JOAN HUMPHREY LEFKOW, District Judge.
N.M., by and through his mother, Michelle Piekosz-Murphy, filed a three count complaint alleging that his high school, the school district, and school administrators
N.M. is a 17-year old student at Amos Alonzo Stagg High School ("Stagg High School") in Palos Hills, Illinois.
The Code of Conduct is set forth in the Parent/Student Handbook for Consolidated High School District No. 230.
Attending a party where alcohol is being consumed by minors is a "Category A" violation. The Code of Conduct provides that the school will discipline a student's first offense for a Category A violation as follows: (1) "parent notification," (2) "suspension from participation in 1/10 of the total number of performances, activities or competitions," (3) "[t]he student will be referred to the Student Assistance Coordinator," and (4) "[t]he student will be required to practice with the group." (Id. at 47.) The Code of Conduct has a voluntary admission policy, which provides that a student will not be subject to any loss of competition or performance time if he or she voluntarily admits to a violation of the Code of Conduct on a first offense. (Id. at 49.) A student may not take advantage of the voluntary admission policy if the school already knows about his or her violation of the Code of Conduct. (Id.)
In December 2010, N.M. attended a party where alcohol was being consumed by minors. Stagg High School later investigated the party and determined that N.M. had attended the party. Stagg High School's dean first questioned N.M. about the party on March 11, 2011. N.M. admitted that he had gone to the party but stated he had left immediately after he found out that alcohol was present. N.M. submitted a short hand-written statement the next day, which states, "I drove to [K.]'s and I was there and I did not have one sip of alcohol. I had to leave early because I had a wrestling match the next day." (Compl. Ex. A.) N.M. then attended a disciplinary conference with school officials and his parents. N.M. confirmed that he had attended the party but left as soon as he learned that there was alcohol. Shortly thereafter, N.M. was asked to provide a supplemental statement. His supplemental statement, submitted on March 29, 2011, provides
(Id.) School officials met with N.M.'s parents several times thereafter. The school determined that N.M. had not self-reported the violation of the Code of Conduct and that he would be disciplined consistently with the guidelines for a Category A offense. On April 15, 2011, Stagg High School sent a letter to N.M.'s father, informing him that N.M. had admitted that he had attended a party where alcoholic beverages were being consumed by minors and that this behavior violated the school's Code of Conduct. (Compl. Ex. C.) The letter notified N.M.'s father that N.M. would be disciplined according to the school's policy for Category A violations of the Code of Conduct. (Id.) Because of the discipline, N.M. was expelled from the National Honor Society. (Amend. Compl. ¶ 20.)
Defendants' motion for judgment on the pleadings under Rule 12(c) of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure is subject to the same standard of review as a motion to dismiss under Rule 12(b)(6). N. Ind. Gun & Outdoor Shows, Inc. v. City of S. Bend, 163 F.3d 449, 452 (7th Cir.1998). A grant of judgment on the pleadings is appropriate
N.M. alleges that defendants' disciplinary action violated his rights under the due process clause of the Fourteenth Amendment, which provides that "[n]o state shall ... deprive any person of life, liberty, or property without due process of law." U.S. Const. amend. 14 § 1. Courts have acknowledged that there are two strands of analysis relating to the due process clause. Procedural due process "allows the government to deprive a citizen of `life, liberty, or property' only in accordance with certain procedural protections." Doe v. City of Lafayette, Ind., 377 F.3d 757, 767-68 (7th Cir.2004); Lyon v. Dep't of Children & Family Servs., 807 N.E.2d 423, 431, 209 Ill.2d 264, 282 Ill.Dec. 799 (2004). Substantive due process considers whether an individual has been subjected to the arbitrary exercise of government power, irrespective of the procedures that were followed. City of Lafayette, 377 F.3d at 768.
