MEMORANDUM DECISION AND ORDER

B. LYNN WINMILL, Chief District Judge.

INTRODUCTION

Pending before the Court is counter-defendant Industrial Piping, Inc.'s Motion to Withdraw the Reference (Dkt. 1). The Court will grant the motion to the extent Industrial Piping asks the Court to withdraw the reference when this case is ready for trial, but will deny the motion to the extent an immediate withdrawal is sought.

BACKGROUND

This adversary proceeding traces its roots to the planned construction of a polysilicon manufacturing plant in Pocatello, Idaho. In 2007, the debtor, Hoku Corporation, began working with its wholly owned subsidiary, Hoku Materials, Inc., to construct the plant.

For reasons not relevant here, the plant was not completed, and in July 2013, Hoku Materials and Hoku Corporation filed separate bankruptcy cases. In the summer of 2015 — roughly two years after these bankruptcy cases were filed — Hoku Corporation's Chapter 7 Trustee initiated approximately 175 adversary proceedings against various contractors and suppliers involved in the construction. These contractors and suppliers had previously received full or partial payment for goods and services delivered. The Trustee contends that these payments constitute fraudulent transfers. He therefore seeks to have these monies returned to Hoku Corporation's bankruptcy estate.

The Trustee's theory is that the contractors and suppliers were allegedly paid by Hoku Corporation, but they performed work for Hoku Materials. More precisely, the Trustee says that Hoku Corporation never had any legal or equitable title in the polysilicon plant and thus has no liability for Hoku Materials' polysilicon plant construction costs or Hoku Materials' debts.

With some exceptions, the Trustee's complaints against the contractors and suppliers follow the same formula. In his first claim for relief, the Trustee invokes the federal Fair Debt Collection Practices Act (FDCPA) in his effort to recover the payments. In his second claim, the Trustee invokes Idaho's fraudulent transfer statutes. In a third claim for relief, alleged against some (but not all) of the contractors and suppliers, the Trustee invokes 11 U.S.C. § 548.

In bankruptcy court, three of these adversary defendants — including the moving defendant here, Industrial Piping, Inc., — moved the bankruptcy court to substantively consolidate Hoku Corporation's and Hoku Materials' bankruptcy estates.1 See July 28, 2015 Motion for Substantive Consolidation & Request for Case Management Conference, In re Hoku Materials, Case No. 13-40837-JDP (Bankr. D. Idaho), Bankr. Dkt. 336.2 These defendants say that if the bankruptcy court grants the motion, most of the adversary proceedings against the contractors and suppliers would be eliminated. Numerous defendants joined this motion.

After the substantive consolidation motion was filed, the bankruptcy court ordered the contractor/supplier defendants in the adversary proceedings to either: (1) consent to entry of judgment by the bankruptcy court; or (2) move to withdraw the reference. As of this date, roughly half of the adversary defendants, including Industrial Piping, responded with a motion to withdraw the reference.

ANALYSIS

Federal district courts have original jurisdiction over cases arising under the Bankruptcy Code. 28 U.S.C. § 1334(a). This Court has exercised its authority under 28 U.S.C. § 157(a) to refer all bankruptcy matters to the district's bankruptcy judges. See Apr. 24, 1995 Third Amended General Order. Nevertheless, under 28 U.S.C. § 157(d), this reference is subject to mandatory or permissive withdrawal, depending on the circumstances. See 28 U.S.C. § 157(d). Section 157(d) reads as follows:

Industrial Piping contends that both mandatory and permissive withdrawal apply.

1. Mandatory Withdrawal

As the statute specifies, withdrawal is mandatory in cases requiring material consideration "of both title 11 and other laws of the United States regulating organizations or activities affecting interstate commerce." Id.

Preliminarily, the Court is not convinced that withdrawal is mandatory if a bankruptcy court must consider state law along with bankruptcy law to resolve a claim. The plain language of the statute refers to federal laws — not state laws. See id. (referring to "other laws of the United States") (emphasis added). So the key question is whether the Trustee is asking the bankruptcy court to consider federal, non-bankruptcy law.

He is. In his second claim for relief against Industrial Piping, the Trustee invokes the FDCPA. The FDCPA is indisputably a non-title 11, federal law that affects interstate commerce. See 15 U.S.C. § 1692a(6). So if the statutory language were strictly interpreted, this Court must withdraw the FDCPA claim without further analysis.

