MARK W. BENNETT, District Judge.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
I. INTRODUCTION ........................................820
A. Procedural Background ..........................820
B. Factual Background .............................821
II. ANALYSIS ............................................824
A. Fourth Amendment Violation .....................825
1. Binding appellate precedent .................826
2. Reliance on binding appellate precedent .....829
B. Discovery Violation ............................831
III. CONCLUSION ..........................................833
This case boasts an unusual and endlessly surprising history — one that includes two mistrials and intervening United States Supreme Court authority on the use of GPS devices. Before me now is defendant Angel Amaya's Motion To Suppress GPS System (docket no. 299), in which he moves to suppress evidence derived from the installation and use of GPS devices, without a warrant, on all vehicles in which he had an expectation of privacy.
On July 28, 2011, a Superceding Indictment was returned against defendant Angel Amaya and five co-defendants, charging them with conspiracy to possess with intent to distribute 50 grams or more of pure methamphetamine or 500 grams of methamphetamine, 5 kilograms or more of cocaine, and marijuana, in violation of 21 U.S.C. §§ 841(a)(1), 841(b)(1)(A), 841(b)(1)(C), and 846. In addition, the Superceding Indictment charges defendant Amaya and three co-defendants with conspiracy to commit money laundering, in violation of 18 U.S.C. §§ 1956(a)(1)(A)(i), 1956(a)(1)(B)(i), 1956(a)(1)(B)(ii), and 1956(h).
On December 19, 2011, the first day of our second attempt to try this case, defense counsel informed me that the prosecution's discovery file did not include any information regarding the use of GPS devices to collect evidence in this case. Defense counsel reported that they had only become aware of the use of a GPS device on defendant Angel Amaya's vehicle through the testimony of the government's first witness, Special Agent Jensen. The defendants then orally moved for a mistrial, which the prosecution opposed. I granted the defendants' motion for mistrial. The defendants then orally moved to dismiss the case with prejudice. After receiving briefing from the parties, I denied the defendants' motion for mistrial with prejudice on January 26, 2012, after finding that there was no evidence that the prosecution "intended to `goad' the defendant[s] into moving for a mistrial." See Oregon v. Kennedy, 456 U.S. 667, 676, 102 S.Ct. 2083, 72 L.Ed.2d 416 (1982).
On January 23, 2012, the United States Supreme Court delivered its opinion in United States v. Jones, ___ U.S. ___, 132 S.Ct. 945, 181 L.Ed.2d 911 (2012), in which it held that "the Government's installation of a GPS device on a target's vehicle, and its use of that device to monitor the vehicle's movements, constitutes a `search.'" Id. at 949 (footnote omitted). Accordingly, on January 31, 2012, I invited defendant Angel Amaya and his co-defendant Javier Amaya to file motions to suppress GPS-derived evidence based on Jones.
Law enforcement agents used GPS devices on nine vehicles while investigating this multi-defendant case. Originally,
The agents did not have a warrant to use GPS devices to monitor Amaya. All devices ran on battery power and were affixed to the outside of the vehicles. The agents switched the devices on and off remotely and would switch the devices off when not in use to conserve battery life. When switched on, the GPS devices were set to ping at fifteen second intervals, and the location of the vehicle would be transmitted to a website where agents could then access the location information. Special Agent Jensen testified that agents used GPS devices in their investigation, as follows:
Suppression Hearing Transcript (H.Tr.) at 14 (docket no. 330).
