ORDER DENYING MOTION UNDER 28 U.S.C. § 2255 TO VACATE, SET ASIDE, OR CORRECT SENTENCE BY A PERSON IN FEDERAL CUSTODY AND DENYING A CERTIFICATE OF APPEALABILITY

LESLIE E. KOBAYASHI, District Judge.

Before the Court is pro se Defendant/Petitioner Julian Kealakekua's ("Kealakekua" or "Defendant") Motion under 28 U.S.C. § 2255 to Vacate, Set Aside, or Correct Sentence by a Person in Federal Custody ("§ 2255 Motion"), filed on December 5, 2016. [Dkt. no. 96.] Plaintiff/Respondent the United States of America ("the Government") filed its response to the § 2255 Motion ("Response") on April 3, 2017, and Kealakekua filed his reply on May 1, 2017. [Dkt. nos. 113, 114.] Kealakekua's § 2255 Motion is hereby denied, and a certificate of appealability is also denied, for the reasons set forth below.

BACKGROUND

On April 2, 2014, Kealakekua was indicted for nineteen counts of bank fraud, in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 1344 and 18 U.S.C. § 2.1 [Dkt. no. 1.] The Indictment alleged Kealakekua created and operated various companies and created websites which made it appear the companies were established and profitable. He recruited individuals to be investors or employees and induced them to apply for bank loans. The proceeds were to be turned over to him for business operations, but Kealakekua used the proceeds for his personal purposes. [Id. at ¶¶ 2-3.]

Kealakekua initially entered a plea of not guilty, [Minutes, filed 7/10/14 (dkt. no. 10), at 1,] but, on September 30, 2015, he withdrew his plea and entered a plea of guilty to Counts 11 and 17, pursuant to a plea agreement. [Dkt. nos. 55 (Minutes), 56 (Memorandum of Plea Agreement ("Plea Agreement")).] In the Plea Agreement, Kealakekua acknowledged that, by pleading guilty, he was waiving certain rights and his attorney had explained those rights and the consequences of the waiver to him. [Plea Agreement at ¶¶ 16-17.] At all times relevant to the § 2255 Motion, Thomas Otake, Esq., represented Kealakekua.2 [CJA 20 form, filed 5/4/15 (dkt. no. 41).]

Kealakekua's sentencing hearing was held on February 29, 2016. [Minutes, filed 2/29/16 (dkt. no. 67).] The Plea Agreement was accepted and the factual findings in the presentence report were adopted. ["Presentence Investigation Report (2)" ("PSR"), filed 2/17/16 (dkt. no. 63).] The PSR found that Kealakekua's base offense level was seven, with: a sixteen-level increase because Kealakekua was responsible for total loss of $1,531,430.81; a two-level increase because the offense involved ten or more victims; and another two-level increase because the offense involved sophisticated means, conducted or caused by Kealakekua. His adjusted offense level was therefore twenty-seven. [Id. at ¶¶ 104-27.] After a total decrease of three levels for acceptance of responsibility, Kealakekua's total offense level was twenty-four. [Id. at ¶¶ 113-15.] His criminal history category was V. [Id. at ¶ 126.] His imprisonment range under the United States Sentencing Guidelines ("U.S.S.G." or "the Guidelines") was therefore 92 to 115 months, and his range for supervised release was 2 to 5 years. [Id. at ¶¶ 162, 166.] The PSR noted that a total of $291,615.31 in restitution was due to six individual victims and four banks. [Id. at ¶ 174.]

Kealakekua was sentenced to 84 months of imprisonment, and 5 years of supervised release, and he was ordered to pay $291,615.31 in restitution, and $200 in special assessments. This Court granted the Government's oral motion to dismiss Counts 1-10, 12-16, 18, and 19. [Minutes, filed 2/29/16 (dkt. no. 67).] The Judgment in a Criminal Case was filed on March 1, 2016. [Dkt. no. 68.]

Kealakekua filed his Notice of Appeal on March 4, 2016. [Dkt. no. 70.] Lars Isaacson, Esq., represented Kealakekua on appeal. [Dkt. nos. 73 (order granting Mr. Otake's motion to withdraw); 74 (order appointing Mr. Isaacson).] According to the § 2255 Motion, Kealakekua argued on appeal that his criminal history score was improperly calculated. [§ 2255 Motion at 3.] On July 20, 2016, the Ninth Circuit granted the Government's motion to dismiss the appeal in light of the valid appeal waiver. [Dkt. no. 93.] The Ninth Circuit's Mandate was issued on October 21, 2016. [Dkt. no. 95.]