But the Court concludes that a more searching inquiry is necessary. The problem with strictly interpreting the statute is that withdrawing disputes requiring even the most basic consideration of non-bankruptcy law "would force district courts to withdraw matters in which [Bankruptcy] Code questions overwhelmingly predominate and consideration of non-Code statutes would be de minimus." In re White Motor Corp., 42 B.R. 693, 703 (N.D. Ohio 1984). The alternative, more favored, interpretation requires that the consideration of non-bankruptcy law be "substantial and material" before withdrawal is mandatory. See, e.g., Holmes v. Grubman, 315 F.Supp.2d 1376, 1379 (M.D. Ga. 2004). According to this view, "the `resolution of non-bankruptcy law must be essential to the dispute.'" Id. (citation omitted). The Ninth Circuit has not indicated which standard courts should apply, but has approved the "substantial and material" standard in dicta. Sec. Farms v. Int'l Brotherhood of Teamsters, 124 F.3d 999, 1008 n.4 (9th Cir. 1997). This Court will therefore adopt that standard in examining the FDCPA claim at issue here. Accord Hawaiian Airlines, Inc. v. Mesa Air Grp., Inc., 355 B.R. 214, 222 (D. Haw. 2006).

In his FDCPA claim, the Trustee seeks to avoid transfers made to Industrial Piping using his strong-arm powers, found in 11 U.S.C. § 544(b)(1), along with 28 U.S.C. § 3304 of the FDCPA. Under § 544(b)(1), a trustee may avoid "any transfer . . . or any obligation incurred by the debtor that is voidable under applicable law" by a creditor holding an unsecured claim that is allowable under 11 U.S.C. § 502. See 11 U.S.C. § 544(b)(1) (emphasis added). The Trustee relies on the FDCPA as "applicable law" in his effort to take advantage of the FDCPA's six-year reach-back period to set aside payments made to defendants. See 28 U.S.C. § 3306(b). (Idaho's fraudulent transfer laws have a four-year reach-back period. See Idaho Code § 55-918(1) and (2)).

Several adversary defendants dispute the use of the FDCPA as "applicable law" within the meaning of Section 544(b). To resolve the Trustee's claims, the reviewing court must therefore determine whether the trustee can step into the shoes of a federal creditor and use the FDCPA as "applicable law" under § 544(b)(1). The Ninth Circuit has not confronted this issue, and there is a split of authority among the courts that have decided the issue. See Gordon v. Harrison (In re Alpha Protective Servs., Inc.), 531 B.R. 889, 905 (Bankr. M.D. Ga. 2015) (discussing the split and citing cases).

Under these circumstances, the Court concludes that resolving the Trustee's FDCPA claim extends beyond applying well-settled, federal, non-bankruptcy law. Therefore, the Court will withdraw the reference as to Count II of the Trustee's complaint. But the Court will not withdraw the reference at this stage for at least three reasons.

First, just because withdrawal is mandated does not mean the Court must immediately withdraw the reference. Rather, the Court concludes that it may delay withdrawing the reference until the bankruptcy court certifies that the case is trial-ready. Accord Beck v. Ally Fin., Inc., Case No. 13-mc-16, 2013 WL 5676232, at *1 (S.D. Ala. Oct. 18, 2013) (district court granted motion for withdrawal after determining mandatory withdrawal applied, but nevertheless "delay[ed] the withdrawal until the Bankruptcy Court certifies that the case is ready for trial"); cf. 1 Collier on Bankruptcy ¶ 3.04[2] (16th ed. 2015) (observing that even when withdrawal is mandatory, district courts have permitted bankruptcy courts to conduct pretrial proceedings, citing PBGC v. Pan Am Corp. (In re Pan Am Corp.), 133 B.R. 700, 701 (S.D.N.Y. 1991) (although withdrawal was mandatory, the district court remanded the case to the bankruptcy court to submit proposed findings of fact and conclusions of law)).

Second, the vast majority of the adversary defendants who filed withdrawal motions are not asking for an immediate withdrawal. For example, dozens of defendants say this in their moving papers:

See, e.g., Hopkins v. Chem. Design, Inc., Case No. 4:15-cv-395-BLW, Motion to Withdraw, Dkt. 1, at 2. These same defendants also simply ask the Court to "withdraw the reference of this Adversary Proceeding from the Bankruptcy Court at the appropriate time prior to trial." Id., Dkt. 1-1, at 6 (emphasis added).

