Justice FITZGERALD SMITH delivered the judgment of the court, with opinion.
¶ 1 This is a collection case, arising from several contracts entered into by the plaintiff, Yellow Book Sales and Distribution Company, Inc. (Yellow Book), and the defendant, David Feldman (Feldman). As president of Glassworks, Inc. (Glassworks), Feldman negotiated and signed four contacts for advertising services with Yellow Book. On each occasion, Feldman signed the contracts with his name, followed, by "President" or "Pres." When Glassworks went out of business and failed to pay the remaining balance owed on the four contracts, Yellow Book sued Feldman as the purported guarantor. Following a bench trial, the court found Feldman personally liable under the guarantee. The parties then stipulated to the judgment amount ($13,178.01). Feldman now appeals, contending that the trial court's finding that he intended to be bound personally under the guarantee was against the manifest weight of the evidence. For the reasons that follow, we affirm.
¶ 3 The record reveals the following pertinent facts and procedural history. On
¶ 4 Each of the four contracts contain "Glassworks, Inc." above the "Print Customer Name" line. Feldman's signature appears on the second line of each contract and his name is followed by either "Pres." or "President." Feldman's name is printed on the following line.
¶ 5 Paragraph 14G of the form contracts, referred to in the signature block and found on the back side, is written in fine print and states:
¶ 6 After Feldman answered Yellow Book's complaint denying the allegations therein, the parties both filed pretrial briefs with the circuit court. In its brief, Yellow Book asked the circuit court to hold that the contract was enforceable as written as a matter of law, and that Feldman should not be allowed to introduce any extrinsic evidence as to the parties' intent. Yellow Book sought that the court apply the "four corners" doctrine and uphold the contract against Feldman simply on the basis of his signature. Feldman, on the other hand, argued in his brief that the
¶ 7 The circuit court agreed with Feldman and found, as a matter of law, that the contract was ambiguous as to whether Feldman intended to bind himself personally to the corporate obligations because he had written his corporate title (i.e., "President" or "Pres.") next to his signature. The circuit court further found that a trial was necessary to determine whether Feldman intended to be personally bound by the contract. The court noted it would hear testimony "about the parties' intent" and "who thought what."
¶ 8 In coming to this decision the circuit court explained:
¶ 9 During the bench trial, the parties offered testimony of several witnesses. First, Yellow Book paralegal Tasha Drew identified the four contracts at dispute in this litigation as plaintiff's exhibit Nos. 1 through 4.
¶ 10 Drew explained that the Glassworks account was sent to a collection agency on July 29, 2010, and then to collection law firm on October 1, 2010, after Glassworks failed to pay the amounts it owed on the four contracts. She testified, however, that after the claim was placed with the collection agency and the collection law firm, Feldman signed another contract on behalf of Glassworks on November 16, 2010. That contract was entered into evidence as plaintiff's exhibit No. 6. According to Drew, this contract was paid in full at the time it was signed. In that way, it differed from the four contracts in dispute, which were to be paid on a monthly basis. Drew explained that Yellow Book's policy was that if a customer owed a balance on any account, in order to buy new advertisements and obtain a new contract, it needed to pay up front and in full. Drew could not state, however, whether it was Glassworks or Feldman personally who had paid the full balance on the November 16, 2010, contract.
¶ 11 Steven Sears, a sales consultant for Yellow Book, next testified that he has worked for Yellow Book since 2000. Sears averred that he was in charge of the Glassworks
¶ 12 Sears identified the four contracts which are in dispute in this litigation as plaintiff's exhibit Nos. 1 through 4. He testified that each time one of those contracts was signed he met with Feldman in person. Sears explained that he would fill out the contracts with the pricing and the requested advertisement information and then he would take the contracts to Feldman's office for Feldman's signature. Sears averred that Feldman was always given an opportunity to look over the contract before he signed it, and that he was always permitted to keep a copy of the contract for his own files. According to Sears, Feldman never made any comments to him objecting to any terms in any of the contracts.
¶ 13 On cross-examination, Sears admitted that he made certain notations in the signature box of each of the four contracts at issue. Specifically, Sears acknowledged that on each of the contracts, he handwrote "Glassworks, Inc.," above the line that states "Print Customer Name." He then circled the "x" in the following line, requiring the "Authorized Signature individually and for the Customer," prior to having Feldman sign his name next to that "x." Sears further admitted that he then added another "x" on the signature line of each of the four contracts, next to Feldman's signature, in order to show Feldman where he could write his title, because that was not on the preprinted form. According to Sears, Feldman then handwrote either "President" or "Pres" next to that second "x."
