MEMORANDUM OPINION AND ORDER REGARDING DEFENDANTS' MOTION TO DISMISS

MARK W. BENNETT, District Judge.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

I. INTRODUCTION                                                        1007
   A. Factual Background                                                 1007
   B. Procedural Background                                              1010

II. LEGAL ANALYSIS                                                       1011

   A. Applicable Standards                                               1011
      1. Rule 12(b)(6) standards                                         1011
      2. "Pleadings" within the meaning of Rule 10(c) and 12(b)(6)       1013
   B. Sufficiency Of The Pleadings                                       1017
         1. Plausibility of the harassment claims                        1017
             a. Arguments of the parties                                 1017
             b. Analysis                                                 1018
         2. Plausibility of the retaliation claims                       1020
            a. Arguments of the parties                                  1020
            b. Analysis                                                  1021
          3. Plausibility of individual liability                        1022
             a. Arguments of the parties                                 1022
             b. Analysis                                                 1022

                i. Individual liability                                  1022
                ii. "Supervisory" employee liability                     1023
                iii. "Aiding and abetting" liability                     1024
                iv. Factual bases for individual liability               1025

III. CONCLUSION                                                          1027

This Twom-bal1 motion to dismiss in this garden-variety employment discrimination case raises a Mobius strip like question of whether the defendants' claim of implausibility of the plaintiff's claims is itself implausible. More specifically, has a female retail wireless consultant for a cellular telephone company adequately pleaded her claims of sexual harassment and retaliation in violation of Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, 42 U.S.C. § 2000e, and the Iowa Civil Rights Act (ICRA), IOWA CODE CH. 216? The defendants do not think so, so they have moved to dismiss all of the plaintiffs claims for failure to state claims upon which relief can be granted pursuant to Rule 12(b)(6) of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure.

The defendants contend that the plaintiff's vague and conclusory allegations of harassment, discrimination, and retaliation are insufficient to state claims for relief that are plausible on their face or to establish any basis for individual liability on her state-law claims. The plaintiff counters that her amended complaint and incorporated administrative charge set forth sufficient facts to make her claims plausible.

Twom-bal motions to dismiss, especially in run of the mill single-plaintiff Title VII cases like this one, raise the specter that they will become as ubiquitous in federal employment discrimination cases as motions for summary judgment. A major concern of this potential pleading revolution is that it will further drive up the already too high cost of litigation under important federal employment civil rights statutes, especially where the Twon-bal motions are mostly frivolous, like this one, notwithstanding that it was signed by three different attorneys from two national law firms.

It would be exceptionally rare, at least in a case where the plaintiff is represented by counsel, that even if allegations in a complaint are found to be implausible under Twom-bal, such implausibility could not be easily cured by amending the complaint. Indeed, in the most complex Twom-bal motions I have ruled on, after granting the motions, the 13 consolidated class action plaintiffs amended their complaint and the case quickly settled for 18 million dollars.2 So, pardon my skepticism in questioning whether the Twom-bal revolution has more to do with law firm economics than legitimate concerns about the adequacy of plaintiffs' initial pleading that are almost always so easily cured.

I. INTRODUCTION

A. Factual Background

"When ruling on a defendant's motion to dismiss, a judge must accept as true all of the factual allegations contained in the complaint." Erickson v. Pardus, 551 U.S. 89, 94, 127 S.Ct. 2197, 167 L.Ed.2d 1081 (2007) (citing Bell Atlantic Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 544, 555-56, 127 S.Ct. 1955, 167 L.Ed.2d 929 (2007)). Thus, the factual background presented here is based, in the first instance, on the plaintiffs allegations in her Amended Complaint (docket no. 3).

Plaintiff Lisa Blazek alleges that, from April 17, 2007, until her constructive discharge on or about March 9, 2010, she was employed as a retail wireless consultant by defendants United States Cellular Corporation and USCC Payroll Corporation in Spencer, Clay County, Iowa. In her Amended Complaint, Blazek refers to these corporate defendants collectively as USCC, and I will do the same.3 Blazek alleges that she was subjected to a sexually hostile environment due to the behavior of USCC and its employees and was subjected to retaliation by them after engaging in protected activity.

More specifically, Blazek alleges the following:

personal sex lives and the sex lives of customers coming into the store;

Amended Complaint, ¶ 18. She alleges, further, that USCC did not effectively respond to her complaints, so that the harassment continued; that the harassment caused her to lose working hours and pay; that, instead of investigating her claims of harassment, the store manager, defendant Paul Daniels, told her that she would have to take care of the problem herself and warned her against reporting harassment to higher management; that an investigator brought in by USCC accused her of having a relationship with one of the harassers and attempted to intimidate her into giving up her complaints; that, instead of disciplining any of her harassers, USCC told her she would have to move to a different location within the company to avoid the harassment; and that USCC's failure to take proper remedial action forced her to quit her job. Id. at ¶¶ 19-24. Blazek also alleges that she resisted the sexually hostile work environment fostered by USCC's conduct through repeated complaints to management employees, but that she was retaliated against for doing so, up to and including causing her constructive discharge. Id. at ¶¶ 27-29. She also alleges that the individual defendants aided and abetted the discrimination and retaliation to which she was subjected. Id. at ¶ 34.

Blazek contends that her Iowa Civil Rights Commission Complaint Form, attached to her Amended Complaint as Exhibit A, provides further detailed factual allegations concerning the harassing and retaliatory conduct to which she was subjected, and should be considered as part of the Amended Complaint for purposes of determining whether or not her Amended Complaint states claims upon which relief can be granted. The administrative charge does add that individual defendants Jeffrey Storey and Dave Sierck were "sales & service" employees of USCC, Paul Daniels was the "store manager," and Dennis Leroy was the "investigator" for her complaints. Exhibit A at ¶ 14. It also adds that the date of the "most recent" discriminatory incident was March 9, 2010, the day she quit. Id. at ¶ 15. It also adds considerable detail about the alleged harassment and retaliation.

Specifically, in parts of the administrative charge that Blazek identifies in response to the defendants' motion to dismiss, the charge clarifies the frequency of the alleged harassment as "constant," because "[t]here was not a day that went by in the United States' [sic] Cellular store in Spencer that there were not sexual comments being made," including employees commenting on their own sex lives or commenting on the sex lives of customers. See id. at ¶ 17 & 17(h). The administrative charge also clarifies the nature of the alleged harassment, including the following details:

Exhibit A at ¶ 17(h).

The administrative charge also provides details of Blazek's allegedly protected complaints and USCC's response, including the following:

Exhibit A at ¶ 17(h). Blazek also alleges in her administrative charge,

Exhibit A at ¶ 17(e).

