LESLIE E. KOBAYASHI, District Judge.
On July 6, 2012, Defendants the County of Maui ("the County"), Benjamin M. Acob, in his individual capacity ("Defendant Acob"), and Timothy T. Tate, in his individual capacity ("Defendant Tate", all collectively, "Defendants") filed their Motion for Summary Judgment on Aiding and Abetting Claims ("Motion"). [Dkt. no. 142.] Plaintiff Marie J. Kosegarten ("Plaintiff") filed her memorandum in opposition to the Motion on September 10, 2012, and Defendants filed their reply on September 17, 2012. [Dkt. nos. 173, 175.] On September 27, 2012, this Court found the instant Motion suitable for disposition without a hearing pursuant to Rule LR7.2(d) of the Local Rules of Practice of the United States District Court for the District of Hawai`i ("Local Rules"). [Dkt. no. 187.] After careful consideration of the Motion, supporting and opposing memoranda, and the relevant legal authority, Defendants' Motion is HEREBY DENIED for the reasons set forth below.
This Court recently set forth the factual and procedural history of this case in its Order Denying Defendants' Motion for Partial Summary Judgment on the Issue of Qualified Immunity for Individual Defendants and Granting in Part and Denying in Part Defendants' Motion for Summary Judgment on Time-Barred Claims, filed August 31, 2012 ("8/31/12 Order"), [dkt. no. 172,
In the instant Motion, Defendants first argue that Plaintiff failed to exhaust her administrative remedies as to her aiding and abetting claims. Insofar as aiding and betting is a state law claim pursuant to Haw.Rev.Stat. § 378-2(3)
Defendants argue that Plaintiff did not allege in the Charges that Defendants Acob and Tate "aided, abetted, incited, compelled, or coerced the doing of any of the discriminatory practices forbidden by Chapter 378, Part I, or even that they attempted to do so." [Id. at 5.] The County is the only respondent named in the Charges and in the right-to-sue letters from the HCRC and the EEOC. [Tipton Decl., Exh. D.] Defendants argue that Plaintiff's aiding and abetting allegations against Defendants Acob and Tate are outside of the scope of the Charges, and therefore those claims are barred for failure to exhaust. [Mem. in Supp. of Motion at 5.]
Defendants acknowledge that the Ninth Circuit has stated that a layperson completing a discrimination charge should not be held to the same pleading standards applicable to the filing of a civil complaint. [Id. at 8 (citing B.K.B. v. Maui Police Department, 276 F.3d 1091, 1103 (9th Cir. 2002)).] Defendants, however, argue that this Court should hold Plaintiff to a higher standard because she is an attorney and, prior to filing the October 2008 Charge, she stated that she had retained an attorney. [Id.; Tipton Decl., Exh. E (email string dated September 2, 2008 and August 27, 2008 between Plaintiff and Wayne Steel regarding "Retaliation Claim").]
Defendants also point out that, in her responses to the EEOC EAS Questionnaire, which the EEOC uses to draft the formal complaint, Plaintiff identified the persons responsible as Peter Hanano, Wayne Steel, and Defendant Acob. She did not identify Defendant Tate. [Mem. in Supp. of Motion 8-9; Tipton Decl., Exh. F (EAS Questionnaire dated August 28, 2008).] The EAS Questionnaire asks the complainant to identify the bases for the claim of employment discrimination. The complainant can check race, sex, age, disability, national origin, color, religion, retaliation, pregnancy, and other. Plaintiff marked retaliation and listed "Whistleblower" after "other". [Tipton Decl., Exh. F at 2.] Defendants argue that Plaintiff could have listed aiding and abetting under "other", but she did not do so. [Mem. in
Defendants next argue that Plaintiff's aiding and abetting claims are meritless. According to Defendants, the Second Amended Complaint contains eight paragraphs setting forth the actions which form the basis of Plaintiff's aiding and abetting claims (paragraphs 44, 47, 53, 58, 59, 70, 84, and 106). [Mem. in Supp. of Motion at 11-15.]
Paragraph 44 of the Second Amended Complaint alleges that Defendant Tate aided and abetted Defendant Acob
Defendants point to: Defendant Acob's testimony that, at the time Plaintiff allegedly made the statement, Ms. Jura and Ms. Murakami had pending EEOC discrimination complaints against the County; [Defs.' CSOF, Decl. of Benjamin A. Acob ("Acob Decl.") at ¶ 13;] the internal investigation into whether Plaintiff's comments constituted prohibited retaliation for their EEOC complaints; [Defs.' CSOF, Decl. of Wayne Steel
Defendants argue that Plaintiff's comments "were reported to management, not to others in the office, as required by the County's Policy Against Discrimination[.]" [Mem. in Supp. of Motion at 12 (citing Acob Dec. ¶ 13; Tipton Decl., Exh. M).] Defendant Acob's declaration, however, merely states that Defendant Tate reported the comments to him and that Defendant Tate's report was kept confidential. Defendant Acob does not address whether Defendant Tate told others in the office about Plaintiff's alleged comments. [Acob Decl. at ¶ 13.]
Defendants also argue that Deputy Prosecuting Attorney ("DPA") Tracy Jones confirmed that Plaintiff referred to Ms. Jura and Ms. Murakami as "morons and idiots". [Mem. in Supp. of Motion at 12 (citing Tipton Decl., Exh. P).
