ROBERT W. PRATT, District Judge.
Before the Court is a "Motion to Dismiss, Stay, or Transfer to the U.S. District Court for the Southern District of Florida," filed January 10, 2012 by Smolinski & Associates Inc. d/b/a Palm Coast Travel
Plaintiff was founded on March 28, 2003 by Bob Levinstein ("Levinstein"), Eric Busick ("Busick"), and Heidi Allison-Shane ("Allison-Shane").
A travel agency wishing to offer quotes to consumers through CruiseCompete.com. must first become a "member-agency" by executing the CruiseCompete Membership Agreement ("Membership Agreement").
To submit a quote request, a consumer using the CruiseCompete.com website must affirmatively agree that she is "not a cruise travel agent or cruise travel industry employee or doing research on their behalf and that she "will not forward quotes [she] receive[s] to other travel agents." Id. ¶ 26. The CruiseCompete.com website, however, also provides a mechanism whereby travel industry personnel can submit quote requests. To submit such a quote request, "cruise travel agents and cruise travel industry employees" must check a box agreeing that, "[b]y submitting a request to this system you give your legal consent to all terms and conditions for cruise travel industry personnel to use this service for research purposes." Id. ¶ 27. The phrase "terms and conditions" is hyperlinked to the terms and conditions governing "research requests," i.e., quote requests submitted by travel industry personnel, and provides that for each such research request, the "person or organization which controls the e-mail account through which the request was submitted shall be separately and jointly liable to pay $10,000 per quote request submitted." Id. ¶ 30.
According to the Amended Complaint, Smolinski contacted Plaintiff via email on November 6, 2003 and requested information on becoming a member-agency of CruiseCompete.com. Id. ¶ 41. Levinstein called Smolinski from Iowa to discuss the matter, and on April 7, 2004, Smolinski's travel agency, S & A, operating under the alias SmartCruiser.com ("SmartCruiser"), joined CruiseCompete.com by faxing the Membership Agreement to Levinstein in Iowa via fax. Id. ¶¶ 3, 43-44. On April 30, 2008, Plaintiff and SmartCruiser entered into an Agency Membership Renewal Agreement ("AMRA"), containing the
During SmartCruiser's first four years as a CruiseCompete.com member-agency, its use of the system was only "occasional." Id. ¶ 53. SmartCruiser's booking volume picked up significantly, however, in approximately March 2008. Id. During the time it was a member of CruiseCompete.com, SmartCruiser gave 177,272 quotes to consumers, reported 2,369 bookings, and reported gross commissionable cruise revenue of $4,675,607.70, with the majority of this activity occurring between March 2008 and December 2009. Id. ¶ 54-55. From approximately May 2008 to December 2009, however, Plaintiff repeatedly provided email notices to SmartCruiser that it was in breach of its reporting obligations. Id. ¶ 55. While SmartCruiser would occasionally make efforts to improve its reporting accuracy, it eventually stopped responding to Plaintiff's demands to cure the breach and stopped using the CruiseCompete.com website to offer quotes to consumers. Id. Plaintiff contends that from March to May 2009, SmartCruiser failed to report eighteen bookings, even after being sent notice and an opportunity to cure, and that SmartCruiser thus owes Plaintiff 15% of the gross commissionable revenue from those bookings, pursuant to the penalty Terms and Conditions of the AMRA. Id.
In addition to SmartCruiser's alleged breach of the terms of the AMRA, Plaintiff asserts that Smolinski additionally abused its quote system by creating at least three false CruiseCompete.com user accounts, each of which was designed to conceal Smolinski's identity as a travel industry professional from Plaintiff. Id. ¶ 60. Specifically, Plaintiff asserts that Smolinski used false email accounts to pose as a cruise consumer and request cruise quotes on nineteen separate occasions, subjecting Smolinski and SmartCruiser to joint liability of at least $190,000 ($10,000 per each of the nineteen quote requests) pursuant to the terms and conditions on the CruiseCompete.com website governing "research requests." Id. ¶ 61-62. Plaintiff further claims that Defendants used information obtained from the fraudulent quote requests to report other CruiseCompete.com member-agencies to the cruise lines for violation of cruise line pricing policies. Id. ¶ 67.