Other defendants say they "understand[] that this Court may decide to have the Bankruptcy Court handle the preliminary matters, [to] which the Defendant has no objection provided that there is no waiver of the Defendant's right to a jury trial before this Court and no consent to entry of final orders or judgments by the Bankruptcy Court." Reply Br. in Hopkins v. SetPoint Integrated Solutions, Inc., Case No. 4:15-cv-391-BLW, Dkt. 3, at 8 n.3; see also Praxair Servs., Inc.'s Reply Br., Case No. 4:15-cv-412-BLW, Dkt. 3 at 4 ("Withdrawal would not cause inefficient use of judicial resources because the Bankruptcy Court can be assigned or referred the pre-trial procedure, and this Court can then convene the jury for trial.")

Third, as detailed below, this Court is not persuaded that an immediate withdrawal would best serve the parties or the courts. See infra ¶ 2.

In sum, this Court concludes that although it must eventually withdraw the reference of the Trustee's second claim for relief against Industrial Piping, it will not do so now.

2. Permissive Withdrawal

The next question is whether the "cause" factors associated with permissive withdrawal weigh in favor of an immediate withdrawal. Withdrawal is permissive in any case or proceeding referred to a bankruptcy court upon the district court's own motion, or on a party's timely motion for "cause shown." 28 U.S.C. § 157(d). The statute does not specify what is necessary to show "cause," but courts have identified a variety of factors that may be considered, including: (1) the efficient use of judicial resources; (2) delay and costs to the parties; (3) uniformity of bankruptcy administration, (4) prevention of forum shopping; and (5) other related factors. Sec. Farms, 124 F.3d at 1008. "Other related factors" might include whether the issues are core or non-core proceedings, as well as the right to a jury trial. See Rosenberg v. Harvey A. Brookstein, 479 B.R. 584, 587 (D. Nev. 2012) (citation omitted).

A. Seventh Amendment Jury-Trial Right

The Court begins by observing that the fraudulent conveyance claims at issue in this case are statutorily defined as "core" proceedings. See 28 U.S.C. § 157(b)(2)(H). Congress has empowered bankruptcy courts to enter a final judgment on such claims. See 28 U.S.C. § 157(b)(1). But in the wake of the Supreme Court's landmark decision in Stern v. Marshall, 131 S.Ct. 2594 (2011), the Ninth Circuit held that bankruptcy courts lack the constitutional authority to enter final judgments on fraudulent conveyance claims. See In re Bellingham Ins. Agency, Inc., 702 F.3d 553 (9th Cir. 2012), aff'd, 134 S.Ct. 2165 (2014) ("fraudulent conveyance claims . . . cannot be adjudicated by non-Article III judges."). The Trustee, for his part, has not meaningfully challenged Industrial Piping's assertions that it has a substantive right to a jury trial in district court on the fraudulent conveyance claims.

B. Waiver

The Trustee does, however, argue that Industrial Piping waived its right to a jury trial. The Trustee's waiver argument arises from Industrial Piping's request that the bankruptcy court substantively consolidate Hoku Corporation's and Hoku Materials' bankruptcy estates.

Industrial Piping first requested substantive consolidation in an adversary complaint, which named as defendants the trustees of Hoku Corporation's and Hoku Materials' bankruptcy estates.3 See Industrial Piping v. Rainsdon (In re Hoku Materials, Inc.), No. 15-8011-JDP; Industrial Piping v. Hopkins (In re Hoku Corp.), No. 15-8012-JDP.

The Trustees moved to dismiss the complaints and the Trustee of Hoku Corporation's bankruptcy estate also filed a counterclaim. The counterclaim alleges three claims against Industrial Piping: fraudulent-conveyance claims under (1) 11 U.S.C. § 550 and the 3304 of the FDCPA, (2) 11 U.S.C. § 550 and Idaho's fraudulent-transfer laws, and (3) 11 U.S.C. § 548. See June 30, 2015 First Am. Counterclaim, Dkt. 43 in Bankr. Case No. 15-8012 (Counts Two, Four, and Six).