Agents first used GPS in this case on March 18, 2011, when they attached a GPS device to Amaya's black GMC Yukon, his primary vehicle, while it was sitting in the driveway of his residence, with the end of the vehicle hanging over the sidewalk. The driveway was short, such that a longer vehicle could not park on it without its end hanging over the sidewalk. There were no fences or gates around the driveway and no bushes to obscure the view of the driveway from the sidewalk or street. Before initially applying the device, agents learned that a state trooper had stopped Amaya, while driving a pickup on I-29, after the trooper received a call that Amaya's vehicle was traveling at a high rate of speed and that the occupants were smoking marijuana. During the stop, Amaya reported that he was traveling to a Wells Fargo Bank in Omaha to transfer money to an individual named "Evie." Agents identified "Evie" as Everardo Ramirez in Turlock, California, who they subsequently determined to be Amaya's source of marijuana. Special Agent Jensen testified that, based on his experience, it would be "very probable" that an individual involved in drug trafficking would use his primary vehicle for drug trafficking. H.Tr. at 11. After initially applying the device to the Yukon, agents either changed the batteries on the device or switched out the old device with a new one on four occasions:
Agents applied a GPS device to the black Nissan Maxima on April 12, 2011, while the vehicle was sitting in Amaya's driveway with the end hanging over the sidewalk. Before the GPS was applied, agents "received telephone wire intercepts indicating that what we suspected to be a large amount of cash was going to be concealed in the vehicle and that it was going to be put on a car carrier and sent to California." H.Tr. at 16. While the Maxima was sitting in the driveway, agents turned the GPS on twice to test it to ensure it was working. On April 30, 2011, Amaya delivered the car to a former Wal-Mart parking lot, where it was loaded onto a tractor trailer car carrier. After Amaya departed, agents made contact with the truck driver and requested that he drive the truck to a location in South Sioux City, Nebraska, where agents searched the Maxima
Agents attached a GPS device to the blue Nissan Murano on April 5, 2011, during a traffic stop of the Murano in Kansas while Amaya was driving the vehicle to Texas. Before attaching the GPS to the vehicle, agents "intercepted telephone calls that indicated this was going to be a quick trip to Texas and that it was secretive in
The discovery file did not mention the use of GPS devices in investigating Amaya. Agents applied for a Title III(T3) wire tap on March 11, 2011, and indicated in the supporting affidavit that they had attempted to use GPS devices prior to March 11, 2011, but had been unsuccessful due to the location of target vehicles. The prosecution failed to include this affidavit in the discovery file. In the suppression hearing, the prosecutor explained this failure, as follows:
H.Tr. at 59-60.
Additionally, Special Agent Jensen, in the reports that Amaya did receive in discovery, never indicated that the agents had used GPS surveillance. He used the phrase "surveillance showed," to refer to GPS surveillance, H.Tr. at 24, "I observed" to refer to pole-camera surveillance, H.Tr. at 25, and "Agent or TFO observed" to refer to visual surveillance, H.Tr. at 26. Special Agent Jensen testified that he did not refer specifically to "GPS" "[b]ecause at the time I felt I was safeguarding a sensitive investigative technique, and I thought I was following policy." H.Tr. at 27. He also testified that the DEA has a written policy that agents may not disclose details regarding surveillance technologies. I requested a copy of the written policy for in camera inspection, which the prosecution provided after the suppression hearing.
Amaya argues that evidence derived from the use of GPS devices should be suppressed for two reasons: 1) the use of GPS devices violated the Fourth Amendment; and 2) the prosecution's failure to disclose the use of GPS devices prior to trial was a discovery violation, and, therefore, at a minimum, the evidence derived from these devices should be suppressed-although he also argues that the charges against him should be dismissed as a sanction. I take each argument in turn.
The United States Supreme Court determined in Jones that "the Government's installation of a GPS device on a target's vehicle, and its use of that device to monitor the vehicle's movements, constitutes a `search.'" Jones, 132 S.Ct. at 949 (footnote omitted). The Court did not reach the issue of whether a warrant is required in order for law enforcement to use GPS, as the Court concluded that the prosecution had waived its argument that, even if the use of GPS constituted a search, the search was reasonable under the Fourth Amendment without a proper warrant because the agents had reasonable suspicion, and even probable cause, to believe the defendant was involved in a crime. See id. at 954.
Amaya, who has not yet been tried, may properly move to suppress evidence based on Jones because it applies retroactively to him: a defendant "may invoke ... [a] newly announced rule of substantive Fourth Amendment law" until his "conviction ... become[s] final on direct review." See Davis v. United States, ___ U.S. ___, 131 S.Ct. 2419, 2431, 180 L.Ed.2d 285 (2011). As both parties recognize, because Jones applies retroactively, the installation and use of GPS devices to monitor Amaya constitute a "search" under the Fourth Amendment.
Davis addressed the issue of whether to apply the sanction of the exclusionary rule "when the police conduct a search in compliance with binding precedent that is later overruled" or if, instead, the good faith exception should apply in such situations. Id. at 2423. After reasoning that "suppression would do nothing to deter police misconduct in these circumstances," id., the Court held that "searches conducted in objectively reasonable reliance on binding appellate precedent are not subject to the exclusionary rule." Id. at 2423-24. Therefore, to determine whether evidence derived from the GPS searches at issue here should be suppressed, I look first to see whether binding appellate precedent regarding the use of GPS devices existed at the time of the searches here and, second, whether the searches were "conducted in objectively reasonable reliance" on that binding appellate precedent.