Whether N.M. intends to assert a claim that defendants violated his right to procedural due process is not clear. In response to the motion, N.M. "re-affirm[s]... that there is no claim that defendants violated [his] rights to procedural due process." (Pl.'s Resp. at 5.) N.M. then argues strenuously that he has a liberty or property interest in being allowed to maintain his membership in the National Honor Society. Whether a plaintiff has a protected property right or liberty interest, however, is usually considered as part of a procedural due process analysis. See, e.g., Butler v. Oak Creek-Franklin Sch. Dist., 116 F.Supp.2d 1038, 1045-49 (E.D.Wis.2000); Kulovitz v. Ill. High Sch. Ass'n, 462 F.Supp. 875, 877-78 (N.D.Ill.1978) (Flaum, J.). In addition, the cases plaintiff cited consider procedural due process claims. See Paul v. Davis, 424 U.S. 693, 702-12, 96 S.Ct. 1155, 47 L.Ed.2d 405 (1976); Goss v. Lopez, 419 U.S. 565, 573-76, 95 S.Ct. 729, 42 L.Ed.2d 725 (1975); Butler, 116 F.Supp.2d at 1047; Lyon, 282 Ill.Dec. 799, 807 N.E.2d at 431-32. Therefore, for the sake of completeness, the court will consider whether N.M. has successfully alleged that his right to procedural due process was violated.
Whether N.M. is entitled to procedural due process will depend in the first instance on whether he has a protected liberty or property interest in being allowed to maintain his membership in the National Honor Society. See Bd. of Curators of Univ. of Missouri v. Horowitz, 435 U.S. 78, 82, 98 S.Ct. 948, 55 L.Ed.2d 124 (1978). Protected interests "are normally `not created by the Constitution. Rather, they are created and their dimensions are defined' by an independent source such as statutes or rules entitling the citizen to certain benefits." Goss, 419 U.S. at 573, 95 S.Ct. 729 (quoting Bd. of Regents v. Roth, 408 U.S. 564, 577, 92 S.Ct. 2701, 33 L.Ed.2d 548 (1972)). The court may look to Stagg High School's Code of Conduct and other relevant regulations to determine whether N.M. had a "legitimate claim of entitlement" or merely a "unilateral expectation" of being able to maintain his membership in the National Honor Society. See Butler, 116 F.Supp.2d at 1047-48 (quoting Roth, 408 U.S. at 577, 92 S.Ct. 2701).
Even if N.M. did have a protected liberty or property interest, he has not argued, much less demonstrated, that defendants' procedures failed to meet the requirements of due process. In Schaill, the Seventh Circuit explained that, before being suspended from high school athletics, a student is entitled to "oral or written notice of the charges against him and, if he denies them, an explanation of the evidence the authorities have and an opportunity to present his side of the story." 864 F.2d at 1323 (quoting Goss, 419 U.S. at 581, 95 S.Ct. 729); see also Smith, 302 F.Supp.2d at 958. The procedures required by the Fourteenth Amendment are "rudimentary," amounting only to `an informal
N.M. also asserts that Stagg High School's discipline denied him substantive due process. The Seventh Circuit has explained, in other school discipline cases, that "[t]he touchstone of due process... is protection of the individual against arbitrary action of government." Remer v. Burlington Area Sch. Dist., 286 F.3d 1007, 1013 (7th Cir.2002) (quoting Dunn v. Fairfield Cmty. High School Dist. No. 225, 158 F.3d 962, 965 (7th Cir.1998) (internal quotations omitted)). "[O]nly the most egregious official conduct is arbitrary in the constitutional sense." Id. (quoting Dunn, 158 F.3d at 965). The abuse of power must be so arbitrary that it "shocks the conscience," and the plaintiff must show that it is "unjustifiable by any governmental interest." Id. (quoting Dunn, 158 F.3d at 965).
N.M. does not dispute that Stagg High School has a legitimate interest in preventing student athletes and leaders from being involved with alcohol, drugs, and tobacco. N.M. also agrees that student athletes and leaders must abide by the Code of Conduct at all times. The corollary is that Stagg High School has a legitimate interest in disciplining student athletes or leaders who attend parties where alcohol, drugs, or tobacco are being consumed by minors.