She alleges that the response of management was not only unhelpful, but retaliatory:

Exhibit A at ¶ 17(i); see also id. at ¶ 17(g) (alleging that her complaints resulted in reduced hours and pay). She alleges that the unhelpful and retaliatory response of USCC to her complaints included the conduct of the investigator eventually sent to investigate her complaints:

Exhibit A at ¶ 17(e).

B. Procedural Background

After receiving right-to-sue letters from appropriate state and federal agencies, Blazek filed a Complaint (docket no. 1) initiating this action against defendants United States Cellular Corporation, Jeffrey Storey, Dave Sierk, Dennis Leroy, and Paul Daniels on June 16, 2011. On June 29, 2011, prior to the filing of any response to the Complaint, Blazek filed her Amended Complaint (docket no. 3) adding USCC Payroll Corporation as a corporate defendant. In Count I of her Amended Complaint, Blazek asserts a claim of "sexual harassment-hostile work environment" against the corporate defendants;4 in Count II, she asserts a claim of "retaliation" against the corporate defendants; and in Count III, she alleges sexual harassment and retaliation in violation of IOWA CODE CH. 216 against "all defendants." Blazek alleges, generally, that her action is based on 42 U.S.C. § 2000e and the ICRA, so that it appears that Counts I and II are her federal claims, while Count III is her state-law claim. Blazek seeks compensatory and punitive damages, injunctive relief preventing the defendants from future unlawful practices, attorney's fees and costs, interest, and such other and further relief as is available under the law and that the court deems proper.

In response to Blazek's Amended Complaint, the defendants jointly filed a Motion To Dismiss (docket no. 17) pursuant to Rule 12(b)(6) of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure on September 6, 2011, attacking the sufficiency of the pleadings to state federal or state discrimination and retaliation claims or a basis for individual liability under the ICRA. Blazek filed her Resistance To Defendants' Motion To Dismiss (docket no. 18) on September 23, 2011, and the defendants filed a joint Reply (docket no. 19) on September 30, 2011.

Although I found no request for oral arguments on the defendants' Motion To Dismiss in the manner required by N.D. IA. L.R. 7(c), I found that oral arguments were likely to be of benefit to me. Therefore, I set oral arguments on the defendants' joint Motion To Dismiss on November 10, 2011. See Order (docket no. 22). Owing to conflicts in the parties' schedules, those oral arguments were rescheduled for November 18, 2011. See Order (docket no. 23). At the oral arguments, plaintiff Blazek was represented by Jay Denne of Munger, Reinschmidt & Denne in Sioux City, Iowa. The defendants were represented by Tracy L. Farley of Quarles & Brady, L.L.P., in Chicago, Illinois.

The defendants' Motion to Dismiss is now fully submitted.

II. LEGAL ANALYSIS

A. Applicable Standards

1. Rule 12(b)(6) standards

The defendants' Motion To Dismiss is pursuant to Rule 12(b)(6) of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure. Rule 12(b)(6) provides for a motion to dismiss on the basis of "failure to state a claim upon which relief can be granted."5 In Bell Atlantic Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 544, 127 S.Ct. 1955, 167 L.Ed.2d 929 (2007), the Supreme Court revisited the standards for determining whether factual allegations are sufficient to survive a Rule 12(b)(6) motion to dismiss:

Bell Atlantic, 550 U.S. at 555-56, 127 S.Ct. 1955 (footnote omitted).

Subsequently, in Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662, 129 S.Ct. 1937, 173 L.Ed.2d 868 (2009), the Supreme Court reiterated what is required to survive a motion to dismiss and the two working principles that underlie its decision in Twombly:

Iqbal, 556 U.S. at 678-79, 129 S.Ct. at 1949-50.

In light of the Twom-bal formulation of the standard, the Eighth Circuit Court of Appeals has recognized that, "[t]o survive a motion to dismiss, a complaint must contain factual allegations sufficient `to raise a right to relief above the speculative level....'" Parkhurst v. Tabor, 569 F.3d 861, 865 (8th Cir.2009) (quoting Bell Atlantic, 550 U.S. at 555, 127 S.Ct. 1955). To put it another way, "the complaint must allege `only enough facts to state a claim to relief that is plausible on its face.'" B & B Hardware, Inc. v. Hargis Indus., Inc., 569 F.3d 383, 387 (8th Cir.2009) (quoting Bell Atlantic, 550 U.S. at 570, 127 S.Ct. 1955); accord Iqbal, 556 U.S. at 678, 129 S.Ct. at 1949 ("Where a complaint pleads facts that are `merely consistent with' a defendant's liability, it `stops short of the line between possibility and plausibility of entitlement to relief.'") (quoting Bell Atlantic, 550 U.S. at 557, 127 S.Ct. 1955).

In short, what is ordinarily required is pleading of allegations sufficient to raise a plausible inference as to each claim or cause of action. See Iqbal, 556 U.S. at 677-80, 129 S.Ct. at 1949-50; accord Hamilton v. Palm, 621 F.3d 816, 818-19 (8th Cir.2010); Parkhurst, 569 F.3d at 865 ("To survive a motion to dismiss, a complaint must contain factual allegations sufficient `to raise a right to relief above the speculative level ....'" (quoting Bell Atlantic, 550 U.S. at 555, 127 S.Ct. 1955)); B & B Hardware, Inc., 569 F.3d at 387 ("[T]he complaint must allege `only enough facts to state a claim to relief that is plausible on its face.'" (quoting Bell Atlantic, 550 U.S. at 570, 127 S.Ct. 1955)). Moreover, allegations that raise plausible inferences of alternative scenarios, one that satisfies a particular element and one that does not satisfy that element, are sufficient to state a claim, because "[w]hich inference will prove to be correct is not an issue to be determined by a motion to dismiss." Hamilton, 621 F.3d at 819 (noting that the plaintiffs' complaint raised plausible inferences of both employee and independent contractor status, in support of the "employee status" element of his claim that the purported employer negligently breached its duty to maintain a safe workplace for its employees).

District courts in this circuit agree that this pleading standard does not require an employment discrimination plaintiff to make out or plead facts related to each element of a prima facie case of discrimination in his or her complaint, but the claim must be facially plausible and the complaint must give fair notice to the defendant of the basis for the claim. See, e.g., Ginsburg v. Concordia Univ., 2010 WL 3720186, *2 (D.Neb. Sept. 14, 2010) (slip op.) (citing Fowler v. Scores Holding Co., Inc., 677 F.Supp.2d 673, 679 (S.D.N.Y. 2009), and ultimately holding that the plaintiff did not plead facts showing more than a possibility that his religion, rather than a coaching decision, was the basis for his termination from a religious school, because more facts were required to provide some basis to infer that he was fired due to his religion); Martin v. ReliaStar Life Ins. Co., 710 F.Supp.2d 875, 887 (D.Minn.2010) (distinguishing between the facts pleaded by the plaintiffs giving fair notice of their claim and mere conclusory allegations); Harris v. Missouri Dep't of Mental Health, 2009 WL 152105, *2 (E.D.Mo. Jan. 21, 2009) (also finding detailed factual allegations sufficient to support race discrimination claims). I agree. Nevertheless, pleading facts supporting each element of a prima facie case might be the safest way to forestall a Twom-bal "plausibility" challenge to the pleadings.

