JEFFREY COLE, United States Magistrate Judge.
On March 4, 2010, I granted the plaintiffs' motion to compel answers to interrogatories and to produce documents. The Memorandum Opinion and Order discussed at length the controversy that underlay the motion. In brief, the defendant had refused to answer a single interrogatory or produce a single document in discovery, even though the discovery requests were directed to the very specific allegations made in the defendant's Answer and
Here is how the Memorandum Opinion and Order summarized what had occurred:
Veluchamy, 2010 WL 749980 at *1-2 (footnote omitted).
The defendant chose to do none of these things. Instead, "he . . . resorted to a stratagem that is unsustainable. He . . . sought to have the best of all worlds: . . . to answer the complaint, to raise affirmative defenses, to avoid having to respond to discovery, and to avoid having to assert the Fifth Amendment, while effectively availing himself of its protections. It is self-help in its most obvious and unsustainable form." Veluchamy, 2010 WL 749980 at *3.
Mr. Veluchamy has asked that I reconsider or vacate the Memorandum Opinion and Order. The plaintiffs have not opposed the motions as they pertain to the conclusion that raising the Affirmative Defenses resulted in a Fifth Amendment waiver as to the allegations of fraud and unclean hands. They do, however, oppose the motions as they pertain to the conclusion that the defendant's failure to have filed a privilege log resulted in a waiver of the attorney-client or work-product privileges as to the information sought by the discovery requests.
There are obvious institutional considerations that should preclude a court from being willing to set aside an opinion that one of the parties finds adverse to its interests, even though changed circumstances have made the rulings inconsequential to the interests of the other party, thereby accounting for its willingness to go along with a motion to vacate or reconsider. Just as a court is not bound by a party's improvident concession of error, United States v. Anderson, 547 F.3d 831, 833 (7th Cir.2008), it is not bound by a party's agreement to have a court set aside all or a portion of an opinion at the request of its opponent. There could scarcely be stability, finality, and predictability in judicial decision-making if parties, at their whim, could have a court retract an opinion that resolved an issue previously submitted for judicial determination.
The motions to reconsider and to vacate argue that Mr. Veluchamy did not waive the Fifth Amendment merely by asserting Affirmative Defenses.
The concern that the Opinion, if not altered, might have mischievous consequences in this case in the future is illusory. The speculation is that the plaintiffs will be able to argue that Mr. Veluchamy cannot assert the Fifth in the post-judgment, collection phase of the case, having waived it in discovery. The argument overlooks the radically changed posture of this case since the March 4th Memorandum Opinion and Order was issued: without having answered any interrogatories or producing any documents, Mr. Veluchamy was allowed by Judge Gettleman, with either the express or tacit acquiescence of the plaintiffs, to withdraw his Answer and Affirmative Defenses and to assert the Fifth Amendments in an Amended Answer. Thereafter, Judge Gettleman entered summary judgment in favor of the plaintiffs, and my ruling on the Fifth Amendment played no role in that determination.
Thus, whether the Memorandum Opinion and Order correctly concluded that Mr. Veluchamy waived the Fifth Amendment by raising Affirmative Defenses in his Answer instead of pleading the Fifth Amendment is no longer a live issue in the case. Once Judge Gettleman allowed the defendant to withdraw his Answer and plead the Fifth Amendment, the Memorandum Opinion and Order's Fifth Amendment conclusion, right or wrong, ceased to have any operative significance or the capacity to affect the future course of this case. Simply put, the issue is moot. Cf. United States v. Davis, 103 F.3d 48, 48 (7th Cir. 1996) ("If mootness means anything, it means in most cases that one cannot successfully appeal when a district judge has already given the relief sought in the court of appeals."). Therefore, vacating or reconsidering the Memorandum Opinion and Order would effectively be an advisory opinion addressed to a controversy between "these litigants" in this case that no longer exists, save for its academic interest. Cf. U.S. Parole Commission v. Geraghty, 445 U.S. 388, 397, 100 S.Ct. 1202, 63 L.Ed.2d 479 (1980) ("`The requisite personal interest that must exist at the commencement of the litigation (standing) must continue throughout its existence (mootness).'") (parenthesis in original); D.S.A. v. Circuit Court Branch 1, 942 F.2d 1143, 1154-1155 (7th Cir.1991) (Easterbrook, J., dissenting) ("We also know that the pertinent inquiry is whether these litigants will encounter the same dispute.")(emphasis in original).
That this aspect of the Memorandum Opinion and Order cannot affect the further course of this case was made clear during the extended colloquy with counsel at the hearing on October 26th, during which I expressed the view that, having acquiesced in the District Court's decision to allow Mr. Veluchamy to withdraw his Answer and Affirmative Defenses and plead the Fifth Amendment, the plaintiffs could not in post-judgment collection proceedings, for example, contend that the Memorandum Opinion and Order, of its own force, precluded Mr. Veluchamy from raising the Fifth Amendment. With commendable candor, counsel for the plaintiffs stated on the record that the plaintiffs would not attempt to argue such an inconsistent position. That representation is compelled by the posture of the case and is binding. Cf. Tamari v. Bache & Co. (Lebanon) S.A.L., 729 F.2d 469, 472 (7th Cir. 1984); Salmeron v. Enterprise Recovery
There is an additional reason why vacating or reconsidering the Fifth Amendment/Affirmative Defense/Waiver conclusion in the Memorandum Opinion and Order is not appropriate. Apart from its discussion of that particular issue, the Opinion underscored and was based on the defendant's failure to have raised the Fifth Amendment in response to the discovery requests, even though he objected on the grounds of relevance and undue burden:
Veluchamy, 2010 WL 749980 at *2, *5 (footnotes in original omitted)
The Fifth Amendment privilege (like non-constitutional privileges and other non-privilege objections) may not be relied upon unless invoked in a timely fashion. Roberts v. United States, 445 U.S. 552, 559, 100 S.Ct. 1358, 63 L.Ed.2d 622 (1980); Davis v. Fendler, 650 F.2d 1154, 1160 (9th Cir.1981); In re United States, 864 F.2d 1153, 1156 (5th Cir.1989); Jaffe v. Grant, 793 F.2d 1182, 1190 n. 6 (11th Cir.1986) (objection based on Fifth Amendment waived by failure to timely assert it in response to discovery); S.E.C. v. College Bound, Inc., 849 F.Supp. 65, 67 (D.D.C.1994); Fonseca v. Regan, 98
This result is consistent with, and dictated by, Rules 33 and 34 of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure. Rule 33 provides that in the absence of an extension for good cause, an objection to an interrogatory must be made within 30 days, and the ground for objecting "must be stated with specificity. Any ground not stated in a timely objection is waived unless the court, for good cause, excuses the failure." Rule 33(b)(4) (emphasis supplied). Rule 34 has the same 30-day response time and requires that any objection to a request for documents or electronically stored information must specify "the reasons" for the objection. Rule 34(b)(2)(C).
While the word, "any," does not always mean all forms or types of the thing mentioned, see e.g., United States v. Genendo Pharmaceutical, N.V. 485 F.3d 958, 963 (7th Cir.2007)—context, of course, will always be the chief determinant of meaning—the word is generally intended to be broadly inclusive and does not mean "some" or "all but a few," but instead means "all," "without restriction or limitation." See Southwest Georgia Financial Corp. v. Colonial American Cas. and Sur. Co., 397 Fed.Appx. 563, 567-68, 2010 WL 3705991, *4 (11th Cir.2010); United States v. Knight, 580 F.3d 933, 939 (9th Cir.2009); United States v. Cullen, 499 F.3d 157, 163 (2nd Cir.2007). See also Sullivan v. Stroop, 496 U.S. 478, 486, 110 S.Ct. 2499, 110 L.Ed.2d 438 (1990) (Blackmun, J., dissenting) ("The word `any' generally means all forms or types of the thing mentioned.").
Nothing in the text or context of Rules 33 or 34 supports any but a broad and inclusive reading of the word "any." Neither Rule makes an exception for untimely claims under the Fifth Amendment, any more than either does for untimely claims under the attorney-client privilege, the psychotherapist-patient privilege, the work-product doctrine, or any other privilege. The Supreme Court has stressed that the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure, which have the force of statutes, Zapata Hermanos Sucesores, S.A. v. Hearthside Baking Co., Inc., 313 F.3d 385, 392 (7th Cir.2002), cert. denied, 540 U.S. 1068, 124 S.Ct. 803, 157 L.Ed.2d 732 (2003), are to be accorded "their plain meaning . . . and generally with them, as with a statute, `[w]hen we find the terms . . . unambiguous, judicial inquiry is complete. . . .'" Pavelic & LeFlore v. Marvel Entertainment Group, 493 U.S. 120, 123, 110 S.Ct. 456, 107 L.Ed.2d 438 (1989). Since Mr. Veluchamy's failure to have timely raised a Fifth Amendment objection to discovery resulted in a Fifth Amendment waiver to the interrogatories that were posed, reconsidering or vacating that portion of the Memorandum Opinion and Order concluding that a waiver resulted from having raised Affirmative Defenses would not change the result. I decline, as a matter of discretion, therefore, to vacate or reconsider that aspect of the Opinion.
We come then to the Memorandum Opinion and Order's holding that Mr. Veluchamy waived the attorney-client privilege and work-product protection by not submitting the privilege log required by Rule
See Veluchamy, 2010 WL 749980 at *2.
However one chooses to describe Mr. Veluchamy's handling of the discovery requests, the inescapable reality is that, in effect, he arrogated the right to decide when and how he would support his generalized claim of privilege in response to those requests. But those are matters prescribed by the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure, which required Mr. Veluchamy to "describe the nature of the documents, communications, or tangible things not produced or disclosed—and to do so in a manner that, without revealing information, itself, privileged or protected, will enable other parties to assess the claim," Rule 26(b)(5)(A)(2), and to do so within 30 days of receipt of the request. Rule 34(b)(2). Rather than complying with the Rules or seeking an order postponing the required response on Fifth Amendment grounds, Mr. Veluchamy simply decided to make the generalized claim of privilege Rule 26(b) prohibited and to ignore the schedule set by Rule 34. These were not options the law gave him. And schedules and deadlines count—at least in this Circuit.
Throughout the range of the law, there are time limits imposed on parties at every stage of the case. Some are mandatory and admit of no deviations; others are more flexible. But in each instance, lawyers who do not pay heed to Shakespeare's injunction—"Defer no time delays have dangerous ends." Henry VI, Part I (1592) Act III, sc. ii 1.33—do so at substantial peril to their clients' interests. Even exceedingly short delays can be fatal. See e.g., Milam v. Dominick's Finer Foods, Inc., 567 F.3d 830, 831 (7th Cir.2009); Brosted v. Unum Life Insurance Co. of America, 421 F.3d 459 (7th Cir.2005); Reales v. Consolidated Rail Corp., 84 F.3d 993, 996 (7th Cir.1996); Spears v. City of Indianapolis, 74 F.3d 153, 157 (7th Cir. 1996). "Ignoring deadlines is the surest way to lose a case. . . . `Lawyers and litigants who decide that they will play by
The defendant's justification for following his own rules is that he had a Fifth Amendment right "not to produce or log potentially incriminating statements." (Amended Motion to Reconsider at 10).
But even if it could, it is open to the most serious objections. First, the overarching fact is that the defendant did not raise the Fifth Amendment claim in response to the discovery requests, nor did he seek an order from the court excusing compliance with Rule 26 on this (or any other) basis. Instead, he merely raised the generalized claim of attorney-client and work product privilege—the very thing Rule 26 forbids. Hence, the Fifth Amendment claim, not having been timely raised, was waived.
Moreover, the validity of the argument that a party can claim one privilege and preclude examination of the validity of its assertion by simultaneously raising another privilege is anything but obvious. If accepted, it would allow a party to claim globally the attorney-client privilege while precluding any challenge by the opposing party to the propriety of the claim by asserting the Fifth Amendment as the basis for non-compliance with Rule 26(b)(5)(A)(2). In other circumstances, courts have found waiver of an asserted testimonial privilege based upon the obvious principle of fairness that a party cannot
A party may surrender a privilege by affirmatively injecting an issue in the suit. See Doe v. Oberweis Dairy, 456 F.3d 704, 718 (7th Cir.2006); Schoffstall v. Henderson, 223 F.3d 818, 823 (8th Cir.2000) (collecting cases); United States v. Wilk, 572 F.3d 1229, 1236 (11th Cir.2009) (defendant's mental status was central to his defense); Darst v. Interstate Brands Corp., 512 F.3d 903 (7th Cir.2008). Whether this analysis applies to the defendant's contention that the Fifth Amendment might have excused his compliance with Rule 26 even though he had injected the issues of fraud and unclean hands and privilege into the case need not be decided since the defendant never invoked the Fifth Amendment, thereby waiving it. The defendant's argument simply begs the very question to be decided. And, the skeletal presentation on that issue in the motions to reconsider and vacate constitutes a further waiver of the point. In sum, having chosen not to assert the Fifth Amendment in a timely way months ago, Mr. Veluchamy cannot now claim that perhaps the Fifth Amendment might have excused the filing of a privilege log.
A factor to be considered in determining whether non-compliance with the 30-day schedule prescribed by Rule 34 should result in a waiver is whether there has been a "tactical manipulation of the rules and the discovery process." Burlington Northern & Santa Fe Railway Co. v. United States District Court for the District of Montana, 408 F.3d 1142, 1149 (9th Cir.2005). That is what the Memorandum Opinion and Order concluded had occurred, as did Judge Coar's opinion in the earlier Bank of America case. Nothing that has been presented in the motions to vacate and reconsider alters that conclusion in the slightest. This is not meant to reflect personally on counsel. From Mr. Veluchamy's partisan perspective, the tactical choices that were made were designed to advance his interests. The difficulty is that advancing his interests was at the expense of the plaintiffs' rights and by means of a carefully devised strategy that the law plainly forbade. Having made those tactical choices, Mr. Veluchamy is not immune from their consequences.
The motions to vacate and reconsider seek to excuse the defendant's conduct by saying that Mr. Veluchamy wanted to consult with a criminal lawyer. He originally had a criminal lawyer but then apparently decided to change that representation but had not yet done so—at least according to representations made at a
It was not as though Mr. Veluchamy's counsel were strangers to the Fifth Amendment issues posed by the case. The Sperling & Slater website states that the firm has "a nationwide and international practice focusing on complex commercial and business disputes," and reflects that a number of the attorneys have extensive experience in cases and governmental investigations where Fifth Amendment issues are often if not inevitably implicated. The website stresses that "the firm's size and character foster a creative exchange of ideas among both partners and associates that benefits all our clients." The website properly and proudly announces that Adam Merrill, one of the lawyers intimately involved in representing Mr. Veluchamy in this case, had been a partner at Kirkland & Ellis and "had expertise in . . . RICO, securities and federal criminal cases" and in all kinds of major civil litigation. Additionally, "[h]e has represented numerous clients in connection with government investigations * * * conducted by. . . the U.S. Department of Justice, [and] U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission.. . . As part of those matters, . . . Mr. Merrill represented officers and employees during interviews with government attorneys and agents and as part of negotiations in connection with grand jury proceedings." http://www.sperling-law.com/merrill.shtml.
Mr. Veluchamy also grounds his motions on the assertion that the Memorandum Opinion and Order's conclusion that he had waived the attorney-client privilege is not specific as to documents. The argument is curious since any absence of specificity stemmed from his refusal to provide a privilege log to support his generalized claim of privilege. He is therefore the author of the dilemma—if there be one— and thus is in no position to complain. Cf. R.H. Stearns Co. v. United States, 291 U.S. 54, 54 S.Ct. 325, 78 L.Ed. 647 (1934) (Cardozo, J.) ("`He who prevents a thing from being done may not avail himself of the non-performance which he has himself occasioned, for the law says to him in effect "this is your own act, and therefore you are not damnified. . . ."'"); United States v. Goodwin, 449 F.3d 766, 772 (7th Cir.2006) (Posner, J.)("He was therefore the co-author of the prolongation that is the fulcrum of his Fourth Amendment claim . . . It is in that sense that he is the author of the delay of which he complains."); United States v. Cohen, 145 F.2d 82 (2nd Cir.1944) (L. Hand, J.), cert. denied, 323 U.S. 799, 65 S.Ct. 553, 89 L.Ed. 637, 638 (1945) ("It is particularly unreasonable for the accused . . . to complain of that confusion of which they were the authors.").
Just as courts are not at liberty to rewrite statutes and rules that plainly and unambiguously prescribe duties, obligations
As pointed out in the Memorandum Opinion and Order, numerous cases have held that non-compliance with Rule 26 can result in a waiver of the attorney-client privilege and work-product protection. See Veluchamy, 2010 WL 749980 at *5. Other cases are collected in 8 Wright, Miller & Marcus, supra, § 2016.1 n.1, et seq. (2009 supplement). The motions to vacate and reconsider have provided no basis to upset the Memorandum Opinion and Order's finding in this regard.
The motion to vacate and the motion to reconsider [90, 63] are denied.