Finally, Plaintiff contends that Defendants have improperly sued Plaintiff as counter-defendants in an action pending in Florida (the "Florida action"). Id. ¶ 68-71. In that action, SmartCruiser was sued by Revelex, Inc. in relation to a dispute over ownership of software that powers cruise websites. Id. ¶ 68. SmartCruiser named Plaintiff and certain CruiseCompete.com member-agencies as counter-defendants in the Florida lawsuit. Id. Plaintiff alleges that SmartCruiser's claims in the Florida lawsuit are frivolous, designed to harass Plaintiff, and in any event, violate the Terms and Conditions of SmartCruiser's AMRA with Plaintiff which provides that "[b]oth parties submit to the exclusive jurisdiction of the State and Federal Courts located in Polk County, Iowa for any action or proceeding relating to the Agreement brought by either party." Id.; id. Ex. 3 at 3. Based on the alleged actions of Defendants, Plaintiff filed an Amended Complaint on December 23, 2011 asserting the following causes of action against Defendants: 1) breach of the AMRA; 2) breach of research request terms and conditions; 3) Computer Fraud and Abuse Act; 4) fraudulent misrepresentation; 5) tortious interference with prospective and business relationships; and 6) unjust enrichment.
According to Defendants, Smolinski is a twenty-seven year resident of Florida who has never lived in Iowa, traveled to Iowa, engaged in business in Iowa, or advertised, solicited, or transacted business in Iowa. Defs.' Br. at 8-9. Defendants contend that Smolinski's first contact with Iowa was when Allison-Shane called him in Florida to ask if S & A would like to become a member-agency of Plaintiff. Id. at 9. Ultimately, Smolinski, acting only in his capacity as CEO of S & A (d/b/a Smartcruiser.com), signed the Membership Agreement, and later the AMRA, with Plaintiff on behalf of S & A. Defendants further contend that S & A is a Florida corporation that has never owned or rented an office, real estate, or a bank account in Iowa, has never had representatives, agents, or employees in Iowa, and has never solicited customers or transacted business in Iowa. Id. According to Defendants, all aspects of Smartcruiser's performance under the terms of the AMRA were to occur, and did in fact occur, in Florida. Id. According to Defendants, their contacts with Iowa were so minimal that the Court must dismiss the case against them for lack of personal jurisdiction.
To determine whether it has personal jurisdiction over a non-resident defendant, this Court is guided by two primary rules. First, the facts presented must satisfy the requirements of the state's long-arm statute. See Austad Co. v. Pennie & Edmonds, 823 F.2d 223, 225 (8th Cir.1987). If the activities of the non-resident defendant pass the first level of analysis, the Court must then consider whether the exercise of personal jurisdiction complies with the requirements of constitutional due process. See Northrup King Co. v. Compania Productora Semillas Algodoneras Selectas, S.A., 51 F.3d 1383, 1387 (8th Cir.1995); Dakota Indus., Inc. v. Dakota Sportswear, Inc., 946 F.2d 1384, 1388 (8th Cir.1991). "Because personal jurisdiction in Iowa reaches to the fullest extent permitted by the Constitution," however, this Court "need only examine whether minimum contacts sufficient to satisfy the Fourteenth Amendment exist." Hicklin Eng., Inc. v. Aidco, Inc., 959 F.2d 738, 739 (8th Cir.1992) (per curiam) (citing Newton Mfg. Co. v. Biogenetics, Ltd., 461 N.W.2d 472, 474 (Iowa 1990)); see also Republic Credit Corp. I v. Rance, 172 F.Supp.2d 1178, 1182 (S.D.Iowa 2001) ("[B]ecause personal jurisdiction in Iowa is coterminous with the constitutional reach of due process, the two level inquiry collapses into one.").