Unfortunately, this pleading standard may impose upon employment discrimination plaintiffs, even ones who have obtained more than cursory consideration of their administrative charges, a greater knowledge of the facts supporting their claims than they can reasonably be expected to have before filing suit and obtaining discovery. Moreover, my experience with the routine use of summary judgment motions in employment discrimination cases, even when any reasonably objective review of the record demonstrates that there are genuine issues of material fact, suggests that defendants will just as eagerly—and unreasonably—assert the lack of any plausible basis for employment discrimination claims at the pleading stage. Doing so will impose upon plaintiffs, who are usually at a disadvantage in terms of resources that they can bring to bear to litigate their claims, yet more costs and burdens before they can bring their claims before a jury. A zealous defense does not necessarily require invocation of every potential procedural bar to an employment discrimination lawsuit, particularly when an expeditious determination of the merits by a fact-finder would often be a more cost-effective means of disposing of claims. After all, inexpensive resolution on the merits, not procedural gamesmanship, is supposed to be the point of the rules of civil procedure. See, e.g., FED.R.CIV.P. 1 (the rules of civil procedure "should be construed and administered to secure the just, speedy, and inexpensive determination of every action and proceeding").

2. "Pleadings" within the meaning of Rule 10(c) and 12(b)(6)

In deciding whether a "plausible" claim is stated, the court must still "accept as true the plaintiff's well pleaded allegations." Parkhurst, 569 F.3d at 865 (citing Neitzke v. Williams, 490 U.S. 319, 326-27, 109 S.Ct. 1827, 104 L.Ed.2d 338 (1989)); accord Erickson v. Pardus, 551 U.S. 89, 94, 127 S.Ct. 2197, 167 L.Ed.2d 1081 (2007) ("When ruling on a defendant's motion to dismiss, a judge must accept as true all of the factual allegations contained in the complaint." (citing Bell Atlantic Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 544, 555-56, 127 S.Ct. 1955, 167 L.Ed.2d 929 (2007))); B & B Hardware, Inc., 569 F.3d at 387 ("[W]e `assume[ ] as true all factual allegations of the complaint'" (quoting Levy v. Ohl, 477 F.3d 988, 991 (8th Cir.2007))). The court must also still "construe the complaint liberally in the light most favorable to the plaintiff." Eckert v. Titan Tire Corp., 514 F.3d 801, 806 (8th Cir.2008) (post-Bell Atlantic decision). On the other hand, "[w]here the allegations show on the face of the complaint that there is some insuperable bar to relief, dismissal under Rule 12(b)(6) is [still] appropriate." Benton v. Merrill Lynch & Co., Inc., 524 F.3d 866, 870 (8th Cir.2008) (citing Parnes v. Gateway 2000, Inc., 122 F.3d 539, 546 (8th Cir.1997), for this standard in a discussion of Rule 12(b)(6) standards in light of Bell Atlantic).

One question raised here is where the "well pleaded allegations" or facts sufficient to raise a plausible inference may be found. The defendants looked only at the body of Blazek's Amended Complaint, but Blazek asserts that the more detailed factual allegations of her administrative charge, which was attached to her Amended Complaint as Exhibit A, must also be considered, citing Rule 10(c) of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure. She argues that considering her Exhibit A as part of the pleadings pursuant to Rule 10(c) honors the intent of the "short and plain statement" requirement of Rule 8, because her Amended Complaint would not have been "short and plain," if she had included all of the factual detail in Exhibit A.

Rule 10(c) states the following:

FED.R.CIV.P. 10(c). The defendants argue that Blazek's failure to reference her administrative complaint in relation to any allegations other than her allegations of exhaustion of administrative remedies means that the administrative complaint, although attached as an exhibit, is not properly adopted by reference within the meaning of Rule 10(c). They cite in support of this contention Fanning v. Potter, 614 F.3d 845 (8th Cir.2010), which states, "`[A] pleading incorporating allegations from other documents must clarify which statements are incorporated.'" Fanning, 614 F.3d at 851 (quoting Shelter Mut. Ins. Co. v. Pub. Water Supply Dist. No. 7, 747 F.2d 1195, 1198 (8th Cir.1984)). I find that the defendants have improperly conflated the first and second sentences of Rule 10(c) and that both Fanning and Shelter Mutual Insurance, on which Fanning relies, are distinguishable.

First, in my view, the two sentences of Rule 10(c) plainly state separate principles: (1) that a statement in a pleading may be "adopted by reference elsewhere in the same pleading or in any other pleading or motion"; and (2) that "[a] copy of a written instrument that is an exhibit to a pleading is a part of the pleading for all purposes." FED.R.CIV.P. 10(c) (emphasis added). Thus, "adoption by reference" is required only for a statement elsewhere in the pleading or in any other pleading or motion, but nothing requires adoption by reference of specific allegations in a written instrument that is an exhibit to the pleading; such a written instrument, in its entirety, "is a part of the pleading for all purposes."

The decisions of the Eighth Circuit Court of Appeals in Fanning and Shelter Mutual Insurance may be instructive on the first principle, but they have nothing to do with the second or with the circumstances presented here. In Fanning, the court, referring to the "short and plain statement" standard in Rule 8(a)(2), not Rule 10(c), held that "[m]erely attaching documents filed in a different proceeding, alleging claims that are mentioned nowhere in the complaint, does not pass muster." Fanning, 614 F.3d at 851. Although the defendants argue that Fanning is applicable, because the administrative proceedings on Blazek's sexual harassment and retaliation claims are "different proceedings" from these proceedings, so that Blazek was required to adopt by reference the specific allegations in her administrative complaint that she is relying on here, I am not convinced. Even if I were, the claims mentioned in the administrative charge are precisely the same as the claims mentioned in her Amended Complaint in this action, so that Fanning involves distinguishable circumstances. Moreover, Fanning says nothing about the second principle set out in Rule 10(c), that is, that a "written instrument" attached to the pleading as an exhibit is a part of the pleading for all purposes. Shelter Mutual Insurance is also inapposite. In Shelter Mutual Insurance, in addition to the language quoted in Fanning, the court expressly relied on Rule 10(c) when it stated, "[A]n exhibit incorporated into a pleading must be attached." See Shelter Mut. Ins., 747 F.2d at 1198. Again, the exhibit in question here was attached to Blazek's Amended Complaint. Furthermore, that language in Shelter Mutual Insurance goes to the first principle in Rule 10(c), regarding "adoption by reference," not the second principle, regarding the effect of attaching a written instrument as an exhibit. Shelter Mutual Insurance also involved a party's attempt to incorporate by reference another party's complaint into its assertion of a claim against yet another party. See id. at 1197. That plainly is not the circumstance here.