In the § 2255 Motion, Kealakekua argues that Mr. Otake rendered ineffective assistance by: 1) failing to argue that the clear and convincing evidence standard applied at sentencing to the losses that were not the subject of the charged offenses; 2) failing to investigate the accuracy of the criminal history section of the PSR; and 3) failing to provide Kealakekua with a copy of the Plea Agreement and failing to advise him regarding the agreement. The Government responds that the § 2255 Motion fails to establish ineffective assistance because Mr. Otake: presented a vigorous challenge to the amount of loss, and the clear and convincing standard was met; challenged Kealakekua's criminal history score; and carefully explained the Plea Agreement to Kealakekua.

STANDARD

Section 2255(a) states:

This district court has described the standards applicable to § 2255 motions as follows:

United States v. Sherman, Cr. No. 16-00169 JMS, 2017 WL 4560150, at *1 (D. Hawai`i Oct. 12, 2017) (alteration in Sherman).

The issues raised in Kealakekua's § 2255 Motion are legal issues that "can be conclusively decided on the basis of the evidence in the record," including the record of the underlying proceedings. See Mejia-Mesa, 153 F.3d at 929. An evidentiary hearing is therefore unnecessary in this case.

DISCUSSION

This district court has stated:

United States v. Chaves, Cr. No. 14-00579 JMS (03), 2016 WL 5660327, at *4 (D. Hawai`i Sept. 28, 2016). As to the reasonableness of representation prong, a court must "determine whether, in light of all the circumstances, the identified acts or omissions were outside the wide range of professionally competent assistance." Strickland, 466 U.S. at 690. Kealakekua bears the burden of proof as to both prongs of the Strickland analysis. See Turk v. White, 116 F.3d 1264, 1265 (9th Cir. 1997).

I. Representation Regarding the Plea Agreement

This Court turns first to Kealakekua's argument that Mr. Otake rendered ineffective assistance during the period prior to the entry of the guilty plea. The Strickland analysis is applicable to those claims. See Hedlund v. Ryan, 854 F.3d 577, 576 (9th Cir. 2017) (quoting Hill v. Lockhart, 474 U.S. 52, 57, 106 S.Ct. 366, 88 L. Ed. 2d 203 (1985)). Kealakekua "must show that there is a reasonable probability that, but for counsel's errors, he would not have pleaded guilty and would have insisted on going to trial." See Hill, 474 U.S. at 59. Further, in the plea context, the Strickland analysis "is based on `counsel's judgment and perspective when the plea was negotiated, offered and entered,' not on a post-adjudication assessment of the case." Baldwin v. Muniz, Case No. 14-cv-03271-JST(PR), 2016 WL 97454, at *6 (N.D. Cal. Jan. 8, 2016) (quoting Premo v. Moore, 562 U.S. 115, 126 (2011)). In Premo, the United States Supreme Court stated:

562 U.S. at 125. The Ninth Circuit has stated that "[t]hough a mere inaccurate prediction, standing alone, would not constitute ineffective assistance, the gross mischaracterization of the likely outcome . . ., combined with the erroneous advice on the possible effects of going to trial, falls below the level of competence required of defense attorneys." United States v. Manzo, 675 F.3d 1204, 1209-10 (9th Cir. 2012) (citation and quotation marks omitted).

Kealakekua contends that Mr. Otake rendered ineffective assistance because Mr. Otake failed to "thoroughly review and discuss the legal terms of" the Plea Agreement with him and failed to "ensure that defendant possessed a reasonable understanding of the law in relation to the facts that were written in" the Plea Agreement. [Mem. in Supp. of § 2255 Motion at 12.] In particular, Kealakekua asserts that Mr. Otake never provided him with a copy of the proposed Plea Agreement and, in reviewing the proposed agreement with Kealakekua, Mr. Otake never explained the language of 18 U.S.C. § 3742(a) to him. [Id. at 12-14.]