Paragraph 47 of the Second Amended Complaint alleges Defendant Tate made his August 21, 2008 complaint, which was based upon Plaintiff's "idiots" and "morons" comment and regarding Plaintiff's negative remarks about DPA Robert Rivera, to aid and abet Defendant Acob in creating negative marks in her personnel file, leading to disciplinary action and her eventual termination. Defendants argue that, based on the same undisputed facts discussed as to paragraph 44, Plaintiff cannot prevail on this allegation. [Mem. in Supp. of Motion at 12-13.]
Paragraph 53 of the Second Amended Complaint also alleges Defendant Acob aided and abetted the County to create negative marks in Plaintiff's personnel file and to induce her to resign. Defendants argue that Plaintiff cannot prevail on her aiding and abetting claim to the extent that it is based on this allegation because Defendant Acob is the only person who had the authority to hire and fire DPAs. [Mem. in Supp. of Motion at 13 (citing Tipton Decl., Exh. S (excerpts of Charter, County of Maui) at § 8-3.3).] Further, Defendant Acob could not aid and abet himself. [Id.]
Paragraphs 58 and 59 of the Second Amended Complaint allege that Defendants Acob and Tate used the narcotics training class to establish a pretext for Plaintiffs' termination. Defendants argue that, based on the undisputed facts, Plaintiff cannot prevail on her aiding and abetting claim as to this allegation. Defendants reiterate that only Defendant Acob had the authority to terminate Plaintiff's employment. [Mem. in Supp. of Motion at 13-14.]
In addition, Defendants point to the following facts, which they allege are undisputed: the Department periodically provides training for the DPAs; in early 2009, Defendant Acob asked Defendant Tate and DPAs John Kim and Tracy Jones to conduct a training on warrants, narcotics evidence, and other topics; Defendant Tate set the date and time for the training,
Defendants also address: the allegations in paragraphs 70 and 84 of the Second Amended Complaint that Defendant Acob aided and abetted the County to create negative marks in Plaintiff's personnel file and to set a pretext for her termination; and the allegations in paragraph 106 that Defendants Acob and Tate aided and abetted the County to discriminate against Plaintiff and to create a pretext for her to be disciplined and eventually terminated. Defendants argue that Plaintiff cannot prevail on her aiding and abetting claim regarding these allegations. Defendants rely on the same evidence and legal arguments identified as to the preceding allegations. Defendants urge the Court to find that neither Defendant Acob nor Defendant Tate discriminated against Plaintiff. In particular, Defendants argue that there were no blemishes in Plaintiff's personnel files and therefore Plaintiff cannot prove that Defendant Acob's actions created negative remarks in her personnel file. [Id. at 14-16.]
Plaintiff has also complained about various Reports of Conference prepared during Defendant Acob's administration. Defendants point to Wayne Steel's deposition testimony that Reports of Conference are like meeting minutes that could address a wide range of actions from counseling through termination. Sometimes they have nothing to do with employee discipline and merely reflect an issue that the Prosecuting Attorney wants documented. According to Mr. Steel, only reports containing some form of discipline are included in the employee's personnel files. [Tipton Decl., Exh. H (excepts of 3/2/12 depo. of Wayne F. Steel) at 107-08, Witness Clarification Sheet.] He also testified that investigative reports and information about Plaintiff's EEOC charges would be maintained in separate, confidential files. [Id. at 80, 84-85.] Defendants argue that the only blemish in Plaintiff's personnel file is the Sims incident, which was the basis of Plaintiff's termination. [Mem. in Supp. of Motion at 19.]
Defendants also argue that Plaintiff cannot prevail on her aiding and abetting claims based either on Defendant Tate's October 2007 report about his fear that Plaintiff might discriminate against Ms. Jura and Ms. Murakami or his August 2008 report that Plaintiff called them "idiots and morons" and that Plaintiff claimed she was responsible for DPA Rivera's demotion.
Defendant Tate made the October 2007 report to DPA Rivera, who was the EEOC Officer at the time.
Defendant Acob ultimately found that Defendant Tate's complaint about discrimination against Ms. Jura and Ms. Murakami was "unsubstantiated". [Tipton Decl., Exh. N (Report of Conference, dated 11/21/07) at 1.] Defendant Acob asked Defendant Tate to keep the matter confidential. Defendant Tate asked if Plaintiff was still involved in the decision-making about Ms. Murakami's employment. Defendant Acob responded that Plaintiff "may be kept out of it, but he would not be precluded in considering [Plaintiff's] evaluation." [Id.] The Report of Conference states that there was another complaint that was still under investigation. [Id.]
Defendant Acob later offered both Ms. Jura and Ms. Murakami the chance to resign. Ms. Murakami accepted and resigned effective December 3, 2007. Ms. Jura declined and was terminated effective December 7, 2007. [Acob Decl. at ¶ 5.] Plaintiff was on a medical leave at that time.
Defendant Acob also determined, based on the investigation, that Plaintiff's complaint against Defendant Tate alleging sexual harassment and hostile work environment was unsubstantiated. He met with
Defendants argue that Defendant Tate did not incite Defendant Acob to discriminatory conduct, as evidenced by the fact that Defendant Acob: ruled in Plaintiff's favor regarding Defendant Tate's complaint; terminated Ms. Jura's and Ms. Murakami's employment as Plaintiff recommended; told Defendant Tate that Plaintiff was a good supervisor; and did not discipline Plaintiff for calling Ms. Jura and Ms. Murakami idiots and morons. [Mem. in Supp. of Motion at 25.]