"While it is true that the plaintiff bears the ultimate burden of proof on [the issue of personal jurisdiction], jurisdiction need not be proved by a preponderance of the evidence until trial or until the court holds an evidentiary hearing." Dakota Indus., Inc., 946 F.2d at 1387 (citing CutCo Indus. v. Naughton, 806 F.2d 361, 365 (2d Cir.1986)). Thus, to survive the present motion to dismiss for lack of personal jurisdiction, Plaintiff need only make a prima facie showing of personal jurisdiction over Defendants. See, e.g., Northrup King Co., 51 F.3d at 1387; Bell Paper Box, Inc. v. U.S. Kids, Inc., 22 F.3d 816, 818 (8th Cir.1994); Watlow Elec. Mfg. Co. v. Patch Rubber Co., 838 F.2d 999, 1000 (8th Cir. 1988). In evaluating whether Plaintiff has made such a showing, the Court must view the evidence in the light most favorable to Plaintiff and resolve all factual conflicts in Plaintiff's favor. See Dakota Indus., Inc., 946 F.2d at 1387 ("If the district court does not hold a hearing and instead relies on pleadings and affidavits, as it did here,
Due process mandates that personal jurisdiction exists only if a defendant has sufficient "minimum contacts" with the forum state, such that summoning the defendant to the forum state would not offend "`traditional notions of fair play and substantial justice.'" Int'l Shoe Co. v. Washington, 326 U.S. 310, 316, 66 S.Ct. 154, 90 L.Ed. 95 (1945) (quoting Milliken v. Meyer, 311 U.S. 457, 463, 61 S.Ct. 339, 85 L.Ed. 278 (1940)). To maintain personal jurisdiction, a defendant's contacts with the forum state must be more than "random," "fortuitous," or "attenuated." Burger King Corp. v. Rudzewicz, 471 U.S. 462, 475, 105 S.Ct. 2174, 85 L.Ed.2d 528 (1985). Rather, sufficient contacts exist when "the defendant's conduct and connection with the forum State are such that he should reasonably anticipate being haled into court there." World-Wide Volkswagen Corp. v. Woodson, 444 U.S. 286, 297, 100 S.Ct. 559, 62 L.Ed.2d 490 (1980). In evaluating a defendant's reasonable anticipation, there must be "`some act by which the defendant purposefully avails itself of the privilege of conducting activities within the forum State, thus invoking the benefits and protections of its laws.'" Burger King, 471 U.S. at 475, 105 S.Ct. 2174 (quoting Hanson v. Denckla, 357 U.S. 235, 253, 78 S.Ct. 1228, 2 L.Ed.2d 1283 (1958)). Jurisdiction is proper, therefore, where the contacts proximately result from actions by the defendant that create a "substantial connection" with the forum state. Id.; World-Wide Volkswagen, 444 U.S. at 297, 100 S.Ct. 559.
In addition to the basic principles of due process, the Court ordinarily evaluates five factors in analyzing the constitutional requirements needed to sustain personal jurisdiction: 1) the nature and quality of the contacts with the forum state; 2) the quantity of contacts with the forum; 3) the relation of the cause of action to these contacts; 4) the interest of the forum state in providing a forum for its residents; and 5) the convenience of the parties. See Wessels, Arnold & Henderson v. Nat'l Med. Waste, Inc., 65 F.3d 1427, 1432 (8th Cir.1995) (citing Northrup, 51 F.3d at 1388; Land-O-Nod Co. v. Bassett Furniture Indus., Inc., 708 F.2d 1338, 1340 (8th Cir.1983)). The first three factors are considered to be primary, with the third factor distinguishing whether jurisdiction is specific or general.
Plaintiff asserts that personal jurisdiction over S & A is proper because the AMRA between the parties expressly incorporated the Terms and Conditions for Agency Membership, which contains the following choice of law and forum selection clause:
Pl.'s Resistance Br. at 5-6; Am. Compl. Exs. 2-3. Moreover, Plaintiff argues that S & A, using the name Palm Coast Travel, is registered to do business in Iowa as a travel agency, thereby subjecting it to both general and specific jurisdiction in Iowa courts. Pl.'s Resistance Br. at 6. Additionally, SmartCruiser is alleged to have provided 617 separate cruise price quotes to CruiseCompete consumers who indicated they resided in Iowa, resulting in SmartCruiser reporting bookings with Iowa residents totaling $15,801.74 in gross commissionable revenue. Id.