In the part of Rule 10(c) that I find may be applicable here, Rule 10(c) does not state that any exhibit is a part of a pleading, but that an exhibit that is "[a] copy of a written instrument" is a part of the pleading. Id. Some courts, notably the Seventh Circuit Court of Appeals, have recently taken a narrow view of what the "written instrument" language in the second sentence in Rule 10(c) makes part of the pleading. See, e.g., Continental Cas. Co. v. American Nat'l Ins. Co., 417 F.3d 727, 731 n. 3 (7th Cir.2005) ("We have held that `this rule includes a limited class of attachments to Rule 12(b)(6) motions' that are `central to [the plaintiffs] claim,' especially when the court must interpret a contract to determine whether the plaintiff stated a claim." (quoting Rosenblum v. Travelbyus.com Ltd., 299 F.3d 657, 661 (7th Cir.2002))); see also Horsley v. Feldt, 304 F.3d 1125, 1134 (11th Cir.2002) ("It would seem to follow [from Rule 10(c)] that if an attachment to an answer is a `written instrument,' it is part of the pleadings."). On the other hand, the Seventh Circuit Court of Appeals had previously "interpreted the term `written instrument' as used in Rule 10(c) to include documents such as affidavits, and letters, as well as contracts, and loan documentation." Northern Indiana Gun & Outdoor Shows, Inc. v. City of South Bend, 163 F.3d 449, 452-53 (7th Cir.1998) (internal citations omitted) (holding that letters attached to the complaint to be part of the pleading, and rejecting the narrower interpretation of "written instrument" by the Third Circuit Court of Appeals as excluding "affidavits," citing Rose v. Bartle, 871 F.2d 331, 339-40 n. 3 (3d Cir.1989), because "[w]e believe the broader interpretation comports with the traditionally generous nature in which we view pleadings").

Other courts have recently read Rule 10(c) to treat any exhibit as part of the pleading. See Sensations, Inc. v. City of Grand Rapids, 526 F.3d 291, 296-97 (6th Cir.2008) ("Sensations attached a copy of the Ordinance to its complaint as Exhibit A; under Rule 10(c), therefore, we treat the Ordinance as part of the pleadings."); Pennington Seed, Inc. v. Produce Exchange No. 299, 457 F.3d 1334, 1342 n. 4 (Fed.Cir.2006) ("Under Rule 10(c) of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure, materials attached to a complaint may be considered as exhibits that are part of the complaint for determining the sufficiency of the pleadings."). Courts have specifically held that an administrative charge, attached to a complaint, is considered part of the pleading for Rule 10(c) purposes and the factual allegations therein may be considered in determining whether or not the complaint states a claim. See Amini v. Oberlin College, 259 F.3d 493, 503 (6th Cir.2001) (reversing the trial court's dismissal of a race discrimination complaint, because the trial court refused to consider the allegations contained in the plaintiff's EEOC charge, which was attached as an exhibit to the complaint, noting that, even though the complaint did not contain sufficient allegations to support a claim of racial discrimination, the EEOC charge did, and the EEOC charge, filed as a precondition to suit, was "central to his discrimination claim"); see also Gant v. Wallingford Bd. of Educ., 69 F.3d 669, 674 (2d Cir. 1995) (the plaintiffs made findings of an administrative investigation of their complaints of race discrimination part of their complaint by attaching it to their complaint, but they did not thereby adopt as true all of the contents of that document); Danik v. Housing Auth. of Baltimore City, 396 Fed.Appx. 15, 16 (4th Cir.2010) (treating all exhibits filed by the plaintiff with her complaint as part of the pleading, including her EEOC complaint).

The Eighth Circuit Court of Appeals has apparently accepted the broader interpretation of Rule 10(c). In Meehan v. United Consumers Club Franchising Corp., 312 F.3d 909 (8th Cir.2002), citing Rule 10(c), the Eighth Circuit Court of Appeals stated, "The district court properly considered the franchise agreement and offering circular inasmuch as they were attached to the complaint." Meehan, 312 F.3d at 913. Although a franchise agreement is clearly a "written instrument" in the sense of "a contract," the court described the applicability of Rule 10(c) much more broadly, observing that "`materials attached to the complaint as exhibits may be considered in construing the sufficiency of the complaint.'" Id. (emphasis added) (quoting Morton v. Becker, 793 F.2d 185, 187 (8th Cir.1986), and also citing Abels v. Farmers Commodities Corp., 259 F.3d 910, 921 (8th Cir.2001)).6

Similarly, while Rule 12(d) of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure requires "conversion" of a Rule 12(b)(6) motion to a motion for summary judgment, if "matters outside of the pleadings" are considered, see FED.R.CIV.P. 12(d), the Eighth Circuit Court of Appeals has explained that a court "may, however, consider some public records, materials that do not contradict the complaint, or materials that are `necessarily embraced by the pleadings.'" Noble Sys. Corp. v. Alorica Central, L.L.C., 543 F.3d 978, 982 (8th Cir.2008) (quoting Porous Media Corp. v. Pall Corp., 186 F.3d 1077, 1079 (8th Cir.1999), with internal quotation omitted, and also citing Tellabs, Inc. v. Makor Issues & Rights, Ltd., 551 U.S. 308, 127 S.Ct. 2499, 2509, 168 L.Ed.2d 179 (2007)). Indeed, more recently, in the context of a Rule 12(b)(6) motion to dismiss, the Eighth Circuit Court of Appeals observed, "In addressing a motion to dismiss, `[t]he court may consider the pleadings themselves, materials embraced by the pleadings, exhibits attached to the pleadings, and matters of public record.'" Illig v. Union Elec. Co., 652 F.3d 971, 976 (8th Cir.2011) (emphasis added) (quoting Mills v. City of Grand Forks, 614 F.3d 495, 498 (8th Cir.2010), in turn citing Porous Media, 186 F.3d at 1079). Blazek's administrative complaint is undeniably "attached to the pleadings" as an exhibit. Id. The pleadings in this lawsuit "necessarily embrace" whether Blazek exhausted her administrative remedies, and that is the precise purpose for which Blazek has attached her administrative charge as Exhibit A, see Amended Complaint at ¶ 10, but her administrative charge also is entirely consistent with, and does not contradict, the substantive allegations in her Amended Complaint. See Noble, 543 F.3d at 982. Thus, her failure expressly to incorporate the allegations in her administrative charge by reference as part of her pleading of factual allegations to support the substance of her sexual harassment and retaliation claims does not appear to be fatal.

