MEMORANDUM OPINION AND ORDER

JOHN W. DARRAH, District Judge.

Plaintiff David L. Jamison has filed for summary judgment, arguing that Defendant City of Chicago failed to properly pay Jamison, and other paramedics, one and one-half times his regular rate of pay for all hours worked over forty hours in a week, in violation of the Fair Labor Standards Act, 29 U.S.C. §§ 201 et seq. (the "FLSA"). The City has cross-filed for partial summary judgment, arguing that the City complied with the FLSA in the methodology it used to calculate paramedics' overtime compensation and that the City did not engage in any willful conduct to violate the FLSA.

PROCEDURAL HISTORY

Pending before this Court are the following FLSA lawsuits filed on behalf of Emergency Medical Services paramedics employed by the City of Chicago Fire Department: Alvarez v. Chicago, 06-cv-4639; Caraballo v. Chicago, 07-cv-2807; Baley v. Chicago, 09-cv-228; and Canby v. Chicago, 12-cv-669. Jamison is a named Plaintiff in the Caraballo action, and his claim contains examples of all of the FLSA pay issues disputed in the above cases. Because the procedural history of this matter is long and complicated, a brief summary is necessary for context.

Judge Hibbler originally presided over this matter, Caraballo v. Chicago, 07-cv-2807, which was consolidated with another case, Alvarez, et al., v. City of Chicago, 06cv-4639. On March 18, 2009, after extensive discovery, Judge Hibbler granted the City's motion for summary judgment against both the Alvarez and Caraballo Plaintiffs because their claims were heterogeneous. Caraballo, et al. v. City of Chicago, Nos. 06-cv-4639, 07-cv-2807, 2009 WL 743315, at *6 (N.D.Ill. Mar. 18, 2009). Judge Hibbler dismissed the collective action Complaints without prejudice to allow Plaintiffs to pursue their collective overtime pay claims through the arbitration provision contained in the collective bargaining agreement (the "CBA") entered into between Plaintiffs and the City. Id.

On July 7, 2009, this Court granted summary judgment in favor of the City in another FLSA matter, Baley v. Chicago, No. 09-cv-228, 2009 WL 1953132 (N.D.Ill. July 07, 2009), holding that there was no factual dispute that Plaintiffs were heterogeneous and that their claims could not proceed as a collective action. On October 29, 2009, the judgment was clarified to hold that Plaintiffs' claims were dismissed without prejudice with leave to file individual claims.

Subsequently, in Alvarez v. City of Chicago, 605 F.3d 445 (7th Cir.2010), the Seventh Circuit reversed the district court's dismissal of the named Plaintiffs' claims and remanded for proceedings consistent with its opinion. Id. at 451. The Seventh Circuit also entered an order, vacating the summary judgment opinion in Baley v. Chicago, 09-cv-228, and remanded the case for proceedings consistent with its opinion in Alvarez. See Baley v. Chicago, No. 09-cv-228, 2011 WL 2214673 (N.D.Ill. Jun. 02, 2011). After remand, on November 11, 2011, Judge Hibbler ordered that the consolidated cases, Caraballo and Alvarez, would proceed with Plaintiff Jamison as the representative plaintiff. (Dkt. #156.) In April 2012, Caraballo and Alvarez, as well as another FLSA case, Canby v. Chicago, 12-cv-669, were reassigned to this Court, to be decided along with Baley v. Chicago, 09-cv-228.

BACKGROUND

The facts regarding the City's time-keeping procedures and how it pays its paramedics are generally not in dispute. (See generally Def.'s Responses to Plaintiffs Local Rule 56.1(a)(3) Statement of Undisputed Material Facts ("Def. Resp. to SOF").) The City's current compensation structure for its paramedics is derived, in part, from prior litigation. Prior to 1995, the City compensated both its firefighters and paramedics under the FLSA's Section 207(k) limited overtime exemption for public sector employees who engage in fire protection activities and law enforcement. The applicable CBA that covered both the City's firefighters and paramedics contained a compensation structure, including overtime premiums, based on a fire platoon schedule. (Defendant's Local Rule 56.1(a)(3) Statement of Undisputed Material Facts ¶ 4 ("Def. SOF").) However, in Alex, et al. v. City of Chicago, 29 F.3d 1235 (7th Cir. 1994), the Seventh Circuit held that the Section 207(k) did not apply to paramedics and that, consequently, the City was obligated to compensate its paramedics FLSA overtime pay for hours worked in excess of forty in a seven-day workweek.