In a situation where there is a valid forum selection clause, the ordinary personal jurisdiction analysis is supplanted since it is well established that "parties to a contract may agree in advance to submit to the jurisdiction of a given court." Nat'l Equip. Rental, Ltd. v. Szukhent, 375 U.S. 311, 316, 84 S.Ct. 411, 11 L.Ed.2d 354 (1964). Indeed, the Supreme Court has recognized that a mandatory forum-selection clause is prima facie valid and "should control absent a strong showing that it should be set aside." M/S Bremen v. Zapata Off-Shore Co., 407 U.S. 1, 15, 92 S.Ct. 1907, 32 L.Ed.2d 513 (1972); Carnival Cruise Lines, Inc. v. Shute, 499 U.S. 585, 591, 111 S.Ct. 1522, 113 L.Ed.2d 622 (1991); see also M.B. Rests., Inc. v. CKE Rests., Inc., 183 F.3d 750, 752 (8th Cir. 1999) ("Forum selection clauses are prima facie valid and are enforced unless they are unjust or unreasonable or invalid for reasons such as fraud or overreaching."). It is clear that the forum selection clause at issue in this case is mandatory, given its provision that "[b]oth parties submit to the exclusive jurisdiction of the State and Federal Courts located in Polk County, Iowa." Am. Compl. Ex. 3 (emphasis added); see Dunne v. Libbra, 330 F.3d 1062, 1064 (8th Cir.2003) (explaining that mandatory forum selection clauses employ terms such as "shall," "exclusive," "only," or "must").
Defendants do not contend that the forum selection clause in this case is unjust or unreasonable. Indeed, Defendants do not even mention the forum selection clause in either their Motion or in their Reply brief, despite the fact that the Amended Complaint explicitly references the forum selection clause in its jurisdictional allegations.
Defendants' arguments fails for two reasons. First, Defendants' Supplemental
Second, even if Defendants had properly raised the validity of the forum selection clause as an issue in the present motion, they have failed to demonstrate that the forum selection clause was not part of the AMRA. In support of the claim that there were no Terms and Conditions posted as part of the AMRA, Defendants attempt to employ an Internet archival service known as the "Wayback Machine"
As stated in supra note 4, after Plaintiff filed its Surreply brief, Defendants sought leave to file an Additional Supplemental Reply brief. In the proposed Additional Supplemental Reply (Clerk's No. 40-1), Defendants first argue that Plaintiff's Wayback Machine documentation is "unauthenticated," despite the fact that Plaintiff employed precisely the same type of authentication for its use of the Wayback Machine as Defendants did in their Supplemental Reply brief. Thus, to the extent that Plaintiff's Wayback Machine documentation is improperly authenticated and thus inadmissible, so too is the Wayback Machine documentation attached to Defendants' Supplemental Reply brief.
Even were the Court to permit Defendants to file the Additional Supplemental Reply brief, it would reject Defendants' arguments. As the Court stated supra, to survive the present motion to dismiss for lack of personal jurisdiction, Plaintiff need only make a prima facie showing of personal jurisdiction over Defendants. See, e.g., Northrup King Co., 51 F.3d at 1387; Bell Paper Box, Inc., 22 F.3d at 818; Watlow Elec. Mfg. Co., 838 F.2d at 1000. In evaluating whether Plaintiff has adequately sustained its burden in this regard, the Court must resolve all factual conflicts in Plaintiff's favor. See Dakota Indus., Inc., 946 F.2d at 1387. Thus, to the extent that Plaintiff and Defendants dispute whether the Terms and Conditions were posted on Plaintiff's website on April 30, 2008, the Court must resolve the dispute in favor of Plaintiff, and in turn, in favor of finding that the forum selection clause supports personal jurisdiction over S & A.