In June 2015, the bankruptcy court dismissed the substantive-consolidation complaints without prejudice, suggesting that the preferred practice would be to file a motion. See June 23, 2015 Order, Dkt. 38 in Bankr. Case No. 15-8012-JDP; June 23, 2015 Hearing Tr., Dkt. 46 in Bankr. Case No. 15-8012, at 11 ("my canvass of the case law and the rules suggest that the preferred approach for substantive consolidation is motion practice not adversary proceedings"). Industrial Piping responded by moving for substantive consolidation. (As of this writing, the bankruptcy court has not ruled on the motion.)

The Trustee says that when Industrial Piping requested substantive consolidation, (first in the adversary proceeding and later via motion), it "affirmatively invoked the jurisdiction of the bankruptcy court, waived any right to withdraw the reference, and thereby also waived the right to a jury trial." Response Br., Dkt. 2, at 3. The Trustee thus contends that its fraudulent-transfer claims against Industrial Piping must be adjudicated in bankruptcy court.

The Court is not persuaded. Preliminarily, as discussed above, Industrial Piping has a Seventh Amendment right to a jury trial on the fraudulent-transfer claims. A party may consent to having such claims adjudicated in bankruptcy court (either expressly or impliedly), but any such consent must be "knowing and voluntary." See Wellness Int'l Network, Ltd. v. Sharif, 135 S.Ct. 1932, 1949 (2015).

Here, it would be difficult to conclude that Industrial Piping knowingly and voluntarily consented to having the trustee's fraudulent-transfer claims adjudicated in bankruptcy court. In replying to the Trustee's counterclaim, Industrial Piping expressly requested a jury trial and further stated that it did not consent to a final judgment entered by the bankruptcy court:

June 9, 2015 Reply to Counterclaim, Dkt. 25 in 15-8012-JDP, ¶¶ 1-2; July 14, 2015 Reply to First Am. Counterclaim, Dkt. 45 in Bankr. Case No. 15-8012-JDP, ¶¶ 1-2. Later, in response to the bankruptcy court's request that the parties either (1) consent to a judgment entered in bankruptcy court; or (2) move to withdraw the reference, Industrial Piping promptly filed the pending motion to withdraw. See Aug. 5, 2015 Order re Consent to Entry of Final Judgment and Orders and Motions to Withdraw Reference, Dkt. 48 in Bankr. Case No. 15-8012; Aug. 19, 2015 Motion for Withdrawal of Reference, Dkt. 1. Under these facts, Industrial Piping did not knowingly and voluntarily consent to having the Trustee's fraudulent-transfer claims adjudicated in bankruptcy court.

The Trustee does not squarely address these points in advancing his waiver argument. Instead, he generally refers to the fact that Industrial Piping sought substantive consolidation, thus invoking the bankruptcy court's general equitable powers. See generally In re Bonham, 229 F.3d 750, 764 (9th Cir. 2000) ("[T]he power of substantive consolidation derives from the bankruptcy court's general equity powers as expressed in § 105 of the Bankruptcy Code.4"). The Trustee's briefing on this point is extremely skeletal — just four sentences. See Response Br., Dkt. 2, at 2-3. But by referring to the bankruptcy court's equitable powers in the context of a waiver argument, the Trustee might be trying to align himself with those situations where a creditor files a proof of claim against the debtor's bankruptcy estate and is then met with the trustee's preference or fraudulent-transfer claim. In that instance, the creditor has waived its right to a jury trial, as the Supreme Court explained in Langenkamp v. Culp, 498 U.S. 42 (1990):

Langenkamp v. Culp., 498 U.S. 42 (1990) (discussing Granfinanciera v. Nordberg, 492 U.S. 33 (1989) and other cases; all internal citations omitted here).

But the Trustee has not convinced the Court that moving for substantive consolidation has the same effect as filing a proof of claim. When a creditor files a proof of claim, the claims-allowance process is triggered. Filing a motion for substantive consolidation does not trigger that process. Cf. Germain v. Conn. Nat'l Bank, 988 F.2d 1323, 1327 (2d Cir. 1993) ("the filing of a proof of claim is a necessary condition for the claims allowance process to begin . . . ."). See generally Katchen v. Landy, 382 U.S. 323, 336 (1966) ("although petitioner might be entitled to a jury trial on the issue of preference if he presented no claim in the bankruptcy proceeding . . . when the same issue arises as part of the process of allowance and disallowance of claims, it is triable in equity") (internal citations omitted).