N.M. nevertheless argues that the school's disciplinary policy is arbitrary in the constitutional sense because it does not require scienter. He notes that the Code of Conduct simply provides that students shall not "[a]ttend a party" where alcohol or other forbidden substances are being consumed, and thus there is no requirement that the student have knowledge that there was alcohol or drugs at the party. In support of his argument, he cites cases holding that "zero-tolerance" policies for
Here, however, N.M. admitted that he knew that alcohol was being consumed at the party. N.M. had the option of self-reporting the party to school officials because it was a first-time offense. He was given adequate notice and multiple opportunities to contest the charges. Under these circumstances, the school's discipline of N.M. does not "shock the conscience."
Moreover, the Supreme Court has emphasized that "[i]t is not the role of the federal courts to set aside decisions of school administrators which the court may view as lacking a basis in wisdom or compassion." Wood v. Strickland, 420 U.S. 308, 326, 95 S.Ct. 992, 43 L.Ed.2d 214 (1975). "[Section] 1983 does not extend the right to relitigate in federal court evidentiary questions arising in school disciplinary proceedings or the proper construction of school regulations." Id.; see also Tun v. Whitticker, 398 F.3d 899, 904 (7th Cir.2005) ("[I]t seems that the professionals in this sad train of events ... exercised questionable judgment.... But we can't say that what the defendants did... violated the due process clauses of the United States Constitution."). Thus, the court will defer to the school's classification of alcohol-related offenses, even if the classification may be fairly characterized as an abuse of discretion. See Sabol v. Walter Payton College Prep. High Sch., 804 F.Supp.2d 747, 754 (N.D.Ill.2011). For all of these reasons, N.M.'s substantive due process claim cannot succeed. Therefore defendants' motion for judgment on the pleadings on count III will be granted.
Defendants also move for judgment in their favor on Count I, which is a request for a preliminary injunction that would enjoin defendants from disciplining N.M. The court accepts as common ground between the parties that N.M.'s request for a preliminary injunction is based on the same alleged due process violation that forms the basis of his section 1983 claim. N.M.'s complaint includes allegations that could be construed as support for an equal protection claim, see Compl. ¶ 19 ("Defendants' enforcement of the Code is selective, arbitrary and capricious because there are other similar and/or more serious incidents where students have gone unpunished."), however he does not pursue this argument in response to defendants' motion.
To be entitled to preliminary injunctive relief, N.M. must make a threshold demonstration that he (1) has some likelihood of success on the merits; (2) has no adequate remedy at law; and (3) will suffer irreparable harm if preliminary relief is denied. See, e.g., Roland Mach. Co. v. Dresser Indus., Inc., 749 F.2d 380, 386-87 (7th Cir.1984). The necessary requirements for a preliminary injunction are conjunctive. That is, if N.M. cannot satisfy any one of these threshold showings, the court's inquiry ends, and a preliminary injunction will not be issued. The
For the reasons discussed above, N.M. has not shown that there is some likelihood of success on the merits of his due process claim. Therefore N.M.'s request for a preliminary injunction must be denied.
Count II requests that the court issue a writ of certiorari for the purpose of reviewing the school's disciplinary decision. Under Illinois law, "[w]here the Administrative Review Law has not been expressly adopted, the writ of common law certiorari survives as an available method of reviewing the actions of agencies and tribunals exercising administrative functions." Bodenstab v. Cnty. of Cook, 569 F.3d 651, 661 (7th Cir.2009) (quoting Stratton v. Wenona Cmty. Unit Dist. No. 1., 551 N.E.2d 640, 645, 133 Ill.2d 413, 141 Ill.Dec. 453 (1990)). The function of the writ is to bring the entire record of the inferior tribunal before the court for inspection and review. Stratton, 141 Ill.Dec. 453, 551 N.E.2d at 645; Murphy v. Cuesta, Rey & Co., 45 N.E.2d 26, 28, 381 Ill. 162 (1942). The inferior tribunal's decision will be overturned only if the court concludes that it was arbitrary and unreasonable. Bodenstab, 569 F.3d at 662 (citing Maddox v. Williamson Cnty. Bd. of Comm'rs, 475 N.E.2d 1349, 1354, 131 Ill.App.3d 816, 86 Ill.Dec. 782 (1985)). Whether to issue a writ of certiorari is within the sound discretion of the court, and a writ should not issue in the absence of substantial injury or injustice to the petitioner. Stratton, 141 Ill.Dec. 453, 551 N.E.2d at 646. The writ is the only means of reviewing a school disciplinary proceeding on state law grounds. Brown v. Plainfield Cmty. Consol. Sch. Dist. 202, No. 07 C 3873, 2008 WL 4889021, at *5 (N.D.Ill. Aug. 8, 2008).
Defendants argue that the court should enter judgment in their favor as to Count II because N.M. has not suffered a substantial injury or injustice. Their argument is based on the allegations in N.M.'s verified complaint and supporting documents and assumes that the same legal standard applies to N.M.'s section 1983 claims and to Count II. However a section 1983 action, unlike the common law doctrine allowing for the writ, is not a review proceeding. Stratton, 141 Ill.Dec. 453, 551 N.E.2d at 646. Illinois courts have made clear that "[w]here a plaintiff brings into issue the alleged violation of his procedural and substantive rights, the petition [for a writ] is not subject to dismissal, as such issue cannot be determined as a matter of law upon the bare allegations in the complaint." Tanner v. Ct. of Claims, 629 N.E.2d 696, 698, 256 Ill.App.3d 1089, 196 Ill.Dec. 151 (1994); accord Lake v. State, 928 N.E.2d 1251, 1257, 401 Ill.App.3d 350, 340 Ill.Dec. 654 (2010). This is because "[t]he purpose of the writ is to have the entire record of the inferior tribunal brought before the court to determine, from the record alone, that the inferior tribunal proceeded according to the applicable law." Am. Fed'n of State, Cnty. & Mun. Employees, Council 31, AFL-CIO v. Dep't of Cent. Mgmt. Servs., 681 N.E.2d 998, 1004, 288 Ill.App.3d 701, 224 Ill.Dec. 377 (1997) (emphasis added). Where, as here, there is considerable overlap between a plaintiff's federal due process claim and the issues to be determined during the review by certiorari, the court
This means, however, that the only remaining count from N.M.'s complaint is a state law claim. A district court may decline to exercise supplemental jurisdiction over a claim when it "has dismissed all claims over which it has original jurisdiction." 28 U.S.C. § 1367(c)(3). This case was removed solely on the basis of federal question jurisdiction, see 28 U.S.C. § 1331, and the usual practice is to dismiss or remand supplemental claims to state court if the jurisdictionally sufficient federal claims are dismissed before trial. See Perkins v. Lawson, 312 F.3d 872, 876 (7th Cir.2002); Groce v. Eli Lilly & Co., 193 F.3d 496, 501 (7th Cir.1999); Robles v. City of Fort Wayne, 113 F.3d 732, 738 (7th Cir.1997); Thiel v. Nelson, 422 F.Supp.2d 1024, 1033 (W.D.Wis.2006); Moore's Federal Practice — Civil § 3739. Remand "generally will be preferable" because it "may best promote the values of economy, convenience, fairness, and comity." Carnegie-Mellon Univ. v. Cohill, 484 U.S. 343, 353, 108 S.Ct. 614, 98 L.Ed.2d 720 (1988). Here, the there is no reason to require N.M. to refile his state claim for writ of common law certiorari. Cf. Carnegie-Mellon, 484 U.S. at 357, 108 S.Ct. 614 (district court can consider whether plaintiff has attempted to manipulate the forum when deciding whether to remand a case). Accordingly, Count II will be remanded.
Defendants' motion for judgment on the pleadings [# 11] is granted on Counts I and III. The Clerk is directed to enter judgment on those counts in favor of the defendants. Count II is remanded to the Circuit Court of Cook County. The case is terminated.