Moreover, Plaintiff correctly points out that Defendant's single-minded focus on whether the Terms and Conditions were posted on the publically available portions of the CruiseCompete.com website on April 30, 2008, ignores several important considerations, including: 1) that while the AMRA provided that the "Parties agree to be bound by the version of CruiseCompete's Terms and Conditions for Agency Membership posted as of the date of this Agreement," it also provided that the Agency "asserts that it has read and understood all of CruiseCompete's Terms and Conditions for Agency Membership" and further states in bold print: "Terms and Conditions (Important! You must review all Terms and conditions Before Signing!" (Am. Compl. Ex. 2); 2) that Levinstein sent Smolinski an email on March 28, 2008 reminding him to review the Terms and Conditions that would appear in agency accounts (Levinstein Aff. (Clerk's No. 42-2) ¶ 3); 3) that the Terms and Conditions were posted on the "Agent Welcome" screen in the "log-in" portion of the CruiseCompete.com website on March 28, 2008 and continuously thereafter (id. ¶ 4); 4) that Levinstein sent Smolinski an e-mail on April 22, 2008 that contained the AMRA ultimately signed by Smolinski and that specifically stated, "please review the attached along with the Agency Terms & Conditions (which can be found via a link from the `Welcome' page of your agency account" (id. ¶ 5). Indeed, in his affidavits filed in this case, Smolinski only states that the "Terms and Conditions proffered by CruiseCompete in this matter ... were not presented to me or any Defendant in this matter, in any format, prior to the time the AMRA was signed in Florida on April 30, 2008." Smolinski Aff. (Clerk's No. 41-1) ¶ 6 (emphasis added). He notably does not deny or dispute that he actually saw the Terms and Conditions or that he read them prior to signing the AMRA on behalf of SmartCruiser.com.
When considering the pleadings and the affidavits filed in this case in the light most favorable to Plaintiff, the Court is satisfied that the forum selection clause is enforceable and that Plaintiff has, therefore, made a sufficient prima facie showing to demonstrate
With respect to Smolinski, Plaintiff argues that he is subject to personal jurisdiction in Iowa because he "is not just a typical travel agent who happens to be working for SmartCruiser." Id. Rather, Smolinski is the President, CEO, and owner of SmartCruiser and signed the AMRA on SmartCruiser's behalf. Id. Thus, according to Plaintiff, Smolinski is "`closely related' to the disputes arising out the agreement and properly bound by the forum selection clause provisions."
In Marano Enterprises, the Eighth Circuit found that a forum selection clause in a contract between Marano Enterprises and Z-Teca Restaurants was enforceable against Leon Marano even though he was not personally a party to the agreement. Marano Enters., 254 F.3d at 757. "As for Leon Marano, ... he is a shareholder, officer, and director of Marano Enterprises, which was a party to the agreements. As such he is, without question, `closely related' to the disputes arising out of the agreements and properly bound by the forum-selection provisions." Id. (quoting Hugel v. Corp. of Lloyd's, 999 F.2d 206, 209 (7th Cir.1993) ("In order to bind a non-party to a forum selection clause, the party must be `closely related' to the dispute such that it becomes `foreseeable' that it will be bound.")); see also U.S. ex rel. Lighting and Power Servs., Inc. v. Interface Constr. Corp., No. 4:07-cv-1144,
Defendants next assert that venue in this case is not proper in the Southern District of Iowa. Specifically, Defendants argue that Plaintiff has offered neither argument nor evidence to support a conclusion that "a substantial part of the events or omissions giving rise to the claim occurred" in the Southern District of Iowa, pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1391(b). According to Defendants, "It is illogical to suggest that any of the alleged events or omissions purportedly giving rise to the six (6) Counts [of the Amended Complaint] `occurred in Iowa'" because Defendants have never transacted business in Iowa, Plaintiff's Internet protocol address reveals that its computer servers are in Texas, and revenue shares under the AMRA are sent to Allison-Shane in Michigan. Defs.' Br. at 14-15. Defendants further emphasize that "[a]t least twelve (12) of Plaintiff's top member agencies are located within the State of Florida. None of Plaintiff's top agencies, many of which will be either witnesses or defendants in the Florida Lawsuit (and this matter if not dismissed) are located within Iowa or licensed to sell travel in Iowa." Id. at 15.