The prosecution directs me to United States v. Marquez, 605 F.3d 604 (8th Cir. 2010), in which the Eighth Circuit Court of Appeals held that "when police have reasonable suspicion that a particular vehicle is transporting drugs, a warrant is not required when, while the vehicle is parked in a public place, they install a non-invasive GPS tracking device on it for a reasonable period of time." Id. at 610. In response, Amaya argues that Marquez is not binding appellate precedent for the following reasons: 1) Marquez first ruled that the defendant lacked standing to contest the GPS search of his vehicle and, therefore, Marquez's subsequent discussion of the lawfulness of GPS devices is dicta and not binding precedent; 2) Marquez is not binding appellate precedent because, in stating a warrant is not required for GPS surveillance, it contradicted the holding of United States v. Knotts, 460 U.S. 276, 103 S.Ct. 1081, 75 L.Ed.2d 55 (1983), which "reserved the issue of whether twenty-four hour GPS tracking constituted a search for purposes of a Fourth Amendment violation," see Defendant's Reply Brief at 5 (docket no. 303); 3) Marquez analyzed whether the defendant had an expectation of privacy in his vehicle and "did not discuss the issue of whether the placing of a GPS tracking device on a vehicle constitutes a trespass requiring a warrant for purposes of the Fourth Amendment," see Defendant's Reply Brief to Government's Memorandum at 3 (docket no. 332), and, therefore, should not control here because Amaya asserts, based on Jones, that agents violated his Fourth Amendment rights by trespassing onto his vehicles.
Amaya's arguments are unavailing. First, Marquez's conclusion as to whether a warrant is required for GPS monitoring is an alternative holding, not dicta. "[W]here a decision rests on two or more grounds, none can be relegated to the category of obiter dictum." Woods v. Interstate Realty Co., 337 U.S. 535, 537, 69 S.Ct. 1235, 93 L.Ed. 1524 (1949); Sutton v. Addressograph-Multigraph Corp., 627 F.2d 115, 117 n. 2 (8th Cir.1980) ("When two independent reasons support a decision,
Second, Marquez is not at odds with Knotts, in which the Court decided that, where law enforcement placed a beeper inside of a chloroform drum and then tracked the beeper as it traveled to the defendant's residence, "monitoring the beeper signals ... [did not] invade any legitimate expectation of privacy on [the defendant's] part." See Knotts, 460 U.S. at 285, 103 S.Ct. 1081. Amaya is certainly correct that Knotts, decided in 1983, did not reach the issue of whether the surveillance now made possible by GPS violates the Fourth Amendment. The Court, rejecting the defendant's argument that, under the Knotts holding, "twenty-four hour surveillance of any citizen of this country will be possible, without judicial knowledge or supervision," see id. (internal quotation marks omitted), concluded, "[I]f such dragnet type law enforcement practices as respondent envisions should eventually occur, there will be time enough then to determine whether different constitutional principles may be applicable." See id. Thus, the Knotts Court did not decide the issue of whether twenty-four hour remote surveillance, without a warrant, would violate the Fourth Amendment. Nothing about the Court's reservation of that issue in Knotts, however, prevented lower courts from addressing whether the warrantless use of GPS devices violates the Fourth Amendment when cases involving that question arose. Thus, Marquez, which decided that the warrantless use of GPS monitoring did not violate the Fourth Amendment, is not contrary to Knotts but, instead, simply addressed a question left unanswered by the Supreme Court.
Third, Marquez's ruling concerning GPS monitoring is binding, regardless of the fact that its analysis focused on the defendant's reasonable expectation of privacy and did not discuss the Fourth Amendment's roots in common law trespass. Amaya argues that because his Fourth Amendment challenge, based on Jones, is that agents violated his Fourth Amendment rights by trespassing on his vehicle, he "has raised an issue that was not presented in Marquez," and, therefore, "the Government claim [that] Agent Jensen was relying of [sic] `binding precedent' must fail because there was no precedent in the Eighth Circuit on whether the placing of GPS on the vehicle constituted a trespass and thereby requiring a warrant to satisfy the Fourth Amendment." Defendant's Reply Brief To Government's Memorandum at 4 (docket no. 332). Amaya maintains, "Certainly, Agent Jensen and the United States Attorney's Office should have been aware of trespass being tied to Fourth Amendment jurisprudence to have question [sic] the holding in Marquez, supra, when Marquez was silent on such discussion." Id. at 3.