Defendants emphasize that, at the time Plaintiff called Ms. Jura and Ms. Murakami idiots and morons, both women were practicing attorneys in Wailuku and both had pending EEOC charges alleging that Plaintiff and the County discriminated against them. Defendants argue that Defendant Acob had a duty to investigate the report because the County could have faced liability for retaliation based on Plaintiff's derogatory remarks about them. [Id. at 26.] Mr. Steel investigated the report, [Steel Decl. at ¶¶ 3-4,] and DPA Jones confirmed Plaintiff's comments [Tipton Decl., Exh. O].
During the investigation, Plaintiff denied making those comments, [Acob Decl. at ¶ 13,] but during her deposition, she admitted saying that their filing of EEOC complaints alleging that Plaintiff discriminated against them because of her romantic interest in Defendant Tate was "an idiotic and moronic thing to do." [Tipton Decl., Exh. I (excerpts of 6/22/11 depo. of Pltf.) at 90.] She also admitted that she may have referred to them as "dits", and she admitted saying that she "couldn't believe the allegation that those monkeys were saying in the EEOC complaint[.]" [Id.] In spite of DPA Jones's statement, Defendant Acob gave Plaintiff "the benefit of the doubt[,]" [Acob Decl. at ¶ 13,] and concluded that there had been no violation of the County's anti-discrimination policy [Tipton Decl., Exh. P (memorandum dated 9/17/08 to Plaintiff from Defendant Acob)]. He states that Defendant Tate's report was kept confidential and no documents were placed in Plaintiff's personnel file. [Acob Decl. at ¶ 13.] Mr. Steel testified that the investigative reports he wrote about the complaints against Plaintiff were not placed in her personnel file. [Tipton Decl., Exh. H at 80.]
Defendants argue that, even if Defendant Tate's reports were mistaken, they were not discriminatory acts because he reasonably believed that Plaintiff was engaging in discrimination. Defendant Tate had a right to make the reports, and Defendants assert that Plaintiff's filing this action against him was retaliatory. [Mem. in Supp. of Motion at 29.]
As to the drug training, Defendants emphasize that Defendant Tate was only one of three people conducting the training. Further, Plaintiff never requested to be excused from the training before it occurred, and Defendant Acob never specifically instructed Plaintiff that she had to attend. He did not take attendance at the training, and he did not know that Plaintiff left the training early until she informed of that fact in an email. [Acob Decl. at ¶¶ 10-11.] Defendants emphasize that Plaintiff has admitted that Defendant Tate did not say or do anything inappropriate while she was at the training. [Mem. in Supp. of Motion at 31 (citing Tipton Decl., Exh. I at 126).] Defendants argue that Plaintiff has no evidence that the drug training, which was mandatory for all deputies who were not in court at the time,
Finally, Defendants argue that Plaintiff's allegations in paragraph 70 of the Second Amended Complaint that Defendant Acob created negative remarks in Plaintiff's personnel file cannot support an aiding and abetting claim because a person cannot aid and abet himself. Further, any negative remarks had a legitimate, non-discriminatory purpose. Defendants also argue that "it is undisputed that Plaintiff's personnel file was clear of any blemishes prior to her termination." [Id.]
In her memorandum in opposition, Plaintiff first moves to strike the following exhibits filed with Defendants' CSOF:
[Mem. in Opp. at 8.]
Plaintiff argues, without citing legal authority to support her position, that a plaintiff is not required to specifically plead aiding and abetting in an administrative charge. The plaintiff need only plead a sufficient factual basis that, accepted as true, states a plausible argument that the defendants aided and abetted unlawful discrimination. Plaintiff contends that she has met this burden. [Id. at 9.] Plaintiff argues that the Charges, read as a whole, provide sufficient information about Defendant Tate's and Defendant Acob's discriminatory conduct. The Charges rely on the same facts at issue in the instant case and Plaintiff has not changed her theory of the case. Although Defendant Tate is not named as a respondent, the October 2008 Charge refers to him thirty-two times. [Id. at 11-12.] Plaintiff argues that the § 378-2(3) claims are encompassed within the allegations of a continuing course of retaliation, sex discrimination, and whistleblower discrimination alleged in the Charges, and the claims do not rely on any additional facts. [Id. at 15.]
Plaintiff emphasizes that she is a criminal law attorney with no experience in employment law. When she prepared the Charges, she did not have an attorney assisting her. Thus, Plaintiff argues that she is a layperson as to employment law, [Pltf. Decl. at ¶¶ 3-4,] and the Court should liberally construe the Charges. At a minimum, whether she is entitled to liberal construction is an issue of credibility, which is not appropriate for summary judgment. [Mem. in Opp. at 13.]
As to Defendants' assertion that the undisputed facts establish that her § 378-2(3) claims lack merit, Plaintiff argues that most of the facts Defendants characterize as undisputed are in fact disputed. First, Defendant Acob cannot testify regarding to whom Defendant Tate did or did not repeat the comments. Defendants sometimes
As to the examples of Defendants misstating the evidence, Steel testified that Reports of Conference are usually kept in personnel files. [Pltf.'s CSOF, Decl. of Richard D. Gronna ("Gronna Decl."), Exh. 4 (excerpts of 3/2/12 depo. of Wayne F. Steel) at 106-08.] Plaintiff also denies being promoted during Defendant Acob's tenure, and she points out that she was denied the manager of the year award, Defendant Acob gave her lower evaluations in 2008 than in 2007, and the pay raise that she received was required by county ordinance. [Pltf. Decl. at ¶ 12; id., Exhs. 1-3.