The Court finds Defendants' arguments unconvincing. First, as discussed above, Defendants have not properly challenged the validity of the forum selection clause. Accordingly, that provision alone is sufficient to establish proper venue in this district because "a forum selection clause may be viewed as a waiver of a defendant's right to object to venue." Dominium Austin Ptrs., L.L.C. v. Emerson, 248 F.3d 720, 727 n. 5 (8th Cir.2001). Second, Defendants do not dispute Plaintiff's arguments that the AMRA "specifies that it is to be governed by Iowa law [and] spells out Defendants' obligations in interacting with a computer system administered from Iowa," that "[t]he bulk of the work related to the contract — the maintenance, operation, and oversight of the CruiseCompete website — occurred in Iowa," or that "the fraudulent actions of
Defendants argue that the Court should abstain from hearing this case because there is a parallel proceeding pending in Florida, exceptional circumstances warrant abstention, and because the Florida action has priority over the present case. Defs.' Br. at 17-18. Alternatively, Defendants argue that the Court should give priority to the Florida action under the first-filed rule, or use its inherent authority to dismiss the case so that "the issues presented, virtually all of which are or will become duplicative, can be resolved within the case already filed with the Circuit Court in and for Palm Beach County, Florida." Id. at 19-20.
Defendants' arguments in this regard rely largely on their conclusory assertion that the present case is either collateral or parallel to the Florida action. The Florida action deals with allegations by Revelex that Defendants misappropriated Revelex's trade secrets in relation to a proprietary booking engine and tortiously interfered with its business relationships. See Defs.' Mot. Ex. G. In response to Revelex's suit, Defendants brought cross-claims
Moreover, even if there were similarities between the Florida action and the present one, abstention would be wholly inappropriate. The Colorado River abstention doctrine permits a federal court to divest itself of jurisdiction by abstaining only when parallel state and federal actions exist and where exceptional circumstances warrant abstention. Colorado River Water Conservation Dist. v. United States, 424 U.S. 800, 817-18, 96 S.Ct. 1236, 47 L.Ed.2d 483 (1976). In the Eighth Circuit, actions are considered "parallel" only when there is a "substantial likelihood that the state court proceeding will fully
Defendants' citation to the first-filed rule is equally deficient. Intended to conserve judicial resources and avoid duplicative litigation, the "first-filed rule" generally grants district court judges the discretion to dismiss or stay an action when a previously-filed concurrent action is pending in another judicial district. See Florida v. United States, 285 F.2d 596, 604 (8th Cir.1960) ("Courts are not required by law to forbear but may do so as a matter of comity and to avoid duplicate litigation."); Anheuser-Busch, Inc. v. Supreme Int'l Corp., 167 F.3d 417, 419 (8th Cir. 1999) (finding doctrine is subject to "abuse of discretion" review). Because the rule stems from the "doctrine of federal comity," Orthmann v. Apple River Campground, Inc., 765 F.2d 119, 121 (8th Cir. 1985), it is generally deemed to apply only in cases where two virtually identical cases are filed in two different federal judicial districts. See Compagnie des Bauxites de Guinea v. Ins. Co. of N. Am., 651 F.2d 877 (3d Cir.1981) (finding that the first-filed rule was "never meant to apply where the two courts involved are not courts of the same sovereignty"); Continental Cas. Co. v. AXA Global Risks (UK) Ltd., No. 4:09-cv-335, 2010 WL 1268038, at *4 (W.D.Mo. Apr. 2, 2010) ("District courts in this Circuit have routinely held that the `first-filed' analysis does not apply to `proceedings before two different sovereignties.'") (quoting Leomporra v. Jet Linx Aviation, Inc., No. 09-770, 2009 WL 1514517, at *2 n. 2 (D.Minn. June 1, 2009)). Even if applicable in situations such as this one — where one action is pending in federal court and the other action is pending in state court — the Court would nonetheless decline to exercise its discretion to dismiss or transfer the case pursuant to the first-filed rule. Likewise, the Court declines to use its inherent authority to dismiss or otherwise stay the case pending resolution of the Florida action. See Landis v. N. Am. Co., 299 U.S. 248, 254, 57 S.Ct. 163, 81 L.Ed. 153 (1936) (recognizing that federal courts may stay proceedings pursuant to "the power inherent in every court to control the disposition of the causes on its docket with economy of time and effort for itself, for counsel, and for litigants").