Amaya's argument is unpersuasive. Certainly, law enforcement must learn and abide by the requirements of the Fourth Amendment. Davis, 131 S.Ct. at 2429 ("Responsible law enforcement officers will take care to learn what is required of them under Fourth Amendment precedent and will conform their conduct to these rules." (internal quotation marks omitted)). Nonetheless, at no time have courts ever required law enforcement to analyze and understand the theoretical underpinnings of Fourth Amendment directives, which, as the Supreme Court has made clear, must be practical and straightforward to ensure that law enforcement will follow them.
Therefore, I conclude that Marquez was binding appellate precedent at the time agents used GPS to monitor Amaya.
Davis held that "searches conducted in objectively reasonable reliance on binding appellate precedent are not subject to the exclusionary rule." See id. While Davis refers to officers' "reliance on binding appellate precedent," what the Court actually evaluated in Davis was not officers' actual knowledge of and subjective reliance on specific binding appellate precedent, but rather whether the officers "acted in strict compliance with binding precedent."
Marquez provides that "when police have reasonable suspicion that a particular vehicle is transporting drugs, a warrant is not required when, while the vehicle is parked in a public place, they install a noninvasive GPS tracking device on it for a reasonable period of time." See Marquez,
First, the agents, when they installed the GPS devices, had reasonable suspicion that the Yukon, Maxima, and Murano were being used for drug trafficking. "An officer's suspicion is reasonable if he `knows particularized, objective facts that lead to a rational inference that a crime is being or has been committed.'" United States v. Gannon, 531 F.3d 657, 661 (8th Cir.2008) (quoting United States v. Hernandez-Hernandez, 327 F.3d 703, 706 (8th Cir.2003)). To begin, before any GPS monitoring was used, agents secured a Title III wiretap order on March 11, 2011, in which this court determined there was probable cause to believe Amaya was, and would continue to be, involved in drug trafficking. As "[r]easonable suspicion is a lower threshold than probable cause ....," see United States v. Carpenter, 462 F.3d 981, 986 (8th Cir.2006), agents certainly also had reasonable suspicion that Amaya was, and would continue to be, involved in drug trafficking. Moreover, Special Agent Jensen's testimony from the suppression hearing demonstrates that the agents had reasonable suspicion that Amaya was using the Yukon, Maxima, and Murano for drug trafficking, as the agents knew particularized, objective facts to support a rational inference that Amaya was using each vehicle for drug trafficking.
Before installing the GPS on the Yukon, Amaya's primary vehicle, on March 18, 2011, the agents learned of Amaya's traffic stop and that he was traveling to Omaha to transfer money to a person they determined to be his marijuana source. Special Agent Jensen testified that, based on his experience, an individual involved with drug trafficking would likely use his primary vehicle for drug trafficking. Therefore, agents had reasonable suspicion that Amaya was using the Yukon for drug trafficking. Before installing the GPS on the Maxima on April 12, 2011, the agents intercepted phone calls indicating that a large amount of cash would be concealed in the Maxima and sent to California, and the agents knew that Amaya's marijuana source was in California. Prior to installing the GPS on the Murano on April 5, 2011, agents had "intercepted telephone calls that indicated this was going to be a quick trip to Texas and that it was secretive in which Angel Amaya told Jesus Lopez to make sure you don't tell anybody that we're going to Texas and he said that he didn't." H.Tr. at 19. This secretive trip in the Murano, coupled with the fact that agents already had probable cause to believe Amaya was engaged in drug trafficking and knew that Amaya was sending money to a marijuana source outside of the state of Iowa, supports reasonable suspicion that Amaya would use the Murano for drug trafficking during his trip to Texas.
Second, the GPS devices used were noninvasive, as they were attached to the outside of the vehicles and ran on their own battery source.
Third, agents installed and serviced the GPS devices on all three vehicles while they were in public places: parked in the front driveway with the end hanging over a public sidewalk;
Fourth and finally, the GPS devices were used for a reasonable period of time. The GPS device in Marquez was in place for five months, see Brief for United States, Appellee, United States v. Marquez, 605 F.3d 604 (8th Cir.2008), 2009 WL 2955451, a length of time the court deemed reasonable, see Marquez, 605 F.3d at 610. Here, the Yukon was monitored for two months, the Maxima four, and the Murano one. Therefore, the agents used GPS monitoring for a reasonable period of time, consistent with Marquez.