In sum, the Trustee's brief waiver argument has not persuaded this Court that Industrial Piping has waived its right to a jury trial on the fraudulent-transfer claims. As a result, if the fraudulent conveyance claims against this defendant proceed to trial, an Article III judge will preside. See 28 U.S.C. § 157(e);6 In re Dyer, 322 F.3d 1178, 1194 (9th Cir. 2003) ("[T]he bankruptcy court is unable to preside over a jury trial absent explicit consent from the parties and the district court."); In re Cinematronics, Inc., 916 F.2d 1444, 1451 (9th Cir. 1990) (agreeing with "several courts [that] have concluded that where a jury trial is required and the parties refuse to consent to bankruptcy jurisdiction, withdrawal of the case to the district court is appropriate") (internal citations omitted)).

C. Need for Immediate Withdrawal

Despite Industrial Piping's right to a jury trial, the Court is not required to — and will not — immediately withdraw the reference. Rather, it is permissible for the bankruptcy court to handle all preliminary matters up to the point of trial. See Sigma Micro Corp. v. Healthcentral.com (In re Healthcentral.com), 504 F.3d 775, 787 (9th Cir. 2007) ("a Seventh Amendment jury trial right does not mean the bankruptcy court must instantly give up jurisdiction" and transfer the case to district court). In fact, the Supreme Court recently clarified that so-called "Stern claims" — which include the fraudulent-transfer claims at issue here — may comfortably proceed under the procedure set forth in 28 U.S.C. § 157(c)(1). See Executive Benefits Ins. Agency v. Arkison, 134 S.Ct. 2165, 2174 (2014). Section 157(c)(1) provides as follows:

Thus, in this case, the bankruptcy court may "hear" the Trustee's fraudulent-transfer claims, and submit proposed findings of fact and conclusions of law to the district court. Id. Further, if either party files a dispositive motion, the bankruptcy court may entertain that motion and submit proposed findings of fact, conclusions of law, and a recommended disposition of the claim to this Court. See Bellingham Ins. Agency, 702 F.3d at 565 (bankruptcy courts have the statutory power "to hear fraudulent conveyance cases and to submit reports and recommendations to district courts").

In light of this authority, the Court is not persuaded that defendants' jury-trial right requires a withdrawal at this stage. Rather, at this point in the proceedings, the Court's central concern is how it can best help the parties achieve a just, speedy, and inexpensive resolution of their claims. Cf. Fed. R. Civ. P. 1. Many of the other "cause" factors relevant to permissive withdrawal — including efficiency, cost, and delay — speak to this concern.

(1) Efficiency; Cost; Delay; Uniformity

This case is in its beginning stages, so it would seem that the case would move along at the same speed in either district court or bankruptcy court. But that is not true here because the bankruptcy court has expended significant time and effort over the past two years becoming familiar with the underlying bankruptcy proceeding. That knowledge will almost surely enable the bankruptcy court to move this case along more quickly than this Court could. Further, although some defendants suggest that conducting pretrial proceedings in one court, and then moving to another for trial, will cause inefficiencies, there is a very real possibility that this case — like most cases — will resolve before trial.

Granted, if a case does proceed to trial, there will be judicial efficiency losses because a second court will have to familiarize itself with the case. Further, this Court may be required to conduct a de novo review of proposed findings and conclusions on dispositive motions. Such a procedure could increase costs to the parties and cause some delay. But these possible inefficiencies, delays, and costs do not overcome the weight this Court has placed on the familiarity the bankruptcy court has with the debtor, the bankruptcy estate, and the various other adversary proceedings pending in this bankruptcy case.

The Court also finds that the Hoku Corporation bankruptcy likely will be more uniformly administered if all of the "contractor/supplier" adversary cases remain before the same court for pretrial proceedings.

(2) Prevention of Forum Shopping

Lastly, regarding the forum-shopping factor, the Court is unpersuaded by the Trustee's assertion that the defendant has engaged in forum shopping. These motions were made early in the proceedings, largely in response to the bankruptcy court's order that such motions be made within a fourteen-day period. This factor is therefore neutral.

CONCLUSION

After having considered all of the above factors, the Court concludes that neither permissive nor mandatory withdrawal is warranted at this time. The Court will instead delay withdrawing the reference on the fraudulent-transfer claims asserted against Industrial Piping until the bankruptcy court certifies that such claims are ready for trial.

ORDER

For all the foregoing reasons, IT IS ORDERED that: