d at 603.

C. Analysis

AgriFact and CRISP included in the Factoring Agreement language characterizing the transaction as a sale by CRISP of the Receivables to AgriFact. These characterizing terms are mainly stated in the Factoring Agreement's recitals:

(Factoring Agreement at 1). The Court notes, however, that "[r]ecitals are not a necessary part of a contract and can only be used to explain some apparent doubt with respect to the intended meaning of the operative or granting part of the instrument." Coca-Cola Bottling Co. of Elizabethtown, Inc. v. The Coca-Cola Co., 654 F.Supp. 1419, 1441-42 (D.Del.1987); see also, e.g., Musman v. Modern Deb, Inc., 56 A.D.2d 752, 392 N.Y.S.2d 24, 26 (1977) ("Where a recital clause and an operative clause are inconsistent, the operative clause if unambiguous, should prevail."); A.S.D. v. W. Mun. Water Dist. of Riverside Cty., No. E030189, 2002 WL 31820335, at *8 (Cal.Ct.App. Dec. 17, 2002) ("[s]ince recitals indicate only the background of a contract, that is, the purposes and motives of the parties, they do not ordinarily form any part of the real agreement;" if the recitals and operative part are inconsistent, operative part must prevail).

Whether the Factoring Agreement constitutes a commercially reasonable, true sale of the Receivables turns on "the substance of the relationship" between CRISP and AgriFact, "not simply the label attached to the transaction" by the parties. See Reaves, 336 F.3d at 414 (citing Endico Potatoes, 67 F.3d at 1068). The key is whether it was a complete purchase for value, or whether the transaction provides for something less. See Endico Potatoes, 67 F.3d at 1068. In Endico Potatoes, the Second Circuit identified factors a court may consider in evaluating the substance of a factoring agreement involving PACA trust assets, including:

Id. As the Second Circuit explained, "[t]he root of all of these factors is the transfer of risk. Where the lender has purchased the accounts receivable, the borrower's debt is extinguished and the lender's risk with regard to the performance of the accounts is direct, that is, the lender and not the borrower bears the risk of non-performance by the account debtor." Id. at 1069 (emphasis added).7

Here, the Factoring Agreement reflects an arrangement by which AgriFact protected itself against the risk of nonpayment on the Receivables it "purchased" by limiting the circumstances under which it assumed the risk of loss, and by maintaining the ability to shift the risk of loss back to CRISP. This assumption of less than the full risk of loss is not consistent with a true sale of the Receivables. Although AgriFact states in the recitals that it "intends to assume the Credit Risk associated with any Purchased Receivables," the shift of credit risk is qualified and limited to "the risk of non-payment of a Purchased Receivable by an Account Debtor as a result of the financial inability to pay or creditworthiness." (Factoring Agreement § 1.8).

Even when nonpayment results from an Account Debtor's "financial inability to pay or creditworthiness," AgriFact still maintained the ability to shift the risk of loss, in whole or in part, back to CRISP based on certain circumstances. For example, if, at the time the Receivable was created, "notice of bankruptcy, insolvency, or adverse material change of the Account Debtor ha[d] been received by or [was] known to [CRISP,]" AgriFact may, in its sole discretion, deem its "purchase" of that Receivable void ab initio. That is, under these circumstances, the "sale" never happened. (Id. §§ 1.10, 1.12).8

That the credit risk is not fully assumed by AgriFact is reflected in other provisions allowing AgriFact to reduce the amount paid for the Receivables based on later-occurring events, even when nonpayment results from financial inability to pay. If CRISP knew that an Account Debtor would be unable to timely pay its current payment obligations within ninety (90) days from an invoice date, AgriFact may require an "adjustment" to the Receivable. (Id. §§ 1.16, 6.1(h), 7). "Adjustments" are "all discounts, allowances, returns, disputes, counterclaims, offsets, defenses, rights of recoupment, rights of return, warrant claims or short payments asserted by or on behalf of any Account Debtor with respect to any Purchased Receivable," and are debited from any amount AgriFact otherwise was required to pay to CRISP at the end of each monthly period. (Id. §§ 1.3, 3.5). Under these circumstances, which necessarily occur only after factoring,9 the risk associated with these Receivables, even if resulting from the Account Debtor's "financial inability to pay," was not a risk fully assumed by AgriFact.10

The narrow definition of "Credit Risk" in the Factoring Agreement also does not include failure by an Account Debtor to pay a Receivable based on a dispute over the "quantity, quality or price of goods or services upon which Purchased Receivables are based." (Id. § 4.1). When this occurs, CRISP is required "to indemnify [AgriFact], on demand, up to the full face amount, or any unpaid portion thereof, of the Purchased Receivable. If [CRISP] is able to resolve the dispute with the Account Debtor, [CRISP] shall be entitled to retain any amounts received in excess of the amount [CRISP] has indemnified [AgriFact]." (Id.). If not, CRISP, as a practical matter, assumes this risk of nonpayment. A quality dispute thus results in the failure to collect on a Receivable and requires CRISP to remit funds to AgriFact to make up the shortfall, the amount of which may be the full face value of the Receivable. Under those circumstances, there was no sale at all.

These sections support that, even after the "sale" of Receivables to AgriFact, CRISP continued to bear the risk of its customers' non-payment or underpayment on the Receivables purportedly sold to AgriFact. AgriFact's risk was limited to certain narrow circumstances under which a customer was financially unable to pay or was not creditworthy. Even then, the Factoring Agreement contains exceptions that further limit AgriFact's assumption of risk by allowing it to void the sale or reduce the amount paid for a Receivable. This arrangement by which AgriFact protected itself against the risk of nonpayment on the Receivables it purchased is inconsistent with a true sale of the Receivables. See Endico Potatoes, 67 F.3d at 1069 ("Where the lender has purchased the accounts receivable, the borrower's debt is extinguished and the lender's risk with regard to the performance of the accounts is direct, that is, the lender and not the borrower bears the risk of non-performance by the account debtor."); Reaves, 336 F.3d at 415 (finding similar factoring agreement was not a sale, including because "nonrecourse sales are qualified by two exceptions that are so significant that they essentially swallow non-recourse"); Nickey Gregory, 597 F.3d at 602 (where trustee was required to repurchase disputed invoices and "credit risk" was limited to insolvency, except where trustee knew account debtor may become insolvent, agreement "effectively insulated AgriCap from loss" and was not a true sale); compare Boulder Fruit, 251 F.3d at 1272 (factoring agreement allowed trustee "to convert invoices that were not payable for 30 days (including uncollectible and invalid invoices) into cash," and trustee received more for invoices than factor was able to collect).1112 The arrangement here did not accomplish the PACA objective of permitting sale transactions that enable a trustee to convert receivables into cash by factoring.

The Court finds that the Factoring Agreement does not reflect a "true sale" of the Accounts Receivable to AgriFact. In the complex arrangement into which AgriFact entered with CRISP, AgriFact significantly insulated itself from the risk of loss that would result from nonpayment of Receivables it "purchased." That risk avoidance is not consistent with a trustee's duties under PACA or the policy goals PACA seeks to accomplish.13 The Factoring Agreement rendered the Trust Assets less than freely available, including because AgriFact could require CRISP to refund amounts AgriFact paid to purchase the Receivables. AgriFact was not a true purchaser of the Receivables, including because it did not fully assume the risk of nonpayment.

The Court concludes that the transaction did not function as a true sale of the Receivables.14 Because they remained Trust Assets, the Receivables and their proceeds were required to be made available for payment first to CRISP's unpaid PACA creditors, including Classic Harvest. See 7 U.S.C. § 499e(c)(2); C.H. Robinson, 952 F.2d at 1313; Gargiulo, 131 F.3d at 999. AgriFact is required to disgorge PACA Trust Assets to the extent necessary to pay CRISP's unpaid PACA creditors. See Nickey Gregory, 597 F.3d at 603; Endico Potatoes, 67 F.3d at 1069.15

The Court finds that Plaintiff has shown a substantial likelihood of success on the merits of its claim to recover Trust Assets from AgriFact. See Fed. R. Civ. P. 65; Schiavo, 403 F.3d at 1225-26. To the extent AgriFact seeks to dissolve the Injunction against it, AgriFact's Motions for Reconsideration are denied.16

The Court concludes, however, that the Injunction is required to be modified to reflect only the amount of funds AgriFact may be required to disgorge — that is, the amount of funds necessary to satisfy in full the unpaid PACA creditors' claims, up to the limit of Trust Assets AgriFact held while the PACA creditors remained unpaid. See Nickey Gregory, 597 F.3d at 603, 607 n. 2; Endico Potatoes, 67 F.3d at 1069; cf. In re Gotham Provision Co., 669 F.2d 1000, 1010 (5th Cir.1982) (applying Packers and Stockyards Act, which contains statutory trust provision similar to PACA, stating, "[w]here the packer has given a lender a security interest in inventories or receivables that are subject to the [] trust, the unpaid cash sellers have priority over those assets and may recover the proceeds of those receivables to the extent of the outstanding balance on the cash sales").17

To the extent AgriFact argues that it could only be required to disgorge "the limited fees" it retained, this argument ignores that the Factoring Agreement did not function as a true sale, and thus the Receivables, and the proceeds from them, continued to be Trust Assets. See Nickey Gregory, 597 F.3d at 607. As a result, the amounts AgriFact advanced to CRISP did not reduce the value of the Trust Assets and were not freely available to satisfy the claims of unpaid PACA creditors. Permitting AgriFact to retain amounts it collected on the Receivables after CRISP failed to pay its PACA creditors would, in effect, advance AgriFact's interest in the Trust Assets above the PACA creditors. This is the "imbalance" PACA was intended to remedy. See 7 U.S.C. § 499e(c)(1); Endico Potatoes, 67 F.3d at 1067.

The Court concludes that AgriFact is required to maintain funds in a separate, segregated account, sufficient to satisfy in full the unpaid PACA creditors' claims, which currently appears to total $1,684,523.29. (See [41.1] at 19-43). If the total amount of Trust Assets AgriFact held while the PACA creditors went unpaid is less than this amount, or if, at some point, the total outstanding amount of PACA claims that may be asserted in this action is reduced — such as after the limitation period for filing a Proof of Claim has expired — AgriFact may request a further reduction in the amount of funds it is required to maintain.18

III. CONCLUSION

For the foregoing reasons,

IT IS HEREBY ORDERED that AgriFact's Motions for Reconsideration [54, 72] are DENIED IN PART and GRANTED IN PART. They are DENIED with respect to AgriFact's request to lift the Injunction imposed in the September 4th Order, as clarified by the October 22nd Order. They are GRANTED with respect to AgriFact's request to modify the Injunction to reflect only the amount of funds AgriFact may be required to disgorge. Accordingly, AgriFact shall maintain funds in a separate, segregated account, in the amount of $1,684,523.29.

IT IS FURTHER ORDERED that Classic Harvest's Motion for Order Converting AgriFact's Rule 12(b)(6) Motion to Dismiss to a Rule 56 Motion for Summary Judgment [77] is DENIED AS MOOT.

SO ORDERED this 31st day of December, 2015.