¶ 14 On redirect examination, Sears identified plaintiff's exhibit No. 6 as the contract entered into between Yellow Book and Glassworks on November 16, 2010, after Glassworks had already failed to "make good" on the four contracts in dispute in this litigation. Sears acknowledged that Feldman signed that contract in his presence using an electronic pad, i.e., a Dell laptop with a tablet that can be used for signatures. Sears testified that there is no title next to Feldman's signature on that contract (i.e., no "President" or "Pres." following Feldman's name).
¶ 15 On re-cross-examination, Sears admitted that unlike the four contracts at issue, the first two of which were monthly payment installment contracts, the November 16, 2010, contract, was entered into on a "pay as you go basis," i.e., a check for full payment on the contract was given to Sears on that same day by Jennie Cosantino, the bookkeeper for Glassworks.
¶ 16 The court next heard the testimony of Glassworks president and treasurer, David Feldman. Feldman explained that Glassworks is a full-service glass, mirror and shower door company that was started by the Harris family in 1977. Feldman began working for Glassworks in 1999, and then in 2000, together with Dean Harris, the Harris's son, he purchased the company from the Harrises. According to Feldman, since then, there have been only two principals in Glassworks, himself and Harris, who has acted as vice president and secretary. When Feldman purchased the company, it had 35 employees and 4 locations.
¶ 18 Feldman next averred that Glassworks was forced to cease business operations and file an assignment for benefit of creditors in February 2011. Feldman explained that "under Illinois law, [this] is sort of like a form of bankruptcy * * *, a common law bankruptcy." According to Feldman, Glassworks halted operations in 2011 because a third of its revenue came from new construction, and beginning in 2009 the company became enveloped in the housing crisis. The company went from 4 locations to 1 and from 35 employees to 18, and Feldman began looking for equity investors to either invest in it or buy its assets. Eventually, Feldman and Harris were forced to sell Glassworks through the assignment of beneficial creditors process. Since then, Feldman has returned to private practice as an attorney, and he now works for the Northbrook law firm of Strauss and Malk.
¶ 19 Feldman next testified regarding his responsibilities as president and treasurer of Glassworks. He averred that he was generally responsible for the "inside operations" of the business, such as handling relationships with creditors, vendors and customers, scheduling employees, ordering products, dealing with banks, and otherwise running the day-to-day affairs of the corporation. Feldman was also responsible for signing all contracts on behalf of Glassworks.
¶ 20 Feldman testified that his regular practice in signing any contract on behalf of the corporation was to place the name of the entity, Glassworks, on the contract, and then sign his name, comma, "Pres." or "President" next to that, where the contract did not include the exact words for the corporate identification on the signature line. Feldman explained that he signed in this manner because he wanted it to be known that he was signing as the head officer, i.e., the president of Glassworks.
¶ 21 Feldman was next asked whether there were any circumstances in which he knowingly undertook a personal obligation or guarantee in connection with a business contract at Glassworks. He responded that in the 11 years that he was with Glassworks, there were several times when he was asked by a vendor or a bank to personally guarantee a contract or a loan. He explained that in each of those situations, he made the decision on a case-by-case basis. For example, Feldman recalled that he agreed to be the personal guarantor for Glassworks' credit line taken from WaMu Bank in 2007. He testified that in this situation, however, the bank required him to provide two separate signatures in the credit contract, one under the corporation name and then a separate one for just Feldman, making it clear that they were asking him to give a personal guarantee, and asking him to sign in his personal capacity.
¶ 22 Feldman also recalled situations in which he refused a vendor's request to act as a personal guarantor on a Glassworks' contract. For example, two of Glassworks' larger vendors, Consolidated Glass and Torison Glass, asked Feldman to act as personal guarantor in order to begin doing business with Glassworks, but Feldman refused.
¶ 23 Feldman next testified regarding Glassworks' relationship with Yellow Book.