In sum, the agents here strictly complied with the directive of Marquez that no warrant is required to use non-invasive GPS monitoring for a reasonable period of time, when agents have reasonable suspicion that a suspect may be using a vehicle for drug trafficking, and the devices are installed while the vehicle is parked in public. Thus, even assuming that the warrantless GPS searches here violated the Fourth Amendment under Jones, the exclusionary rule, pursuant to Davis, 131 S.Ct. at 2423-24, does not apply.
I now address the issue of whether the evidence derived from the GPS devices should, nevertheless, be suppressed — or some other sanction imposed — because the prosecution failed to disclose the use of GPS monitoring. The prosecution previously admitted, in its briefing regarding Amaya's motion for mistrial with prejudice, that its failure to disclose the use of GPS monitoring was a discovery violation. See docket no. 291 at 6 ("[T]he mistrial was caused by a pretrial discovery violation...."). In deciding "whether to exclude evidence to sanction a Government discovery violation," I consider "(1) whether the Government acted in bad faith and the reason(s) for delay in production; (2) whether there is any prejudice to the defendant; and (3) whether any lesser sanction is appropriate to secure future Government compliance." See United States v. Pherigo, 327 F.3d 690, 694 (8th Cir.2003).
There were two causes for the prosecution's failure to apprise Amaya of the use of GPS monitoring before trial. First, the prosecution failed to include in discovery the affidavit in support of the Title III wiretap application. The affidavit referred to agents' attempted — though unsuccessful
Nonetheless, I find that any prejudice to Amaya has, for the most part, been remedied. The prosecution's failure to disclose the use of GPS deprived Amaya of the opportunity, in advance of trial, to investigate and mount his defense to the GPS monitoring and to file a motion to suppress GPS-derived evidence. I granted a mistrial to give Amaya the opportunity to access and investigate any information that should have been contained in the discovery file. I also invited him to file a motion to suppress GPS-derived evidence, which he has done. Amaya maintains that the prosecution has continued to engage in discovery violations by providing only vague reports that do not specify all the instances in which agents used GPS to monitor Amaya. Amaya is correct that the reports are vague, but I granted his request for an evidentiary hearing on the motion to suppress to give him the opportunity to investigate details of the GPS monitoring and to cross-examine Special Agent Jensen, which he has now done. As to Amaya's argument that he has suffered prejudice from the delay, stress, and added expense caused by the prosecution's failure to disclose, I find that any prejudice, while unfortunate, is modest.
Thus, although I am convinced that Special Agent Jensen acted in bad faith, the prejudice to Amaya has largely been remedied. Furthermore, the prosecution indicates that, since the suppression hearing, the local drug task force has modified its policies regarding references to GPS monitoring in reports, in order to address the problem that arose here. Therefore, I do not impose the extreme sanction of suppressing any evidence derived from the use of GPS devices. However, I am troubled by Special Agent Jensen's actions here. Given that he acted in bad faith and
THEREFORE, Angel Amaya's Motion To Suppress GPS System (docket no. 299) is
On April 10, 2012, I entered a Memorandum Opinion And Order Regarding Defendant Angel Amaya's Motion To Suppress GPS System (docket no. 350), in which I denied the motion to suppress, but found that Special Agent Jensen had acted in bad faith in failing to disclose the use of GPS monitoring in his reports regarding surveillance of Amaya. I set a hearing on sanctions for the prosecution's discovery violation for April 20, 2012, and requested briefing on the issue of what sanctions I may and should impose. Subsequently, the prosecution, on April 18, 2012, filed a Motion To Reconsider (docket no. 362) my finding that the agent acted in bad faith, and included in this briefing its arguments regarding what sanctions, if any, should be imposed. I moved the hearing on sanctions to April 30, 2012, and ordered that Amaya file any response to the prosecution's Motion To Reconsider by April 26, 2012. On April 19, 2012, Amaya filed his brief (docket no. 365) responding to my request for briefing on what sanctions should be imposed. The prosecution filed a response (docket no. 368) to Amaya's brief on April 24, 2012, and Amaya filed his resistance (docket no. 374) to the prosecution's Motion To Reconsider on April 26, 2012.