In short, considering the factual allegations in Blazek's administrative charge as part of the pleadings is consistent with cases expressly doing so under Rule 10(c), see Amini, 259 F.3d at 503; is consistent with what appears to be the broad reading of Rule 10(c) by the Eighth Circuit Court of Appeals, see Meehan, 312 F.3d at 913; and is also consistent with the view of the Eighth Circuit Court of Appeals as to the scope of the pleadings under Rules 12(b)(6) and 12(d), see Illig, 652 F.3d at 976; Noble, 543 F.3d at 982. In an abundance of caution, however, I will consider both whether the allegations in the Amended Complaint itself, standing alone, are sufficient to state a claim, and whether those allegations as amplified by the attached administrative charge are sufficient to state a claim.

B. Sufficiency Of The Pleadings

1. Plausibility of the harassment claims

a. Arguments of the parties

The defendants contend that the allegations in Blazek's Amended Complaint fall short of providing the facts necessary to state a plausible claim of hostile work environment harassment under Title VII or the ICRA. They contend that this is so, because Blazek has not alleged any facts suggesting that any of the alleged conduct was because she was a woman, nor any facts describing conduct sufficiently severe or pervasive to constitute an abusive and hostile work environment. The essence of this argument is that Blazek's allegations are, in the defendants' view, vague, conclusory, and insufficient to paint a picture of a work environment that was permeated with discriminatory intimidation, ridicule, and insults sufficient to alter the conditions of her employment. The defendants assert that nothing in Blazek's Amended Complaint indicates the names of the coworkers engaged in the conduct alleged, including whether any of the co-workers are the named individual defendants, when any of this conduct allegedly took place, whether it took place inside or outside of the workplace, whether all of it occurred in Blazek's presence, whether the conduct was unwelcome, or how often it occurred.

Blazek responds that the main body of her Amended Complaint sets forth a basic factual summary of her sexual harassment claim: that she was subjected to behavior of co-employees who frequently talked about their personal sex lives and the sex lives of customers in the store, frequently asked invasive questions relating to her personal sex life, frequently asked about her private parts, and showed her naked and sexually suggestive pictures found on customers' phones. She contends that these allegations are sufficient to support inferences of sexual harassment. Moreover, she contends that she has alleged ostracism as a result of her complaints of sexual harassment, which is also considered an overt sexual act. She contends that she is not required to allege that all instances of harassment were stamped with signs of overt discrimination. She also contends that the defendants have cited no authority requiring specific allegations concerning the identity of the harassers, precise times of alleged harassment, or other details that the defendants contend are missing. She also points out that she has alleged that the individual defendants aided and abetted the harassment, so that those harassers are specifically identified and tied to the hostile environment. She also contends that one can plausibly infer from allegations that she was shown pictures on customers' phones that those incidents occurred in the workplace. She also contends that she has alleged that the harassment was frequent and it is an obvious inference that she found it unwelcome. If there were any doubt, she contends that her administrative charge fleshes out details of the harassment giving rise to her claims.

In their reply, the defendants reiterate that, even considering the administrative charge, Blazek has not pleaded sufficient facts to support her claims, because her allegations are merely conclusory. They contend that the few specific incidents identified in the administrative charge, relating to content on customers' phones, sexual comments, and questions about Blazek's sex life, are simply insufficient to paint a picture of a sufficiently hostile environment.

b. Analysis

I find that the defendants have failed to recognize the difference between "conclusory" allegations and "summary" factual allegations sufficient to plead a claim of sexual harassment under Iowa or federal law.7 For example, in Martin v. ReliaStar Life Ins. Co., 710 F.Supp.2d 875 (D.Minn.2010), the district court explained,

Martin, 710 F.Supp.2d at 888. Similarly, here, Blazek does allege in her Amended Complaint that she was "frequently" harassed in various specific ways: co-employees talked about their personal sex lives and the sex lives of customers coming into the store, asked her sexually invasive questions related to her personal sex life, asked her about her private parts, showed her naked or sexually suggestive pictures found on customers' phones, and ostracized her when she objected to such conduct. Thus, like the plaintiffs in Martin, she has alleged multiple instances of sexual discrimination, not through conclusory statements, but through assertions of fact that put the defendants on fair notice of the basis for this lawsuit. Id.; see also Bell Atlantic, 550 U.S. at 555-56, 127 S.Ct. 1955 (allegations must be sufficient to put the defendants on "`fair notice of what the. . . claim is and the grounds upon which it rests'" (quoting Conley, 355 U.S. at 47, 78 S.Ct. 99)).

Moreover, while Blazek is not required to plead facts related to each element of a prima facie case of sexual harassment, cf. Ginsburg, 2010 WL 3720186 at *2, her allegations do plausibly suggest all of those elements. As the Eighth Circuit Court of Appeals has explained,

Cross v. Prairie Meadows Racetrack & Casino, Inc., 615 F.3d 977, 981 (8th Cir. 2010); accord Wilkie v. Department of Health and Human Servs., 638 F.3d 944, 952 (8th Cir.2011) (quoting Cross). Blazek has plausibly alleged that she is a member of a group protected from sexual harassment, women; that the alleged harassment was unwelcome, in light of her factual allegations that she complained about the conduct to both her harassers and management; and that her employer knew or should have known about the harassment, but failed to take proper remedial action, in light of her allegations that she told her store manager and an investigator about the harassment, but both refused to do anything about it. See id. (first, second, and fifth elements). She has also alleged facts plausibly suggesting actionable harassment, because her allegations involve ridicule and insult. Id. (fourth element). Indeed, her allegations clearly support a plausible inference of "pervasive," sexually-laden conduct. See Wilkie, 638 F.3d at 953 (noting that harassment must be "so severe or pervasive" that it meets the high threshold for a hostile work environment). While the defendants make much of Blazek's supposed failure to allege facts plausibly suggesting that the harassment was because of her sex, see Cross, 615 F.3d at 981 (third element), I disagree: Blazek alleges that male co-employees aided and abetted her harassment, which I find sufficient to raise the required inference.

That is not to say that Blazek's Amended Complaint is a model of sufficient pleading or that Blazek could not have reasonably included more factual detail that would have more clearly notified USCC and the individual defendants of their specific conduct giving rise to her claims. For example, Blazek nowhere explicitly alleges in her Amended Complaint that she is female or that her harassers were male; she does not allege that the kinds of conduct that she alleges was harassment was exclusively or primarily by male co-workers against her (or other female co-workers, if any); she nowhere alleges that the "frequent" harassment occurred within the statute of limitations period for such a claim, even if she could not identify specific dates for specific incidents; and she nowhere alleges the specific positions of each of the named defendants in the U.S. Cellular store in Spencer, the nature of their specific working relationship with her, either as co-workers or supervisors, or the incidents or kinds of incidents of harassment each of them aided and abetted.