The Ninth Circuit has already held that the waiver of Kealakekua's appeal rights in the Plea Agreement was valid. [Dkt. no. 93 (citing United States v. Harris, 628 F.3d 1203, 1205 (9th Cir. 2011) (stating that an appeal waiver is enforceable if its language encompasses the right to appeal on the grounds raised and the waiver is knowingly and voluntarily made)).] Further, at Kealakekua's change of plea hearing, he stated, under oath, that: he had the opportunity to read the entire Plea Agreement and discuss it with Mr. Otake before he signed it; and he understood the terms of the Plea Agreement. [Trans. of 9/30/15 Hrg., filed 4/7/16 (dkt. no. 81), at 3, 5.] The Government's attorney — Assistant United States Attorney ("AUSA") Lawrence Tong — then summarized the major terms of the Plea Agreement, and Kealakekua confirmed that the Government's summary was what Kealakekua understood his agreement with the Government to be. Kealakekua also confirmed that he understood the specific terms that this Court reviewed with him, including his appeal waiver and the elements of his potential sentence. [Id. at 6-10.] When asked: "And are you fully satisfied with the legal representation that you received from [Mr. Otake] and his office?" Kealakekua responded, "I am." [Id. at 4.]

In the § 2255 Motion, Kealakekua admits affirming his satisfaction with Mr. Otake's representation, but he states that "this affirmation was predicated on defendant's belief that trial counsel was forthright and honest in explaining the details of the agreement." [§ 2255 Motion at 14.] Kealakekua now claims that Mr. Otake was not forthright and honest because Mr. Otake did not provide him with a copy of the Plea Agreement that he could keep, and Mr. Otake did not explain § 3742(a) to him. However, those are concerns that Kealakekua was aware of at the time of his change of plea hearing and could have raised during his colloquy with this Court and requested more time to consider his plea, but he did not.

Mr. Otake states his "practice has always been to provide [his] clients with copies of their plea agreements when they want it." [Response, Decl. of Thomas Otake ("Otake Decl.") at ¶ 14.] Although Mr. Otake does not have a specific recollection of doing so in this case, he "would assume that [he] would have." [Id.] Even assuming that Kealakekua is correct that Mr. Otake did not provide him with a copy of the Plea Agreement to keep, under the circumstances of this case, the failure to do so did not fall below an objective standard of reasonableness. It is undisputed that Mr. Otake met with Kealakekua at the Federal Detention Center prior to the change of plea hearing, and Kealakekua had the opportunity to review the Plea Agreement. [Mem. in Supp. of § 2255 Motion at 13 ("On September 19, 2015, trial counsel visited defendant and brought a copy of the plea memorandum. . . . [D]efendant proceeded to read through the agreement and notated [sic] changes he wanted the government to make pertaining to counts 11 and 17."); Otake Decl. at ¶ 15 ("I most definitely sat with Mr. Kealakekua at the Federal Detention Center, I believe on September 19, 2015, and reviewed his plea agreement with him paragraph-by-paragraph, line-by-line.").] Kealakekua suggested extensive changes, and AUSA Tong ultimately "agree[d] to almost all the proposed changes." [§ 2255 Motion, Exh. 10 (email dated 9/23/16 to Kealakekua from Mr. Otake) at 1.]

The Plea Agreement contains multiple citations to § 3742. [Plea Agreement at ¶¶ 13.a-c.] If, as Kealakekua alleges, he believed Mr. Otake failed to sufficiently explain § 3742 to him, he could have raised this issue during the change of plea hearing, but he did not do so. Kealakekua alleges that, had he "known he would not be able to appeal based on the language setforth [sic] in Title 18, U.S.C.S., Section 3742(a), defendant would not have accepted the plea memorandum." [Mem. in Supp. of § 2255 Motion at 18.] As previously noted, Kealakekua confirmed in his colloquy with this Court that he understood the waiver of his appellate rights, and the Ninth Circuit held that Kealakekua's appeal waiver was knowingly and voluntarily made.

Viewing the record as a whole, Kealakekua has not established that Mr. Otake's alleged failure to provide Kealakekua with a copy of the Plea Agreement and his alleged failure to explain § 3742 to Kealakekua fell outside of what is considered competent assistance for purposes of an ineffective assistance of counsel claim. Further, Kealakekua's claim that, had Mr. Otake provided him with a copy of the Plea Agreement and fully explained § 3742 to him, he would not have pled guilty is palpably incredible in light of the record in this case. Kealakekua fails to establish either that Mr. Otake rendered constitutionally ineffective assistance regarding the Plea Agreement or that Kealakekua was prejudiced by the allegedly deficient representation. Kealakekua's effective assistance of counsel claim fails as to Mr. Otake's representation related to the guilty plea.