Plaintiff also states that she reviewed her file both before and after her termination, and documents, including the Reports of Conferences about Defendant Tate's complaints against her, were removed in the interim. [Pltf. Decl. at ¶ 31.] Plaintiff argues that Mr. Steel's testimony that Reports of Conferences usually go into personnel files also supports Plaintiff's testimony that the reports about Defendant Tate's complaints were removed from her file. [Mem. in Opp. at 23 (quoting Gronna Decl., Exh. 4 at 107-08).]
Plaintiff argues that Defendant Tate had a discriminatory purpose behind his report that she was discriminating against Ms. Jura and Ms. Murakami because his report closely followed her complaint regarding his improper requests that she promote them. Thus, Plaintiff argues that Defendant Acob did not have a duty to investigate. Plaintiff also argues that the investigation was not kept confidential, as evidenced by the fact that Defendant Tate gained access to investigation files. [Id. at 24-25; Gronna Decl., Exh. 7 (excerpts of 7/2/12 depo. of Def. Tate) at 90.] She emphasizes that this Court has already found that Defendant Tate's complaints could support a Chapter 378 claim because, although they were an otherwise lawful activity, Plaintiff alleges that the complaints were false and that Defendant Acob used them as a pretext to fire Plaintiff. [Mem. in Opp. at 25 (quoting 4/5/12 Order at 13).] Plaintiff argues that whether the complaints were legitimate and whether Plaintiff actually committed the conduct complained of are questions of fact for the jury. Plaintiff also argues that other DPAs' opinions about her alleged
Plaintiff also argues that the Court should not credit DPA Rivera's testimony because he admitted that he submitted a false report about his interview with Ms. Jura, and he asserted that the practice was acceptable because it is common among police officers. [Mem. in Opp. at 27 (citing Gronna Decl., Exh. 5 (excerpts of 3/2/12 depo. of Robert Rivera) at 34-48).]
As to Defendant Tate's August 2008 report that Plaintiff called Ms. Jura and Ms. Murakami idiots and morons, Plaintiff points out that, according to Defendant Acob's testimony about Defendant Tate calling Plaintiff a lesbian or a butch, a derogatory comment is not discrimination if it is only said once. [Id. at 28 (citing Gronna Decl., Exh. 6 (excerpts of 1/20/12 depo. of Def. Acob) at 60).] Plaintiff argues that Defendant Acob's ultimate finding that she had not engaged in improper retaliation supports her "claim that Tate played a part in the Plaintiff's termination and aided and abetted by making spurious false claims against the Plaintiff." [Id. at 29.] Plaintiff argues that Defendants take her deposition testimony about her comments out of context. She argues that the circumstances of her statements, the propriety of the investigations which ensued, and whether her personnel file was blemished as a result are questions of fact for the jury. Plaintiff also emphasizes that it is a violation of the County's anti-discrimination policy to make a false report of discrimination. [Id. at 29-30.]
As to the drug training class, Plaintiff states that, after she received the March 17, 2009 email announcing the class, she did not anticipate attending because she thought she would be in court. In addition, her EEOC complaint against Defendant Tate was still pending, and it was her understanding that they were to remain separated. On the day of the training, she did not have to appear in court. She went to the management office to ask to be excused, but no one was there. After she was forced to leave the training early because she felt ill, she went to the management office again, but no one was there. Plaintiff was reprimanded for failing to attend the training (including being threatened with a demotion to a position supervised by Defendant Tate). Defendant Acob claimed that, as part of the training, Plaintiff was required to ask questions of Defendant Tate. Defendant Acob also informed Plaintiff that she would be further reprimanded if she did not maintain contact with Defendant Tate. A couple of days later, however, a copy of the power point presentation for the training was circulated office-wide for anyone who was unable to attend. [Pltf. Decl. at ¶¶ 14-18; Tipton Decl., Exh. B (June 2009 Charge) at 2-3.] Plaintiff argues that there was no requirement that the participants ask questions of Defendant Tate and that this was Defendant Acob's and Defendant Tate's way of harassing her. [Mem. in Opp. at 32-33.] Plaintiff states that she did not look at Defendant Tate while she was at the training and therefore she does not know whether he engaged in offensive body language. [Pltf. Decl. at ¶ 16.] Plaintiff emphasizes that, even if he did not engage in offensive body language, that is not the only way he could have harassed her. Plaintiff argues that it is a question of fact for the jury whether Defendants' failure to follow its anti-discrimination policy regarding separating employees involved in a pending discrimination complaint supports her § 378-2(3) claims. [Mem. in Opp. at 33-34.]
Finally, as to the other allegations supporting her § 378-2(3) claims, Plaintiff argues that Defendants ignore the rulings in
In their reply, Defendants reiterate that Plaintiff did not exhaust her administrative remedies as to her aiding and abetting claims. Defendants argue that Plaintiff's administrative allegations were insufficient to state an aiding and abetting claim, and therefore her civil claims are barred for failure to exhaust. [Reply at 2-4.] Defendants also emphasize that many of the facts which Plaintiff relies upon to prove her aiding and abetting claims are time-barred because this Court has ruled that "acts occurring before December 20, 2007 are time-barred and Plaintiff is precluded from using the incidents to pursue any claim." [Id. at 5 (citing 8/31/12 Order, 892 F.Supp.2d at 1260-61, 1262, 1263).