Even so, I do not find this to be a close case, on the basis of the allegations in the Amended Complaint alone. To the extent that it is permissible to consider the allegations in Blazek's administrative charge, as well, what is not plausible is the defendants' suggestion that Blazek has not pleaded sufficient facts to state her sexual harassment claim. These additional allegations provide more factual details, including specifics about incidents, conduct, and actors, demonstrating that far more was alleged than violation of a "general civility code," or "merely rude or unpleasant" conduct. Wilkie, 638 F.3d at 953 (stating, "`Title VII does not prohibit all verbal or physical harassment and it is not a general civility code for the American workplace,'" and that more than "`[m]erely rude or unpleasant' conduct" is required (quoting Cross, 615 F.3d at 981)).

The defendants' motion to dismiss Blazek's sexual harassment claim pursuant to Rule 12(b)(6) is denied.

2. Plausibility of the retaliation claims

a. Arguments of the parties

As to Blazek's retaliation claim, the defendants once again assert that Blazek has not pleaded any facts supporting any of her conclusions, including her conclusion that she made complaints that rose to the level of protected activity or was constructively discharged, where she does not plead facts establishing a causal connection between any complaints and her resignation. Blazek counters that she has alleged protected activity in the form of complaints about conduct plausibly rising to the level of a hostile environment, made to her manager, a human resources worker, and an investigator, and evidence of a causal connection between the complaints and adverse employment actions, including a threat of an undesirable reassignment, ostracism, negative treatment, and constructive discharge.

b. Analysis

As the Eighth Circuit Court of Appeals has explained,

Barber v. C1 Truck Driver Training, L.L.C., 656 F.3d 782, 801-02 (8th Cir.2011).

The analysis of the sufficiency of Blazek's pleading of her retaliation claim is much the same as the analysis of her sexual harassment claim. Although not required to plead facts related to each element of a prima facie case of retaliation, cf. Ginsburg, 2010 WL 3720186 at *2, Blazek's allegations do plausibly suggest all of these elements. I agree that the specific allegations in the retaliation claim are only conclusory allegations for each of the elements of the claim. See Amended Complaint, ¶¶ 27-29. However, the retaliation claim also expressly "repleads" all of the prior paragraphs of the Amended Complaint, "as if fully set forth herein," see id. at 1126, thus satisfying the first principle of Rule 10(c). See FED.R.CIV.P. 10(c) ("A statement in a pleading may be adopted by reference elsewhere in the same pleading or in any other pleading or motion"). Those allegations "adopted by reference" are sufficient to state a retaliation claim.

More specifically, contrary to the defendants' contentions, Blazek has alleged that she complained about conduct that she reasonably believed constituted sexual harassment. Barber, 656 F.3d at 801 (first element). The Eighth Circuit Court of Appeals applies the anti-retaliation provision of Title VII, 42 U.S.C. § 2000e-3(a), "broadly to cover opposition to `employment actions that are not unlawful, as long as the employee acted in a good faith, objectively reasonable belief that the practices were unlawful.'" Pye v. Nu Aire, Inc., 641 F.3d 1011, 1020 (8th Cir.2011) (quoting Bonn v. City of Omaha, 623 F.3d 587, 591 (8th Cir.2010)). Because I found, above, that Blazek has alleged a plausible claim of sexual harassment, it follows that her belief that she was complaining about sexual harassment was objectively reasonable. She has also plausibly alleged that she suffered adverse action that "`would deter a reasonable employee from making a charge of employment discrimination,'" Barber, 656 F.3d at 801 (quoting Fercello, 612 F.3d at 1077-78), by alleging that her manager and human resources representative told her not to make further complaints to higher management and, instead, told her that she had to deal with the harassment herself since she was the one bothered by it; rescheduled her for inconvenient and fewer hours; told her she would have to move to a different location within the company to avoid the harassment; and subjected her to ostracism by co-employees. Finally, contrary to the defendants' contentions, she has alleged a causal connection between her complaints and these adverse actions by alleging that the adverse actions followed immediately upon her complaints. Again, while not necessary for Blazek to state a claim of retaliation, her additional factual allegations in her attached administrative charge provide additional detail. In light of the pleadings, I cannot find that the defendants were not provided with fair notice of the basis for Blazek's retaliation claim. See Bell Atlantic, 550 U.S. at 555-56, 127 S.Ct. 1955 (allegations must be sufficient to put the defendants on "`fair notice of what the ... claim is and the grounds upon which it rests'" (quoting Conley, 355 U.S. at 47, 78 S.Ct. 99)). Again, what is not plausible here is the defendants' contentions to the contrary.

The defendants' motion to dismiss Blazek's retaliation claim pursuant to Rule 12(b)(6) is denied.

3. Plausibility of individual liability

a. Arguments of the parties

Finally, the defendants contend that Blazek has failed to plead facts plausibly demonstrating a basis for individual liability under the ICRA against the individual defendants. They contend that Blazek's Amended Complaint is devoid of any allegations that any of the individual defendants were in a position to control the company's decisions. Blazek counters that, assuming that individual liability will only lie against a "supervisor," she has alleged that Daniels was her manager, with authority over her working environment. As to the rest of the individual defendants, as well as Daniels, Blazek contends that she has alleged an adequate basis for liability under Iowa's "aiding and abetting" provision, IOWA CODE § 216.11. She contends that she has alleged that Storey and Sierck aided and abetted the harassment, because they were the co-employees who harassed her, and that Leroy aided and abetted the harassment, because he was the investigator sent by the corporate defendants, but he accused Blazek of having sexual relations with one of her harassers. While Blazek acknowledges that no Iowa court has thus far interpreted the scope of § 216.11, the United States District Court for the Southern District of Iowa has observed that it found nothing in Iowa case law suggesting that § 216.11 is limited to employers and their supervisory employees. In reply, the defendants assert that there is no reason that the definition of "person" under § 216.11 would be different from the definition under other provisions of the ICRA, which require a person in a position to control the company's decisions.

b. Analysis

i. Individual liability. In Vivian v. Madison, 601 N.W.2d 872 (Iowa 1999), the Iowa Supreme Court held that "a supervisory employee is subject to individual liability for unfair employment practices under Iowa Code section 216.6(1) of the [ICRA]." Vivian, 601 N.W.2d at 878. In doing so, the Iowa Supreme Court reasoned as follows:

Vivian, 601 N.W.2d at 878. I note, however, that the certified question in Vivian was only, "Is a supervisory employee subject to individual liability for unfair employment practices under Iowa Code section 216.6(1) of the Iowa Civil Rights Act?" Id. at 872. It did not address the potential liability of co-workers. Accord Johnson v. BE & K Constr. Co., L.L.C., 593 F.Supp.2d 1044, 1052 (S.D.Iowa 2009) (also noting that, in Vivian, the Iowa Supreme Court addressed certified question concerning § 216.6(1), not co-worker liability under § 216.11). Moreover, the Iowa Supreme Court recognized that "[m]any states have found individual liability either by interpreting phrases such as `employer or agent of the employer' to include supervisors or coworkers, or through recourse to aiding and abetting provisions similar to that of ICRA section 216.11." Vivian, 601 N.W.2d at 876 n. 3 (citing cases). Thus, the Iowa Supreme Court entertained the possibility that individual co-workers could be liable under the ICRA, but addressed only the question before it, which was whether a supervisory employee could be held individually liable. Nor did the Iowa Supreme Court expressly embrace the limitation on the definition of a "supervisor" as one exercising "control" that the defendants assert here. Rather, the Iowa Supreme Court observed that, in Sahai v. Davies, 557 N.W.2d 898 (Iowa 1997), it had "simply denied that the physician was in a position to control the company's hiring decisions, therefore leaving open the possibility that supervisors are subject to individual liability." Vivian, 601 N.W.2d at 876.

Contrary to the defendants' contentions, I do not find that individual liability under IOWA CODE § 216.6(1) is limited to "supervisory" employees. Vivian does not stand for that proposition. If anything, the Iowa Supreme Court recognized in Vivian that the language of the ICRA would impose liability on any "person," not just an "employer" or a "supervisor." See Vivian, 601 N.W.2d at 878 ("The legislature's use of the words `person' and `employer' in section 216.6(1), and throughout the chapter, indicates a clear intent to hold a `person' subject to liability separately and apart from the liability imposed on an `employer.'"). I also note that, in a decision not cited by any of the parties, Powell v. Yellow Book USA, Inc., 445 F.3d 1074 (8th Cir.2006), the Eighth Circuit Court of Appeals discussed individual liability of co-workers under the ICRA. The court concluded that "it is unclear whether ICRA [like Title VII] bars such individual liability." Powell, 445 F.3d at 1079 (citing Vivian, 601 N.W.2d at 878). The court did not reach the issue, because "[a]ssuming, without deciding, that ICRA would permit an action against a non-supervisory co-worker," that claim would fail, because the plaintiff had not shown that the conduct of the co-workers altered the terms of the plaintiffs employment. Id. Here, in contrast, I believe that Blazek has plausibly alleged that the conduct of the individual co-workers did alter the terms of her employment, because their conduct contributed to pervasive sexual harassment. Compare id. Thus, Blazek has stated a basis for individual liability of all of the individual defendants.

ii. "Supervisory" employee liability. Even assuming, for the sake of argument, that individual liability under § 216.6(1) is limited to "supervisory" employees and that the "control" test is the relevant test for individuals exercising the required "supervisory" authority, the defendants have misstated that test. Adroitly using ellipses, they delete the critical qualifier on the "control" required: They state the test as whether the person was "in a position to control the company's . . . decisions," Defendants' Memorandum In Support Of Defendants' Motion To Dismiss (docket no. 17-1) at 7 (purportedly quoting Vivian, 601 N.W.2d at 876), but what the Iowa Supreme Court actually said was that the defendant physician, in a prior case, was not "in a position to control the company's hiring decisions." Id. (emphasis added). Although the Amended Complaint does not explicitly allege that Daniels, the store manager, had control of hiring decisions, it does allege that, after complaints to the "manager," Blazek lost working hours and pay, which are also hallmarks of a supervisor's "hiring" authority. I believe that Blazek has alleged a plausible basis for individual liability of Daniels as a "supervisor" under IOWA CODE § 216.6(1).

iii. "Aiding and abetting" liability. "Supervisory" liability under § 216.6(1) is not the only basis for individual liability alleged by Blazek for any of the individual defendants. Rather, she bases her claim of individual liability on the "aiding and abetting" provision of the ICRA, § 216.11. That provision states the following:

IOWA CODE § 216.11(1). This statute plainly states that "any person" may be liable for aiding and abetting prohibited discrimination, so that the plain language is broad enough to embrace co-workers, as well as supervisors. Indeed, as noted above, the Iowa Supreme Court acknowledged in Vivian that § 216.11 is similar to provisions that other courts had found provided a basis for individual liability of co-workers. Vivian, 601 N.W.2d at 876 n. 3.

The parties have not cited, and I have not found, any other decision of the Iowa Supreme Court interpreting the "aiding and abetting" portion of § 216.11. As Blazek notes, however, then-Chief Judge Pratt8 of the United States District Court for the Southern District of Iowa did interpret the "aiding and abetting" provision of IOWA CODE § 216.11 in Johnson v. BE & K Construction Co., L.L.C., 593 F.Supp.2d 1044 (S.D.Iowa 2009). In Johnson, Judge Pratt noted, first, that the ICRA does not impose liability only on "employers," "in light of Vivian's conclusion that the Iowa legislature clearly intended to hold `persons' subject to liability `separately and apart from the liability imposed on an "employer."'" Johnson, 593 F.Supp.2d at 1050 (quoting Vivian, 601 N.W.2d at 878). Applying Iowa's "primary rule of statutory construction," giving effect to the intention of the legislature, Judge Pratt then observed,

Johnson, 593 F.Supp.2d at 1052 (also noting that Vivian pointed to the use of the words "person" and "employer" in § 216.6(1) and "throughout the chapter"). Judge Pratt then explained,

Johnson, 593 F.Supp.2d at 1052 (stating a third ground not relevant here, because it dispensed with an argument unique to the case). Thus, Johnson plainly reads "person" in § 216.11(1) to mean just that, any "person," including non-supervisory co-workers, just as I read the plain language of that provision. In short, I read IOWA CODE § 216.11 to permit individual liability of co-workers for "aiding and abetting" sexual harassment and other conduct prohibited by the ICRA.

The defendants attempt to distinguish Johnson on the ground that it actually involved the liability of a third-party corporation under § 216.11(1), not a co-worker. That is true, and, so far as it goes, it does make Johnson different from this case. It does not, however, undermine the conclusion in Johnson that the "aiding and abetting" provision of § 216.11 applies to any "person," not just to an employer or supervisory employee. I now explicitly hold what Judge Pratt implied in Johnson: IOWA CODE § 216.11 permits individual liability of co-workers for "aiding and abetting" sexual harassment and other conduct prohibited by the ICRA.