On April 30, 2012, I held a hearing on sanctions and the prosecution's Motion To Reconsider. Special Agent David Jensen testified, and both parties presented argument. I orally withdrew my finding that Special Agent Jensen acted in bad faith but indicated that a written order would follow, explaining my reasoning. After hearing Special Agent Jensen's testimony, I am convinced that, although he did not refer to the use of GPS devices in his reports, he did so in order to comply with the directives he had received from his DEA supervisors. Special Agent Jensen testified that, several years ago, after a few incidents in which agents referred to GPS devices in their reports, his supervisor specifically instructed all agents not to mention GPS devices in their reports. Special Agent Jensen has written his reports in compliance with that order ever since. Also, I find that the DEA policy I reviewed is, itself, somewhat confusing, in that it, on the one hand, directs agents to reveal what information they observed, but not how; yet, on the other hand, provides that agents should not create a situation in
I also impose no sanctions on the prosecution for its failure to disclose the use of GPS devices. I have evaluated the factors that district courts should consider when crafting sanctions for discovery violations, as identified by the Eighth Circuit Court of Appeals in United States v. Pherigo, 327 F.3d 690 (8th Cir.2003): "(1) whether the Government acted in bad faith and the reason(s) for delay in production; (2) whether there is any prejudice to the defendant; and (3) whether any lesser sanction is appropriate to secure future Government compliance." See id. at 694. First, I have determined that there was no bad faith on the part of the prosecution, as explained above. Second, the prejudice
THEREFORE, the prosecution's Motion To Reconsider my finding of bad faith (docket no. 362) is
First, Amaya waived his argument regarding the warrantless search of the Maxima by failing to include it in his opening brief. See, e.g., Armstrong v. Am. Pallet Leasing, Inc., 678 F.Supp.2d 827, 872 n. 19 (N.D.Iowa 2009) (noting that inclusion of a new argument in a reply is contrary to N.D. IA. L.R. 7.1(g) and practice in this circuit, citing cases). Second, although Amaya did not know until after our second mistrial that a GPS device was used to locate the Maxima, he was on notice before trial that the Maxima, while on the car carrier, was searched, as photos of the Maxima on the car carrier and of the seized money were prosecution exhibits at trial. See Prosecution Exhibits 26e-26g. Amaya has never claimed that he was unaware before trial that agents searched the Maxima without a warrant. The fact that a GPS device may have been used to locate the Maxima (a fact Amaya did not know until after our second mistrial) changes nothing about what Amaya already knew about the search of the Maxima. The trial management order sets the deadline for motions to suppress at 28 days after the date of the defendant's first arraignment. Any argument Amaya now makes regarding the warrantless search of the Maxima is untimely, and I will not consider it.
Jones, 132 S.Ct. at 958 (Alito, J., concurring).
Therefore, I do not address this undeveloped argument further.
Furthermore, there is no Jencks Act violation. Amaya maintains that the prosecution violated Jencks by failing to disclose Special Agent Jensen's surveillance reports that were created after Amaya's second trial. Therefore, Amaya urges me to strike Special Agent Jensen as a witness. These statements by Special Agent Jensen were not in existence at the time of the trial but, rather, were produced in January to provide more information to the defense about how GPS tracking was used. The Jencks Act only applies to statements of witnesses in the prosecution's possession, and these reports were not in the prosecution's possession at the time of Amaya's trial. See United States v. Stroud, 673 F.3d 854, 863 (8th Cir.2012) ("`The Jencks Act requires that the prosecutor disclose any statement of a witness in the possession of the United States which relates to the subject testified to by the witness on direct examination.'" (quoting United States v. Douglas, 964 F.2d 738, 741 (8th Cir.1992) and citing 18 U.S.C. § 3500(b))). Again, even if the reports somehow were Jencks Act material, I have already granted Amaya the broadest remedy available under the Jencks Act: a mistrial. See 18 U.S.C. § 3500(d) ("If the United States elects not to comply with an order of the court under subsection (b) or (c) hereof to deliver to the defendant any such statement, or such portion thereof as the court may direct, the court shall strike from the record the testimony of the witness, and the trial shall proceed unless the court in its discretion shall determine that the interests of justice require that a mistrial be declared."). There is no reason to strike Special Agent Jensen as a witness when Amaya has already received the surveillance reports well in advance of his new trial date.