¶ 24 Feldman testified that all of the contracts he entered into with Yellow Book on behalf of Glassworks, save for the last one entered on November 16, 2010, were paper contracts that Sears would fill in by hand, and then have Feldman sign. Feldman admitted that it was standard practice for Sears to leave him a copy of the contract, and that he retained copies of all of those contracts in Glassworks' files. According to Feldman, if the particular contract required immediate payment, he would give Sears the number of Glassworks' corporate American Express card or he would have his bookkeeper, Jennie Cosantino, "cut Sears the first check required on any installment."
¶ 25 Feldman testified that at no point in their communication did Sears ever tell him that he intended Feldman to be personally bound by the contracts he was signing. In fact, according to Feldman, Sears in no way indicated that there was even a potential for personal liability. Sears never asked Feldman to sign the contracts twice, once as president and then separately in an individual capacity; nor did he ever direct Feldman's attention to any particular provision of the contract or ask Feldman to read the back and fine print. Feldman was also never asked to, nor did he, make any payments to Yellow Book from his personal checking or credit card accounts. Therefore, according to Feldman, he had no reason to believe that he could be construed as a personal guarantor on any of the Yellow Book contracts.
¶ 26 Feldman also testified that sometime in 2003 or 2004, Sears, who knew Feldman was an attorney, asked him why he always signed "President" after his name. Feldman told Sears that he did so in order to state that he is the president of Glassworks.
¶ 27 Feldman was next questioned regarding the four contracts in dispute in this litigation. He testified that when he signed those contracts, he never noticed the language under the signature line referring to his "individual" responsibility on the contract. Feldman also averred that he did not read the back and fine print of the contracts and therefore did not know that there was language in there purportedly personally binding him on the contracts.
¶ 28 Feldman next testified regarding the November 16, 2010, contract, which was the last contract he ever entered into with Yellow Book on behalf of Glassworks. He explained that this contract, unlike all the previous ones, was an electronic contract that he signed on Sears' computer. Feldman testified that at this time, as a result of the economy, Glassworks was falling behind on its Yellow Books account, and Sears continued to stop by his office asking to get paid. For about nine months, Feldman would have his bookkeeper, Jennie Cosantino, write Sears checks for amounts that Glassworks could spare. According to Feldman, at this point, Sears convinced him that Yellow Book did not want to lose Glassworks as a customer and that if he wanted to continue posting advertisements, the only thing Glassworks would have to do was to prepay
¶ 29 When Feldman was asked why he did not place "President" next to his signature on this contract, Feldman explained:
Feldman also averred that this contract was different because it was paid in full in advance with a corporate check so there could be no future obligation for the corporation or him.
¶ 30 When asked whether he would nevertheless have been personally liable on this contract if Glassworks' check (paid in full and in advance) had bounced, Feldman answered in the negative. When asked to explain, he stated that he knew that there were sufficient funds in the Glassworks' checking account to pay for the amount in the check.
¶ 31 After hearing the testimony of all the witnesses, and examining the plaintiff's exhibits entered into evidence, the circuit court found Feldman personally liable on the contracts. In doing so, the court first acknowledged that the contract "could be a lot more clear about the personal guarantee," but then found that because Feldman was a sophisticated person with a college degree and a law degree, he could not have been confused by the language of the contract but, rather, merely did not bother to read it. In coming to this conclusion, the court found relevant that Feldman had not only signed the four Yellow Book contracts in dispute, but numerous identical Yellow Book contracts beginning in 2000, which all contained identical language under his signature specifying that he would be "individually" liable on the contract and pointing him to paragraph 14, which explained the details of the personal guarantee. The court further found relevant that Feldman was always given copies of any contract he signed so that he had ample opportunity to read and review all the relevant language. The court also found relevant that Feldman had refused to be a personal guarantor on other contracts with other companies, thereby demonstrating that he knew the difference between corporate and individual liability. The court noted that Feldman should have crossed off the "individually" language in the signature box if he intended not to be personally liable on the contract. Finally, the court found relevant that even after Yellow Book sent Feldman a notice of attorney's lien, suing Feldman personally on the delinquent contracts,
¶ 32 The parties subsequently stipulated to the judgment amount, and the circuit court entered judgment in favor of Yellow Book and against Feldman in the amount of $13,178.01. Feldman now appeals.
¶ 34 On appeal, Feldman argues that the circuit court's finding that he intended to be personally bound under the contract was against the manifest weight of the evidence.
¶ 35 Before addressing any of Feldman's concerns, we begin by noting that Feldman's brief violates the requirements of Illinois Supreme Court Rule 341(h) (eff. Sept. 1, 2006). Rule 341(h)(6) requires that the statement of facts in an appellant's brief "contain the facts necessary to an understanding of the case, stated accurately and fairly without argument or comment, and with appropriate reference to the pages of the record on appeal." Ill. S.Ct. R. 341(h)(6) (eff. Sept. 1, 2006). In the present case, even though the central issue is the ruling of the trial court after a bench trial, Feldman presents few, if any, facts regarding what testimony was heard at that trial. In addition, the facts that are included in his brief are not stated accurately and fairly without argument or comment but, rather, are stated in such a manner that supports Feldman's contentions. Having noted these serious deficiencies in Feldman's brief, we admonish him that compliance with Illinois Supreme Court Rule 341 is not an inconsequential matter, and that, we, as the reviewing court, may dismiss an appeal for noncompliance with the aforementioned requirements. Nevertheless, for purposes of judicial economy and because the facts necessary to the understanding of the issues here raised are simple, as well as contained in the record below, we address the merits of this appeal. See Zadrozny v. City Colleges of Chicago, 220 Ill.App.3d 290, 292-93, 163 Ill.Dec. 93, 581 N.E.2d 44 (1991).
¶ 36 In that respect, we begin by noting that we review the trial court's findings after a bench trial under a manifest weight of the evidence standard. Reliable Fire Equipment Co. v. Arredondo, 2011 IL ¶ 1871, ¶ 12, 358 Ill.Dec. 322, 965 N.E.2d 393 ("Generally, the standard of review in a bench trial is whether the order or judgment is against the manifest weight of the evidence." (Emphasis added.)); see also Southwest Bank of St. Louis v. Poulokefalos, 401 Ill.App.3d 884, 890, 341 Ill.Dec. 677, 931 N.E.2d 285 (2010) ("On review of a bench trial, we will not disturb the trial court's findings of fact unless they are against the manifest weight of the evidence."). In doing so, we give "great deference to the trial court's findings because, as the trier of fact, the trial court is in a superior position to observe the witnesses while testifying, to judge their credibility and to determine the weight their testimony and other evidence should receive." International Capital Corp. v. Moyer, 347 Ill.App.3d 116, 121, 282 Ill.Dec. 578, 806 N.E.2d 1166 (2004). A reviewing court will not overturn a trial court's findings merely because it does not agree with the lower court or because it might have reached a different conclusion had it been the trier of fact. Veco Corp. v. Babcock, 243 Ill.App.3d 153, 161, 183 Ill.Dec. 406, 611 N.E.2d 1054 (1993). Accordingly, we will find a judgment to be against the manifest weight of the evidence only if the
¶ 37 In the present case, Feldman argues that all the evidence presented at trial irrefutably evinces that he did not intend to be personally liable on the contract between Yellow Book and Glassworks. In that vein, Feldman points out that his uncontradicted testimony at trial established that he signed each of the four disputed contracts with his name, followed by "President" or "Pres." in an attempt to indicate that he was signing solely in his corporate capacity and that he did not intend to be personally bound on the contracts. Feldman further points out that he, in fact, informed Sears of this fact on at least one occasion. Feldman argues that instead of relying on his uncontradicted testimony, the trial court looked to the four corners of the agreement to find that the form language on the contract trumped Feldman's notation of "President." Feldman therefore contends that the trial court improperly construed the ambiguity in the contract against him rather than Yellow Book as the drafter of the contract and that, instead of considering Feldman's actual intent, it applied a negligence standard to find that Feldman just "did not bother to read the contract." For the reasons that follow, we disagree.
¶ 38 It is well established that an agent of a disclosed principal is not individually or personally bound by the terms of the contact which he executes on behalf of the principle, where the agency relationship is known to the other party at the time of the contracting, unless he agrees to be personally liable. See Knightsbridge Realty Partners, Ltd-75 v. Pace, 101 Ill.App.3d 49, 53, 56 Ill.Dec. 483, 427 N.E.2d 815 (1981); see also Western Casualty & Surety Co. v. Bauman Insurance Agency, Inc., 81 Ill.App.3d 485, 486, 36 Ill.Dec. 773, 401 N.E.2d 614 (1980) (citing Annes v. Carolan, Graham, Hoffman, Inc., 336 Ill. 542, 168 N.E. 637 (1929), Dunlop v. McAtee, 31 Ill.App.3d 56, 333 N.E.2d 76 (1975), and Grover v. Commonwealth Plaza Condominium Ass'n, 75 Ill.App.3d 500, 31 Ill.Dec. 896, 394 N.E.2d 1273 (1979)); Wottowa Insurance Agency, Inc. v. Bock, 104 Ill.2d 311, 315, 84 Ill.Dec. 451, 472 N.E.2d 411 (1984) ("[w]hen an officer signs a document and indicates next to his signature his corporate affiliation, then absent evidence to the contrary intent in the document, the officer is not personally bound"). The intent to be personally bound, however, need not be expressed but may also be inferred by implication reasonably drawn from all the facts and circumstances in evidence. Knightsbridge Realty Partners, 101 Ill.App.3d at 53, 56 Ill.Dec. 483, 427 N.E.2d 815; see also Western Casualty & Surety Co., 81 Ill.App.3d at 486, 36 Ill.Dec. 773, 401 N.E.2d 614; Wottowa Insurance Agency, Inc., 104 Ill.2d at 316, 84 Ill.Dec. 451, 472 N.E.2d 411 ("where the language in the body of the document conflicts with the apparent representation by the officer's signature, an issue of fact as to the agent's intent arises, an issue for the [trier of fact] to determine").
¶ 39 In the present case, contrary to Feldman's contentions, the trial court weighed all the evidence in the record and concluded that the intent of the parties was that Feldman be personally liable on the contract. In finding so, the court pointed out that Feldman was a "sophisticated" individual, who had admitted to having both a college and a law degree, and who had been running the Glassworks business for over 10 years. The court noted that, as such, Feldman could not have been confused by the language underneath
¶ 40 After a review of the record, we find no basis to disturb the trial court's findings or to conclude that those findings are "arbitrary, unreasonable, or not based on the evidence." International Capital, 347 Ill.App.3d at 122, 282 Ill.Dec. 578, 806 N.E.2d 1166. The trial court was in the best position to observe Feldman testifying at trial, to judge his credibility and to determine the weight to give his testimony in light of all the testimony and exhibits presented at trial. International Capital, 347 Ill.App.3d at 121, 282 Ill.Dec. 578, 806 N.E.2d 1166.
¶ 41 Moreover, in coming to this conclusion, we find the federal district case of Yellow Book USA, Inc. v. American Painting, Inc., No. 05 C 04615, 2007 WL 328855 (N.D.Ill. Feb. 1, 2007), to be directly on point. That case involved identical Yellow Book form contracts. Just as here, the front of the contracts contained a signature box with three lines: one which stated, "`Print Company Name'"; one below it which stated "`Authorized Signature Individually and for the Company (Read clause 14f on reverse side)'"; and one below that which stated, "`Print Signer's Name/SS# (required for new accounts and new signer),'" and "`Date.'" American Painting, Inc., 2007 WL 328855, at *2. Just as here, the line which referred to the authorized signature and the reference to clause 14f was in bold-faced print, and on the reverse of the contract, clause 14f read: "`The signer of this agreement does, by his execution personally and individually undertake and assume the full performance hereof including payments of amounts due hereunder.'" American Painting, Inc., 2007 WL 328855, at *2.
¶ 42 In American Painting, Inc., Yellow Book and American Painting entered into six contracts over a four-year period. American Painting, Inc., 2007 WL 328855, at *2. These contracts were signed by Gary Bens, as the president of American Painting. American Painting, Inc., 2007 WL 328855, at *2. Bens testified at trial that he never intended to be personally liable on the contracts, since everything he does for American Painting is solely in his
¶ 43 After a bench trial to determine the intent of the parties, the federal district court determined that Bens was personally liable on the contracts. In doing so, the court first acknowledged that under Illinois law, if an officer of a corporation signs a guarantee with his corporate affiliation accompanying that signature, the officer is not personally bound to the guarantee absent evidence to the contrary. American Painting, Inc., 2007 WL 328855, at *3 (citing Wottowa Insurance Agency, Inc., 104 Ill.2d 311, 84 Ill.Dec. 451, 472 N.E.2d 411). The court then went on to point to several factors that contradicted Bens' testimony that he should not be found personally liable on the contracts because he acted in his corporate capacity when he signed them. American Painting, Inc., 2007 WL 328855, at *4. First, the court noted that Bens had an opportunity to review and read the contracts:
¶ 44 Second, the district court noted that the plain language on the front of the contracts beneath the signature line clearly stated that the signatory would be "individually" liable for the contract. American Painting, Inc., 2007 WL 328855, at *4. That language, according to the district court, was not hidden but, rather, was directly below the signature line and printed in bold-faced type letters, referring to the reverse side of the contract where "the signatory [was] given further information that he [would] be personally liable for the contract." American Painting, Inc., 2007 WL 328855, at *4. According to the district court:
¶ 45 In addition, the district court found relevant that Bens was provided with a copy of the six contracts at the completion of each negotiation session, so that over the course of four years, he had the same contact with the same personal guarantee language available to him for review. American Painting, Inc., 2007 WL 328855, at *4.
¶ 46 Furthermore, the district court noted that after Bens was sued for the unpaid balances on the contracts, he continued to order ads and to pay for them even after being placed on notice that he would be held both "personally and professionally liable." American Painting, Inc., 2007 WL 328855, at *5. According to those postdispute contracts, Bens did not attempt to cross out the language of the personal guarantee or add language that limited his
¶ 47 The facts of American Painting, Inc. are nearly identical to the facts in this case. As elaborated above, just as in American Painting, Inc., here, Feldman was given copies of all of the Yellow Book contracts and had ample opportunity to review them. The language of the contracts was identical, clearly stating in bold font that the signatory would be "individually" liable for the contract, and referring to the reverse side where the signatory was given "further information indicating that he [would] be liable personally for the contract." American Painting, Inc., 2007 WL 328855, at *4. What is more, just as Bens was an articulate witness with three years of college education, in the present case, Feldman admitted that he is attorney with both a law degree and an undergraduate degree in economics, as well as a businessman with over 10 years of experience running a company. Finally, just like Bens, Feldman continued to sign contracts with Yellow Book even after he was placed on notice of the personal suit against him, and in doing so, did not attempt to cross out the language of the personal guarantee or add language that limited his guarantee to his corporate role. As in American Painting, Inc., we too find that Feldman, just as Bens, should be held personally liable on the contracts. See American Painting, Inc., 2007 WL 328855, at *3-5.
¶ 48 In coming to this decision, we have reviewed the cases of Kankakee Concrete Products Corp. v. Mans, 81 Ill.App.3d 53, 36 Ill.Dec. 217, 400 N.E.2d 637 (1980), and Addison State Bank v. National Maintenance Management, Inc., 174 Ill.App.3d 857, 124 Ill.Dec. 313, 529 N.E.2d 30 (1988), cited to by Feldman and find them inapposite. The holdings of both of these cases were governed by section 3-403(3) of the Uniform Commercial Code (UCC) (Ill.Rev. Stat.1987, ch. 26, ¶ 3-403), which is not applicable to the cause at bar. That section provides that: "the name of an organization preceded or followed by the name and office of an authorized individual is a signature made in a representative capacity." Ill.Rev.Stat.1987, ch. 26, ¶ 3-403(3). In the present case, Feldman cannot in good conscience attempt to argue that this section of the UCC applies to the advertisement contracts entered into between him on behalf of Glassworks and Yellow Book. Nevertheless, he argues that the aforementioned cases underline important public policy concerns expressed in the UCC that should be applied to his cause and that would have required the trial court to consider his testimony regarding his intent not to be personally bound on the contracts dispositive. As already noted, however, the trial court did, in fact, consider all of Feldman's testimony and, in light of the remaining evidence introduced at trial, found his statement that he did not intend to be personally liable on the contracts incredible. See International Capital Corp., 347 Ill.App.3d at 121, 282 Ill.Dec. 578, 806 N.E.2d 1166 (we will not reverse a judgment of the trial court unless it is against the manifest weight of the evidence, i.e., the opposite conclusion is apparent or the trial court's findings appear to be arbitrary, unreasonable, or not based on the evidence.)
¶ 49 For these same reasons, we reject Feldman's argument that similar public policy concerns underlying the suretyship provision of the statute of frauds evince "legislative [intent] that reasonable clarity and certainty should exist before a
¶ 51 For all of the aforementioned reasons, we affirm the judgment of the circuit court.
¶ 52 Affirmed.
Presiding Justice LAVIN and Justice PUCINSKI concurred in the judgment and opinion.