Defendants state that there is no case law either defining the key terms in § 378-2(3) or identifying the elements of an aiding and abetting claim. Defendants, however, emphasize that courts have held that one defendant cannot aid and abet himself. Defendant Acob had the sole responsibility for personnel actions in the Department, and Defendants argue that the actions he took on his own cannot support Plaintiff's aiding and abetting claims. Further, Plaintiff has not offered facts to prove the aiding and abetting allegations in the Second Amended Complaint, nor has she established that all the allegedly discriminatory actions actually occurred. Defendants also argue that Plaintiff has not offered proof that Defendants' legitimate, non-discriminatory reasons for Defendant Acob's personnel actions were merely pretext. Defendants emphasize that any factual disputes that would not affect the outcome of Plaintiff's aiding and abetting claims are irrelevant to the instant Motion, and a mere scintilla of colorable evidence is not enough to survive summary judgment. [Reply at 5-7.]
Specifically, Defendants argue that Plaintiff has not established that her personnel file was blemished or that she suffered discriminatory action. Her allegation that Reports of Conference about Defendant Tate's idiots and morons complaint were in her personnel file is not enough to overcome the fact that the investigation into that complaint was resolved in her favor and she was never disciplined prior to her termination. Further, Plaintiff has not identified any documentation of discipline or threats of discipline other than the Sims matter. Defendants also argue that, even if a Report of Conference was a part of Plaintiff's personnel file, it could not be an adverse action if it did not involve some type of discipline. Defendants point out that, in Mr. Steel's deposition correction sheet, he clarified that only a report of conference containing discipline is included in a personnel file. In addition, Plaintiff has presented no evidence that: Defendant Tate's idiots and morons complaint was repeated to others in the Department; Defendant Tate was involved in her non-selection for the Manager of the Year award; she sought a promotion which she was qualified for, but did not receive because of some discrimination;
As to Plaintiff's allegations that Defendant Acob created negative remarks in her personnel file to justify her termination, Defendants reiterate that he cannot aid and abet himself. Defendants also argue that Plaintiff has not presented any evidence that Defendant Tate was involved in the Sims matter. Further, Plaintiff has no evidence or authority to justify her position that she refused to discipline Ms. Sims because it would have been discriminatory. There is no evidence that Ms. Sims had a disability, she never asked for an accommodation, and she never requested leave under the Family Medical Leave Act. Defendants argue that it was proper for Defendant Acob to demand that Plaintiff depart from standard County policies on sick leave with regard to Ms. Sims, who had a history of abusing leave and who knew she had to improve her attendance. [Id. at 11-12.]
As to the narcotics training, Defendants argue that there is no evidence that Defendant Acob chose Defendant Tate to conduct the training to discriminate against Plaintiff or encouraged him to conduct it in such a manner as to discriminate against Plaintiff. Further, there is no evidence: that Defendant Acob ordered her to attend the training; who told her, on the day of the training, that it was mandatory; or that she suffered any discipline for leaving the training early. Defendants deny that Defendant Acob told her that she had to ask Defendant Tate questions or that she had to maintain contact with him. Defendants emphasize that, contrary to the allegations in her Second Amended Complaint, Plaintiff now admits that she did not request alternate training prior to the session. Further, although Plaintiff asserts that some DPAs missed training sessions for reasons other than court appearances, that is not in dispute. Defendants acknowledge that DPAs are excused if they are on approved leave, and Plaintiff has not presented any evidence that DPAs were allowed to miss training sessions for other reasons. Defendants also argue that there is no support for Plaintiff's claims that they were required to keep Plaintiff and Defendant Tate separate while her EEOC charge was pending. The County's separation policy only applies to internal complaints, and the Department had long since resolved the internal complaint. [Id. at 13-16.]
Finally, Defendants argue that Plaintiff has violated the Local Rules. Plaintiff's CSOF exceeds the page and word limit, and does not have a certificate of compliance, and Plaintiff's copy of Defendant Tate's deposition transcript does not include the court reporter's certification. Defendants also argue that Plaintiff's objections to their exhibits are unfounded. Where she objects that the exhibits are incomplete, she could have provided complete copies, but Defendants state that the exhibits of Mr. Steel's interview documentation are complete and that he properly authenticated them. They also argue that the Department was not required to have Plaintiff sign off on the documents. Defendants
Plaintiff asks this Court to strike Defendants' Exhibits G, J, K, and L. [Mem. in Opp. at 8.] Defendants ask this Court to strike Plaintiff's CSOF, and Defendants point out that Plaintiff's Exhibit 7 lacks a court reporter's certificate. [Reply at 16.]
First, the Court notes that Plaintiff's CSOF is fourteen pages, including the caption and signature, and it does not have a certificate of compliance. Thus, Plaintiff's CSOF violates the Local Rules, which provide:
Local Rule LR56.1(d). While the Court does not condone Plaintiff's failure to comply with the Local Rules, the Court declines to strike Plaintiff's CSOF because, inter alia, there is no indication that Plaintiff's non-compliance was prejudicial to Defendants. The Court therefore DENIES Defendants' request to strike Plaintiff's CSOF. The Court, however, CAUTIONS Plaintiff that the future failure to comply with the requirements of the Local Rules, in particular Local Rule 56.1, may result in the imposition of sanctions, including the striking of the non-compliant document.
Second, as to Defendants' Exhibit G (Plaintiff's First Supplemental Answers to Defendants' First Request for Answers to Interrogatories), Plaintiff objects on the ground that it is an incomplete document which does not include the underlying question. In fact, Exhibit G does not even include all of the response. Local Rule 56.1(c) states that, for documents the parties reference in their concise statements of facts, "[t]he parties may extract and highlight the relevant portions of each referenced document, but shall ensure that enough of a document is attached to put the matter in context." This Court concludes that Defendants' Exhibit G does not include enough of the underlying document to put the cited matter in context. The Court therefore GRANTS Plaintiff's request and STRIKES Defendants' Exhibit G.
Third, both Defendants' Exhibit K (excerpts of DPA Rivera's deposition transcript) and Plaintiff's Exhibit 7 (excerpts of Defendant Tate's deposition transcript) lack a court reporter's certification. The Court notes that it is unclear whether district courts reviewing motions for summary judgment can consider inadmissible evidence. Compare Nev. Dep't of Corr. v. Greene, 648 F.3d 1014, 1019 (9th Cir.2011) ("At summary judgment, a party does not necessarily have to produce evidence in a form that would be admissible at trial." (citation and internal quotation marks omitted)), with In re Oracle Corp. Sec. Litig., 627 F.3d 376, 385 (9th Cir.2010) ("A district court's ruling on a motion for summary judgment may only be based on admissible evidence." (citations omitted)). At least one Ninth Circuit case has stated that: "A deposition or an extract therefrom is authenticated in a motion for summary judgment when it identifies the names of the deponent and the action and includes the reporter's certification that the deposition is a true record of the testimony of the deponent." Orr v. Bank of
This Court, however, notes that Plaintiff has not identified any inaccuracies in Defendants' Exhibit K, nor have Defendants identified any inaccuracies in Plaintiff's Exhibit 7. The Court also notes that it considered other pages of Defendant Tate's deposition transcript in the 8/31/12 Order. See, e.g., 892 F.Supp.2d at 1250-51, 1266-67, 2012 WL 3801728, at *4, 20. Those excerpts of the transcript also did not have a court reporter's certification. [Pltf.'s Suppl. Concise Statement of Material Facts in Opp. to Defs.' Motion for Partial Summary Judgment on the Issue of Qualified Immunity for Individual Defs., filed 7/18/12 (dkt. no. 150), Decl. of Counsel, Exh. 7 (excerpts of 7/2/12 depo. of Def. Tate).] Moreover, neither Defendants' Exhibit K nor Plaintiff's Exhibit 7 contain testimony that is critical to the Court's ruling on the instant Motion. The Court therefore DENIES the parties' respective requests to strike these exhibits.
Finally, Plaintiff asks the Court to strike Defendants' Exhibits J and L, both of which are Mr. Steel's meeting notes. Plaintiff argues that these documents are incomplete and are not properly authenticated. Mr. Steel stated in his declaration that: Exhibit J is a true and correct copy of his notes of a meeting with Defendant Tate that occurred on November 9, 2007 at approximately 9:15 a.m.; and Exhibit L is a true and correct copy of his notes of a meeting with Ms. Jura that occurred on November 23, 2007 at approximately 8:15 a.m. [Steel Decl. at ¶¶ 3-4.] The Court concludes that Exhibits J and L are properly authenticated as to those meeting notes. The Court DENIES Plaintiffs' request to strike Exhibits J and L as to those meeting notes.
Exhibit J also includes what appears to be notes of a meeting with Plaintiff on November 9, 2007 at 11:05 a.m., and Exhibit L also includes what appears to be notes of meetings with Defendant Tate on November 23, 2007 at 10:45 a.m. and November 26, 2007 at 3:30 p.m. The notes of the November 9, 2007 meeting with Plaintiff and the November 26, 2007 meeting with Defendant Tate are incomplete. [Id., Exhs. J, L.] Further, Mr. Steel's declaration does not attest to the truth and accuracy of the exhibits as to those three meetings. The Court therefore GRANTS Plaintiff's request to strike Defendants' Exhibit J as to the notes of the November 9, 2007 meeting and Defendants' Exhibit L as to the November 23, 2007 meeting and the November 26, 2007 meeting. The Court now turns to the merits of the instant Motion.
As noted in the 8/31/12 Order, "[a] person aggrieved by one of the unlawful practices identified in, inter alia, § 378-2, may file a complaint with the HCRC under the procedures identified in Haw.Rev.Stat. Chapter 368." 892 F.Supp.2d at 1261, 2012 WL 3801728, at *14 (citing Haw.Rev. Stat. § 378-4). The failure to file a HCRC complaint regarding the alleged discrimination precludes an employee from filing a civil action based on the alleged discrimination. French v. Hawaii Pizza Hut, Inc., 105 Haw. 462, 475-77, 99 P.3d 1046, 1059-61 (2004); see also Haw.Rev.Stat. § 368-12.
First, to the extent that the Motion argues that Plaintiff failed to exhaust her administrative remedies as to her Haw. Rev.Stat. Chapter 378 claims because she filed charges with the EEOC and "never
Second, to the extent that Defendants argue that Plaintiff failed to exhaust her administrative remedies as to some of her § 378-2(3) claims
Third, Defendants argue that Plaintiff failed to exhaust her administrative remedies as to her § 378-2(3) claims because neither Defendant Acob nor Defendant Tate was a named respondent in any of the Charges. Each of Plaintiff's Charges only names the County as the "Employer, Labor Organization, Employment Agency, Apprenticeship Committee, or State or Local Government Agency That [She] Believe[s] Discriminated Against [Her]...." [Tipton Decl., Exhs. A-C.] In determining whether Plaintiff's Charges can be construed as exhausting her § 378-2(3) claims against the unnamed Defendant Acob and Defendant Tate, this Court considers the Ninth Circuit's analysis in B.K.B. v. Maui Police Department, 276 F.3d 1091 (9th Cir. 2002) (holding that the plaintiff preserved her Haw.Rev.Stat. Chapter 378 claims of sexual harassment even though she failed to include specific allegations of sexual harassment on her HCRC form). The Hawai'i Supreme Court applied the B.K.B. analysis in French, noting that, in B.K.B.:
French, 105 Hawai'i at 476, 99 P.3d at 1060. This Court notes that the Hawai'i Supreme Court applied the B.K.B. analysis even though B.K.B. dealt with a Chapter 378 sexual harassment claim, which does not have an exhaustion requirement. See B.K.B., 276 F.3d at 1109.
In addition, as stated in the 8/31/12 Order, "the Hawai'i Supreme Court has held that, in interpreting § 378-2, federal case law interpreting Title VII is persuasive, but not controlling." 892 F.Supp.2d at 1260-61, 2012 WL 3801728, at *14 (citing Arquero v. Hilton Hawaiian Village LLC, 104 Haw. 423, 429-30, 91 P.3d 505, 511-12 (2004)). "Generally, Title VII claimants `may only sue [parties] named in the EEOC charge because only those [parties] named had an opportunity to respond to the charges during the administrative proceedings.'" Nowick v. Gammell, 351 F.Supp.2d 1025, 1036 (D.Hawai'i 2004) (alterations in Nowick) (quoting Sosa v. Hiraoka, 920 F.2d 1451, 1458 (9th Cir.1990)). There are, however, several exceptions to this general rule:
Id. at 1036-37 (some alterations in Nowick).
Defendant Acob clearly falls within the first and third exceptions. In her EEOC EAS Questionnaire, Plaintiff listed Defendant
Whether Plaintiff may pursue her § 378-2(3) claims against Defendant Tate is a closer question. Plaintiff did not list Defendant Tate as one of the responsible persons in her EEOC EAS Questionnaire. [Tipton Decl., Exh. F at 2.] Defendants make much of the fact that the July 2009 Charge, which addressed Plaintiff's termination, did not reference Defendant Tate. The July 2009 Charge, however, states:
[Id., Exh. C at 7.] Thus, this Court construes the July 2009 Charge as alleging that Plaintiff's termination constituted sex discrimination and retaliation in light of the acts alleged in all of the Charges. This Court has previously ruled that Plaintiff may rely upon evidence of time-barred incidents to provide background for her timely claims, as long as Plaintiff's evidence is admissible. 8/31/12 Order, 892 F.Supp.2d at 1262-63, 2012 WL 3801728, at *16. The October 2008 Charge alleges multiple actions by Defendant Tate, [Tipton Decl., Exh. A,] including Defendant Tate's alleged discriminatory acts that occurred within 180-days of the filing of the October 2008 Charge. 8/31/12 Order, 892 F.Supp.2d at 1259, 1261-62, 2012 WL 3801728, at *13, *15. For example, the October 2008 Charge alleges:
[Tipton Decl., Exh. A at 5.] Based upon the foregoing, this Court FINDS that Defendant Tate was involved in the acts giving
Finally, Defendants argue that Plaintiff did not exhaust her administrative remedies as to her § 378-2(3) claims because "the `aid and abet' allegation was not contained in any of her three EEOC charges." [Mem. in Supp. of Motion at 6-7.] The Charges expressly allege discrimination based on sex, retaliation, and whistleblower activity. [Tipton Decl., Exh. A at 1, Exh. B at 1, Exh. C at 1.]
As previously noted, this Court must consider whether Plaintiff's § 378-2(3) claims are "reasonably related to allegations in the charge to the extent that those claims are consistent with" Plaintiff's sex discrimination and retaliation, and whistleblower claims. See French, 105 Hawai'i at 476, 99 P.3d at 1060 (emphasis omitted) (quoting B.K.B., 276 F.3d at 1100). In French, the Hawai'i Supreme Court held that, under the circumstances, the plaintiff's civil complaint alleging gender discrimination was inconsistent with her original theories of age and disability discrimination which she presented to the HCRC. Id. at 477, 99 P.3d at 1061. Gender discrimination is a separate and distinct theory from age and disability discrimination. In contrast, Plaintiff's § 378-2(3) claims do not present a separate and distinct theory from her other Chapter 378 claims. Defendants Acob's and Tate's alleged acts, which form the basis of Plaintiff's § 378-2(3) claims, are merely the manner in which the County allegedly accomplished the alleged discrimination against Plaintiff; they do not constitute a different type of discrimination from the claims expressly set forth in the Charges. Plaintiff's employer, the County, acted through Defendant Acob, its Prosecuting Attorney and the individual with the authority to hire and fire the DPAs, including Plaintiff. Plaintiff alleges that Defendant Tate "aided, abetted, incited, compelled, and coerced" Defendant Acob to discriminate against her in violation of Chapter 378.[Second Amended Complaint at ¶ 132.] Defendants argue that neither the Charges nor the EAS Questionnaire allege "any communications between Acob and Tate to suggest aid [sic] and abetting" or "even a hint of conspiracy or plotting together...." [Mem. in Supp. of Motion at 9.]