II. Representation at Sentencing

The Strickland analysis also applies to § 2255 motions alleging ineffective assistance related to sentencing. See, e.g., United States v. Carlsen, 441 F. App'x 531, 535 (9th Cir. 2011) (applying Strickland analysis to a claim that defense counsel failed to advocate for the application of a relevant provision of the United States Sentencing Guidelines).

A. Amount of Loss

In the § 2255 Motion, Kealakekua argues that his total offense level was determined based on loss amount of $1,531,430.81, which included losses from Counts 11 and 17, the other counts that were dismissed, and other conduct. He contends that, other than the losses from Counts 11 and 17, the losses could only be considered during sentencing if they were proven by clear and convincing evidence. Kealakekua alleges that Mr. Otake rendered ineffective assistance by failing to argue that the clear and convincing standard applied. [Mem. in Supp. of § 2255 Motion at 2-4.]

United States v. Hymas, 780 F.3d 1285, 1289-90 (9th Cir. 2015) (alteration in Hymas) (footnote omitted).

The $1,531,430.81 total loss in this case consisted of: $490,175.05 for the scheme that was the subject of the indictment in this case; $924,787.76 for a mortgage fraud scheme deemed relevant conduct to the charged offenses; and $116,468.00 for a loan fraud scheme in Seattle that was also deemed relevant conduct. [PSR at ¶¶ 97-103.] Kealakekua argues that, if only the losses for Counts 11 and 17 were considered, his base offense level would only have been increased by 6 because the total loss from those offenses was $43,198.87. Instead, the $1,531,430.81 loss resulted in a 17-level increase. [Mem. in Supp. of § 2255 Motion at 2-3.] The Government concedes that "the clear and convincing standard probably applied" to losses from conduct other than the charged offenses. [Response at 14 n.6.]

The Government also concedes that Mr. Otake did not expressly argue that the clear and convincing standard should have been applied to the calculation of the amount of loss. [Id. at 13-14.] Kealakekua's argument is that, had Mr. Otake argued for the application of the clear and convincing standard, only the losses associated with Counts 11 and 17 would have been considered in determining the total amount of loss. However, based on the legal principles set forth above, the clear and convincing standard would not have applied to the conduct that was the basis for the dismissed counts. Thus, the crux of Kealakekua's argument is that the clear and convincing standard applied to the losses from the other conduct deemed relevant conduct for purposes of the amount of loss.

Mr. Otake did in fact argue that the $924,787.76 from the mortgage fraud scheme and the $116,468.00 from the Seattle loan fraud scheme should not be considered in the amount of loss as relevant conduct. Mr. Otake argued that Kealakekua should only be held responsible for a total loss of $172,476.05. [Objections to Proposed Presentence Investigation Report, filed 1/14/16 (dkt. no. 62), at 24-29.4]

In light of the lack of clarity in the case law regarding the clear and convincing standard of proof at sentencing, and the fact that Mr. Otake made an argument that, if it had been accepted, would have had the same effect as the argument Kealakekua now contends Mr. Otake should have made, Mr. Otake's failure to expressly argue that the clear and convincing standard applied did not fall "outside the wide range of professionally competent assistance." See Strickland 466 U.S. at 690.

Because Kealakekua has failed to establish the first prong of the Strickland test, this Court does not need to address the issue of whether Kealakekua's sentence would have been different if Mr. Otake had expressly argued that the clear and convincing standard applied. Kealakekua has failed to establish that Mr. Otake rendered constitutionally ineffective assistance during the sentencing process regarding the amount of loss.

B. Criminal History Points

Kealakekua states he repeatedly told Mr. Otake the facts presented in the PSR regarding his criminal history were erroneous, resulting in an incorrect score. Further, Mr. Otake never provided him with an indication he followed up on Kealakekua's concerns and investigated Kealakekua's criminal history. According to Kealakekua, without conducting such investigation, Mr. Otake could not appropriately object to the PSR's determination of the criminal history category. [Mem. in Supp. of § 2255 Motion at 4-5.]

According to the PSR, Kealakekua had six prior convictions, three of which counted toward his criminal history score. [PSR at ¶¶ 118-23.] Those three convictions were: a September 21, 1989 conviction in Georgia for bank fraud in Case No. CR89-213-01A; an April 18, 1991 conviction in Georgia for forgery and other offenses in Case No. 91-B514-5; and a October 25, 2000 conviction in Georgia for forgery and other offenses in Case No. 93-1398-5. Each of the three offenses resulted in three criminal history points. [Id. at ¶¶ 121-23.] An additional two points were added because Kealakekua committed the offenses in the instant case while he was under the October 25, 2000 sentence. Thus, Kealakekua's total criminal history score was eleven. [Id. at ¶¶ 125-26.]

Kealakekua argues the three points for Case No. 93-1398-5 should not have been included because the PSR states he was released from prison the same day he was sentenced — October 25, 2000, [Mem. in Supp. of § 2255 Motion at 6 (citing PSR at ¶ 123),] and there is no evidence he actually served a term of imprisonment in Case No. 93-1398-5, [id. at 8]. Kealakekua reasons that, if he never served a term of imprisonment, he could not have served probation following the term of imprisonment. Thus, he could not have been on probation for Case No. 93-1398-5 when he committed the instant offenses, and the additional two criminal history points should not have been assessed. [Id.] Kealakekua also states he does not remember serving a term of imprisonment for Case No. 91-B514-5, and he denies he had his probation revoked in that case on October 25, 2000 for violation of a warrant. [Id. at 8-9.] Further, he contends there is no evidence to support the Government's statement at sentencing that, according to the probation officer, Kealakekua served more than thirteen months imprisonment for Case. No. 91-B514-5, [id. at 9 (citing Sentencing Trans. at 42),] and he asserts that his sentence for that case should not have counted because it was imposed more than fifteen years before the instant offense, [id. at 10]. According to Kealakekua, without the erroneous inclusion of these prior offenses and the erroneous assessment for commission of the instant offense while on probation, his criminal history score would have been four, resulting in a criminal history category of III. [Id.]

According to Mr. Otake's declaration, Kealakekua did inform Mr. Otake of his concerns that his criminal history score was too high, but "[h]is explanation as to why it should have been lower made no sense." [Otake Decl. at ¶ 26.] In spite of that fact, Mr. Otake "did review in detail the pre-sentence report sections dealing with his criminal history to check for errors or misapplication of the guidelines. [Mr. Otake] found no such error, and found Mr. Kealakekua's explanations as to why his criminal history should be reduced to be unsupported by the facts." [Id.] Nevertheless, Mr. Otake objected to Kealakekua's criminal history category. [Id. at ¶ 27.] The Sentencing Memorandum stated:

[Sentencing Mem. at 16-17.] Mr. Otake reiterated these arguments at the sentencing hearing. [Sentencing Trans. at 41-42.] Thus, Mr. Otake did make many of the arguments that Kealakekua bases his ineffective assistance of counsel claim upon.

As to the fact that Kealakekua was released on the same day he was sentenced for Case No. 93-1398-5, AUSA Tong stated that the probation officer "confirmed that the only reason he was released on the same day is he was given for credit for time served, which I think was in excess of 12 months. And under that scenario it would be a qualifying conviction that triggers three points towards the criminal history score." [Id. at 42.] This Court overruled Kealakekua's objections to his criminal history score and found that his criminal history "should be category 5, recognizing that many of those convictions are old, but they still qualify." [Id.] Because Mr. Otake raised the foregoing arguments during the sentencing process, Kealakekua has failed to establish that Mr. Otake's "representation fell below an objective standard of reasonableness" as to those issues. See Strickland, 466 U.S. at 688.

The only arguments in the § 2255 Motion that Mr. Otake did not raise in the sentencing proceedings were: Kealakekua did not serve more than thirteen months' imprisonment for Case No. 91-B514-5; there is no evidence to support the assignment of criminal history points for No. 91-B514-5; and Kealakekua was not on probation for Case No. 93-01398-5 when he committed the instant offenses. Even if Mr. Otake had raised these arguments, they would have been rejected. First, although a defendant "must have actually served a period of imprisonment on such sentence" for the sentence to be considered a "sentence of imprisonment" for criminal history purposes, "the length of a sentence of imprisonment is the stated maximum . . . . That is, criminal history points are based on the sentence pronounced, not the length of time actually served." U.S.S.G. § 4A1.2 cmt. n.2. The PSR stated that the stated maximum terms for the counts in Case No. 91-B514-5 were ten years for Counts 1 to 3, five years for Counts 4 to 6, and three years for Counts 7 to 14. [PSR at ¶ 122.] Thus, even if Kealakekua were correct that he actually served less than thirteen months of imprisonment for Case No. 91-B514-5, because his stated maximum was more than thirteen months, three criminal history points were correctly counted for that sentence. See U.S.S.G. § 4A1.1(a) ("Add 3 points for each prior sentence of imprisonment exceeding one year and one month.").

Kealakekua's arguments contesting the factual basis for the inclusion of the sentence in Case No. 91-B514-5 and the addition of two points because the instant offense was committed while he was on probation for Case No. 93-01398-5 would also have been rejected. The United States Probation Office ("Probation Office") had sufficient evidence from the records of the two cases to support those criminal history points. See Response, Decl. of Lawrence L. Tong ("Tong Decl.") at ¶ 2 (stating that, after he received the § 2255 Motion, he "contacted the United States Probation Office to obtain the records in its files concerning defendant's prior convictions"). The records of Case No. 91-B514-5 confirm the sentence for all counts stated in the PSR. [Tong Decl., Exh. 2 (records for Case No. 91-B514-5) at 12 (Final Disposition document).5] Because the sentences were to run concurrently, the stated maximum for that case was ten years, and three points were correctly attributed for that sentence.

As to Case No. 93-1398-5, the records the Government obtained from the Probation Office confirm Kealakekua was sentenced on October 25, 2000 to ten years of imprisonment, but was released from custody because he was: given credit for time served; and allowed to serve the final seven years of the sentence on probation because he served three years of imprisonment. [Tong Decl., Exh. 1 (records for Case No. 93-1398-5) at 7 (Final Disposition document).] On August 31, 2004, a warrant was issued for Kealakekua's arrest because he had not reported to Probation since being released on October 25, 2000 and he changed his residence without obtaining prior permission from his probation officer. [Id. at 12.] A Georgia state court issued an order on June 28, 2006, stating that the running of Kealakekua's term of probation was suspended until Kealakekua "personally report[ed] to the probation supervisor, is taken into custody in this state, or is otherwise available to this Court." [Id. at 11.] Thus, two points were correctly added to Kealakekua's criminal history score because, at the time of the instant offenses, he was still subject to the term of probation for Case No. 93-1398-5.

Moreover, in imposing Kealakekua's sentence, this Court departed from the Guidelines sentencing range because it recognized that his "criminal history may be overrepresented." [Sentencing Trans. at 67.] The Guidelines sentencing range that would have applied to him with an offense level of 24 and a criminal history category of V was 92 to 115 months of imprisonment. [Id. at 63.] However, Kealakekua was sentenced to 84 months of imprisonment, which was "squarely in the middle of" the Guidelines sentencing range for an offense level of 24 and a criminal history category of IV, which was 77 to 96 months. [Id. at 67.] Thus, even if Mr. Otake had raised the three arguments Kealakekua alleges he should have raised and this Court accepted some of those arguments, there is not a reasonable probability that the sentence would have been lower because the actual sentence imposed already reflected a lower criminal history category.

Kealakekua has therefore failed to establish that his sentence would have been different if Mr. Otake had raised the arguments challenging the points associated with Case No. 91-B514-5 and the points attributed because of the commission of the instant offense while on probation for Case No. 93-1398-5. Because there was no prejudice as a result of the failure to present these arguments, it is not necessary to address whether Mr. Otake's representation was deficient because he did not raise these arguments. See Strickland, 466 U.S. at 697. Kealakekua has failed to establish that Mr. Otake rendered constitutionally ineffective assistance during the sentencing process regarding Kealakekua's criminal history score.

Because Kealakekua has failed to prove any of the alleged instances of ineffective assistance, his § 2255 Motion is denied.

III. Certificate of Appealability

This district court has stated that:

Leon v. United States, Civ. No. 15-00099 JMS-BMK, 2015 WL 3965895, at *9-10 (some alterations in Leon). Reasonable jurists would not find that the rulings in this Order regarding Kealakekua's § 2255 Motion are debatable. A certificate of appealability therefore will not be issued.

CONCLUSION

On the basis of the foregoing, Kealakekua's Motion under 28 U.S.C. § 2255 to Vacate, Set Aside, or Correct Sentence by a Person in Federal Custody, filed December 5, 2016, is HEREBY DENIED. In addition, this Court DENIES a certificate of appealability.

In light of these rulings, Kealakekua's Motion for Decision, [filed 8/17/17 (dkt. no. 119),] is HEREBY DENIED AS MOOT.

IT IS SO ORDERED.