Section 1404(a), designed as a "federal housekeeping measure, allowing easy change of venue within a unified federal system," provides: "For the convenience of parties and witnesses, in the interest of justice, a district court may transfer any civil action to any other district or division where it might have been brought." Piper Aircraft Co. v. Reyno, 454 U.S. 235, 254, 102 S.Ct. 252, 70 L.Ed.2d 419 (1981); 28 U.S.C. § 1404(a). In determining whether to exercise its discretion to transfer an action pursuant to § 1404, the Court may consider a myriad of factors, including the convenience of parties and witnesses, access to sources of proof and evidence, the governing law, and the possibility of delay if a transfer is
Defendants argue that Florida is a more convenient forum for litigating the present case because: 1) "virtually all of the key witnesses and evidence are located in Florida"); 2) "all the relevant conduct giving rise to Plaintiff's claims occurred in Florida"; 3) Defendants claims against Plaintiff in the Florida action and Plaintiff's breach of contract, tortious interference, and unjust enrichment claims will all "require consideration under Florida law"; and 4) Florida will be a less expensive and more convenient forum because "the material witnesses and evidence are located in Florida." Defs.' Br. at 22-23. Almost all of Defendants' assertions, however, rely on the unsupported and unfounded conclusion that the Florida action is somehow "substantially similar" to the present action — a conclusion that this Court has already considered and rejected. Moreover, even assuming that any of the witnesses in the Florida action would be "essential" in this case, Defendants have failed to "clearly specify the essential witnesses to be called [and to] make a general statement of what their testimony will cover." Nelson v. Master Lease Corp., 759 F.Supp. 1397, 1402 (D.Minn.1991) (citing Charles A. Wright, Arthur R. Miller & Edward H. Cooper, Federal Practice and Procedure § 3851 at 425); see also Reid-Walen v. Hansen, 933 F.2d 1390, 1396 (8th Cir.1991) ("The burden is on the defendant to provide these facts by way of affidavit or other information."). Likewise, Defendants have not identified any evidence that would be too voluminous to transport to Iowa or that would be unavailable were the action to proceed in this forum. See Coker v. Bank of America, 984 F.Supp. 757, 766 (S.D.N.Y.1997) (concluding that in the era of photocopying, fax machines, and Federal Express, the weight given to availability of documentary evidence factor is slight); Met-L-Wood Corp. v. SWS Indus., Inc., 594 F.Supp. 706, 710 (N.D.Ill.1984) (finding location of books and records not an important factor unless documents so voluminous that transportation is a major undertaking). Finally, Defendants have failed to address the existence of both a forum selection clause and an Iowa choice of law provision in relation to their § 1404(a) analysis. See Stewart Org., Inc. v. Corp., 487 U.S. 22, 29, 108 S.Ct. 2239, 101 L.Ed.2d 22 (1988) (finding that a forum selection clause constitutes a significant factor that figures centrally in deciding whether a transfer should be granted). Under these circumstances, the Court finds that Defendants have failed to make a clear showing that the balance of interests weighs in favor of the proposed transfer.
For the reasons stated herein, Defendants' Motion for Leave to file Additional Supplement to Reply (Clerk's No. 40) and Defendants' Motion to Dismiss, Stay, or Transfer to the U.S. District Court for the
IT IS SO ORDERED.
Am. Compl. Ex. 2 at 1.