Direct communications about the discrimination, a conspiracy, or a plot are not the only ways to establish a § 378-2(3) claim. Section 378-2(3) includes the prohibition against inciting a discriminatory practice. The term "incite" means "[t]o provoke or stir up (someone to commit a criminal act, or the criminal act itself)." Black's Law Dictionary 830 (9th ed.2009).
Defendants also argue that Defendants Acob and Tate are entitled to summary judgment on the remaining § 378-2(3) claims because Plaintiff has not identified any genuine issues of material fact and they are entitled to judgment as a matter of law. See Fed.R.Civ.P. 56(a) (stating that a party is entitled to summary judgment "if the movant shows that there is no genuine dispute as to any material fact and the movant is entitled to judgment as a matter of law"). Defendants essentially contend that neither Defendant Acob nor Defendant Tate committed any discriminatory actions against Plaintiff and that the only adverse employment action she suffered was her termination for the Sims matter. Defendants assert that they have established a legitimate, non-discriminatory reason for her termination, and Plaintiff has not established a genuine issue of material fact as to whether that legitimate reason was pretextual.
The McDonnell Douglas burden-shifting analysis applies to § 378-2(3) claims. McNally v. Univ. of Hawai'i, 780 F.Supp.2d 1037, 1060 (D.Hawai'i 2011) (citing Schefke v. Reliable Collection Agency, Ltd., 96 Haw. 408, 426, 32 P.3d 52, 70 (2001)). In Schefke, the Hawai'i Supreme Court noted that it had "adopted the burden-shifting analysis set forth by the United States Supreme Court in McDonnell Douglas Corp. v. Green, 411 U.S. 792, 802-03, 93 S.Ct. 1817, 36 L.Ed.2d 668 (1973), in other types of HRS § 378-2 discrimination cases." 96 Hawai'i at 425, 32 P.3d at 69 (citations omitted). In the context of a claim under § 378-2(2), the Hawai'i Supreme Court set forth the McDonnell Douglas burden-shifting analysis as follows:
Schefke, 96 Hawai'i at 426, 32 P.3d at 70.
First, Defendants argue that some of Plaintiff's § 378-2(3) claims allege that Defendant Acob aided and abetted himself and Plaintiff cannot prevail as a matter of law on those claims. See Maizner v. Haw., Dep't of Educ., 405 F.Supp.2d 1225, 1239 (D.Hawai'i 2005) (ruling that the plaintiff failed to state a § 378-2(3) claim where he alleged that a defendant incited,
As to whether Plaintiff has established her prima facie case for her § 378-2(3) claims, the Court recognizes that it is a close question, but the Court emphasizes that it must view the record in the light most favorable to Plaintiff. See Miller v. Glenn Miller Prods., Inc., 454 F.3d 975, 988 (9th Cir.2006) (stating that, on a summary judgment motion, "the nonmoving party's evidence is to be believed, and all justifiable inferences are to be drawn in that party's favor" (citations, quotation marks, and brackets omitted)). Under this standard, and considering the record as a whole, including the time-barred incidents which this Court has ruled may provide relevant background information for the timely incidents, the Court FINDS that there are genuine issues of material fact which preclude summary judgment on Plaintiff's § 378-2(3) claims. In particular, there are genuine issues of material fact as to whether some of the conduct that Plaintiff has alleged, such as Defendant Tate's internal complaint about the "idiots and morons" comment and the ensuing investigation, resulted in an adverse employment action. Defendants have presented legitimate, non-discriminatory reasons for Defendant Acob's and Defendant Tate's actions, including the "idiots and morons" complaint, the investigation, and Plaintiff's termination. There are, however, genuine issues of material fact as to whether these stated reasons were merely pretext. In the Court's view, the ultimate determination of these issues will depend upon assessments of credibility, the weighing of the evidence, and the determination of what inferences may be reasonably drawn from the facts. As this Court recognized in the 8/31/12 Order, "credibility determinations, the weighing of the evidence, and the drawing of legitimate inferences from the facts are jury functions" and are not appropriate for summary judgment. 892 F.Supp.2d at 1266-67, 2012 WL 3801728, at *20-21 (quoting Ingalls v. Gov't Emps. Ins. Co., Civil Nos. 11-00244 JMS/RLP, 11-00488 JMS/KSC, 2012 WL 2873562, at *7 n. 14 (D.Hawai'i July 12, 2012) (some citations and quotation marks omitted)).
Although this Court recognizes that it is a close question whether Defendants Acob and Tate are entitled to summary judgment on Plaintiff's § 378-2(3) claims and this Court emphasizes that its ruling is not necessarily an indication that Plaintiff is likely to prevail on these claims at trial, this Court CONCLUDES that Defendants Acob and Tate have not established that they are entitled to judgment as a matter of law.
On the basis of the foregoing, Defendants' Motion for Summary Judgment on Aiding and Abetting Claims, filed July 6, 2012, is HEREBY DENIED.
IT IS SO ORDERED.
That version is substantively identical to the current version of § 378-2, which reads, in pertinent part:
The Court notes that the Hawai'i appellate courts have recognized that a person can incite a discriminatory decision by giving advice. See Lales v. Wholesale Motors Co., 127 Haw. 412, No. 28516, 2012 WL 1624013, at *12 (Hawai'i.Ct.App. May 9, 2012) (discussing Schefke v. Reliable Collection Agency, Ltd., 96 Haw. 408, 442, 32 P.3d 52, 86 (2001)). Giving advice, however, is merely one example of inciting discrimination; the courts have not limited the manner in which a plaintiff can establish the incitement of a discriminatory action.