The defendants also assert that it would be inconsistent with Vivian to interpret "person" in § 216.6(1) to mean a "supervisory employee," but to interpret the same term to apply to co-workers in § 216.11. This argument fails, because nothing in Vivian limited the interpretation of "person" in § 216.6(1) or anywhere else in the ICRA to "employers" and "supervisory employees." Instead, as Judge Pratt pointed out in Johnson, there is nothing to indicate "that Vivian intended, in any fashion, to limit liability under § 216.11 to employers and their supervisory employees, particularly in light of the court's clear statement that reading the term `person' in such a restrictive manner would render it `superfluous.'" Johnson, 593 F.Supp.2d at 1052 (citing Vivian, 601 N.W.2d at 878). Reading "person" consistent with its plain meaning throughout the ICRA is appropriate, and that plain meaning encompasses co-workers.

Thus, the individual defendants are not entitled to dismissal of Blazek's claims on the ground that they cannot, as a matter of law, be held liable under § 216.11.

iv. Factual bases for individual liability. Having rejected the individual defendants' arguments that §§ 216.6 and 216.11 do not apply to them, as a matter of law, the remaining question is whether Blazek has pleaded a factual basis sufficient to make her claims of individual liability plausible. This is a question that the defendants, in their zeal to assert implausible arguments for dismissal of all of Blazek's claims, largely overlooked.

Blazek has alleged that the individual defendants aided and abetted the harassing and retaliatory conduct in this case. Amended Complaint at ¶ 34. That allegation is a legal conclusion, however, insufficient to withstand a Rule 12(b)(6) motion to dismiss. For example, in Walker v. Barrett, 650 F.3d 1198 (8th Cir.2011), the Eighth Circuit Court of Appeals affirmed the district court's dismissal of a plaintiffs childhood sexual abuse claim against a school district and an individual on an "aiding and abetting" theory, as follows:

Walker, 650 F.3d at 1209-10. The same is true here: In her Amended Complaint, Blazek alleges legal conclusions that the individual defendants "aided and abetted" the harassment and retaliation, without any supporting factual allegations, which, standing alone, are not enough to survive a motion to dismiss. The question is whether there are any additional factual allegations, in either the Amended Complaint itself or the administrative charge attached to that pleading as an exhibit and, therefore, considered part of that pleading.

There are few factual allegations concerning specific conduct by the individual defendants in either Blazek's Amended Complaint or her administrative charge. In her Amended Complaint, Blazek does allege that defendant Daniels did not investigate her complaints and, instead, told her "that she would have to take care of the problem herself, and ... warned her against reporting the hostile environment to higher management." Amended Complaint at ¶ 21. There are similar allegations concerning defendant Daniels in Blazek's administrative charge. See Exhibit A at 1117(a) (alleging that Daniels told Blazek to deal with the situation herself, because if he talked to anyone about it, someone would be fired); id. at ¶ 17(d) (Daniels made it "clear" that Blazek was "on [her] own"); id. at ¶ 17(h) ("When I told my manager Paul Daniels about these comments he would again tell me that I should deal with it myself since I was the one that was bothered by it. If I went to higher ups, his job and the harasser's jobs would be in jeopardy. If I didn't deal with it myself it could `cost him his job.'"). In addition, the administrative charge alleges that Daniels's solution to her complaints "was to change my set schedule," resulting in inconvenience and lost hours. Id. at ¶ 17(i). Although it may be by the thinnest of margins, these additional factual allegations do plausibly suggest that Daniels aided and abetted the harassment and retaliation by taking no action when Blazek complained and, instead, subjecting her to adverse scheduling. To put it another way, Blazek has alleged sufficient facts, in the Amended Complaint and the administrative charge, which is treated as part of her pleading, to put this defendant on fair notice of the basis for his individual liability in this lawsuit. Bell Atlantic, 550 U.S. at 555-56, 127 S.Ct. 1955 (allegations must be sufficient to put the defendants on "`fair notice of what the . . . claim is and the grounds upon which it rests'" (quoting Conley, 355 U.S. at 47, 78 S.Ct. 99)). Therefore, defendant Daniels is not entitled to dismissal of the individual liability claims against him.

Blazek also alleges in her Amended Complaint that defendant Leroy, the investigator brought in by USCC purportedly to investigate her complaints, "accused [her] of having a relationship with one of the harassers and attempted to intimidate her into giving up her complaints." Amended Complaint at 1122. She makes similar allegations against him in her administrative charge, which is considered part of her pleading. See Exhibit A at 1117(e) (alleging that Leroy accused her of having something going on with one of the harassers and trying to intimidate her into dropping her complaint). Again, perhaps by a very thin margin, these allegations are sufficient to make a plausible claim that Leroy aided and abetted or participated in the harassment and retaliation, and they are enough to put this defendant on fair notice of the basis for his individual liability in this lawsuit. Bell Atlantic, 550 U.S. at 555-56, 127 S.Ct. 1955. Therefore, defendant Leroy is not entitled to dismissal of the individual liability claims against him.

There are no specific factual allegations concerning defendant Sierck's conduct to be found in the Amended Complaint. On the other hand, the administrative charge includes the following specific factual allegation:

Exhibit A at ¶ 17(h). These allegations detail a specific factual incident or series of incidents sufficient to make Blazek's sexual harassment claim against Sierck plausible and to put him on fair notice of the basis for his individual liability in this lawsuit. Bell Atlantic, 550 U.S. at 555-56, 127 S.Ct. 1955. Therefore, defendant Sierck is not entitled to dismissal of the individual liability claims against him.

Neither the Amended Complaint nor the administrative charge makes any specific factual allegations against defendant Storey, however. Therefore, defendant Storey is the only individual defendant entitled to dismissal of the claims against him. Such dismissal is without prejudice to further amendment of Blazek's Complaint to allege a plausible factual basis for Storey's individual liability, as well.9

III. CONCLUSION

I find that the defendants' arguments for dismissal of the sexual harassment and retaliation claims against the corporate defendants for failure to allege "plausible" claims under Twom-bal is simply the same side of the implausible Mobius strip—itself implausible. Indeed, the only colorable arguments that the defendants assert in their joint Motion To Dismiss pertain to individual liability. They make a colorable claim that Blazek has not alleged a legally sufficient basis for individual liability under the ICRA, although that argument is colorable only because the question was not settled under Iowa law, not because the defendants' legal arguments against individual liability had any intrinsic merit—indeed, the defendants' legal arguments concerning individual liability under the ICRA were based on misrepresentations of the Iowa Supreme Court's decision in Vivian. Defendant Storey also makes a colorable argument that there are no factual allegations providing a plausible basis for his individual liability, where there are no factual allegations against him at all in either the Amended Complaint or the administrative charge attached to and considered part of Blazek's pleading.

Upon the foregoing, the defendants' September 6, 2011, joint Motion To Dismiss (docket no. 17) is denied as to Counts I and II, denied as to Count III against defendants Daniels, Leroy, and Sierck, but granted as to Count III against defendant Storey. Dismissal of Count III against defendant Storey is without prejudice to Blazek's filing of a further amendment to her Complaint, however.

IT IS SO ORDERED.