Following the Seventh Circuit's decision in Alex, the City and the paramedics' union participated in multiple negotiations of the CBA regarding the paramedics' pay structure. (Pl.'s Resp. Br. at 1.)1 The City adjusted the paramedics' schedule to a "paramedic platoon schedule," which is 24 hours on-duty followed by 72 hours off-duty. This schedule is a seven-day workweek that includes either one or two 24-hour shifts. (Def. SOF ¶ 5.) Paramedics typically work a scheduled shift rotation of three, 48-hour weeks, followed by one, 24-hour week. (Plaintiffs Local Rule 56.1(a)(3) Statement of Undisputed Material Facts ("SOF") ¶¶ 7-8.) The CBA includes the following provisions regarding hours of work:

(Def. SOF ¶ 7 and Exs. 4 and 5 at §§ 4.1-4.5).

All paramedics receive an annual salary, which is paid in twenty-four equal payments and issued twice a month. (Def.'s Resp. to SOF ¶ 16; see also Def. SOF ¶ 8.) For their regularly scheduled shifts of 48-hour weeks, paramedics receive additional payment for the extra eight hours worked over forty at a rate of half (50 percent) their straight-time hourly rate. (Def.'s Resp. to Pl. SOF, Exh. 7.) If paramedics work overtime outside of their regularly scheduled shifts, according to the CBA, they receive pay at the rate of one and a half (150 percent) times their straight-time hourly rate of time, regardless of whether that regular schedule was a 24-hour or a 48-hour week. (SOF ¶¶ 17, 37; Def. SOF ¶ 8.)2

Pursuant to the CBA, the City makes certain, additional payments that are not calculated into the paramedics' regular rate for purposes of determining overtime pay. Two of these payments are automatic: "Duty Availability Pay" and "Uniform Pay" (an allowance for uniforms that was paid only until March 1, 2007, as specified in the CBA). (SOF ¶¶ 27-29.) The other payments are conditional and therefore paid to paramedics fulfilling certain conditions: (1) "Acting Pay," paid for performing the work of a higher ranking and higher paid position (SOF ¶ 19); (2) "Driving Pay," paid for performing duties related to driving ambulances (SOF ¶ 21); (3) "Fitness Pay," paid for passing an annual physical fitness test (SOF ¶ 23); (4) "Specialty Pay," paid to paramedics certified as divers or hazardous materials technicians (SOF ¶ 25); and (5) "Continuing Education Pay," paid for paramedics attending continuing education classes outside of their regularly scheduled shifts (SOF ¶ 18).

LEGAL STANDARD

Summary judgment is proper "if the movant shows that there is no genuine dispute as to any material fact and the movant is entitled to judgment as a matter of law." Fed.R.Civ.P. 56(a). The moving party bears the initial responsibility of informing the court of the basis for its motion and identifying the evidence it believes demonstrates the absence of a genuine issue of material fact. Celotex Corp. v. Catrett, 477 U.S. 317, 323-24, 106 S.Ct. 2548, 91 L.Ed.2d 265 (1986). If the moving party meets this burden, the nonmoving party cannot rest on conclusory pleadings but "must present sufficient evidence to show the existence of each element of its case on which it will bear the burden at trial." Serfecz v. Jewel Food Stores, 67 F.3d 591, 596 (7th Cir.1995) (citing Matsushita Elec. Indus. Co. v. Zenith Radio Corp., 475 U.S. 574, 585-86, 106 S.Ct. 1348, 89 L.Ed.2d 538 (1986)). A mere scintilla of evidence is not sufficient to oppose a motion for summary judgment; nor is a metaphysical doubt as to the material facts. Robin v. Espo Eng'g Corp., 200 F.3d 1081, 1088 (7th Cir.2000) (internal citations omitted). Rather, the evidence must be such "that a reasonable jury could return a verdict for the nonmoving party." Pugh v. City of Attica, Ind., 259 F.3d 619, 625 (7th Cir.2001) (quoting Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, Inc., 477 U.S. 242, 248, 106 S.Ct. 2505, 91 L.Ed.2d 202 (1986)).

In considering a motion for summary judgment, the court must view the evidence in the light most favorable to the nonmoving party and draw all reasonable inferences in the nonmoving party's favor. Abdullahi v. City of Madison, 423 F.3d 763, 773 (7th Cir.2005) (citing Anderson, 477 U.S. at 255, 106 S.Ct. 2505). The court does not make credibility determinations or weigh conflicting evidence. Id.

ANALYSIS

The parties' Cross-Motions for Summary Judgment present the following issues: (1) whether the City should have included additional payments made to the paramedics when calculating their regular rate for purposes of overtime under the FLSA; (2) whether the City properly used the "fluctuating work week" methodology for calculating the paramedics' hourly rate under the FLSA; (3) whether the City is entitled to overtime credits to offset any FLSA liability; (4) whether the City properly included certain continuing education hours as hours worked for purposes of calculating overtime compensation; and (5) whether the City acted willfully to violate the FLSA. Each of these issues is addressed in turn.

The Exclusion of Certain Payments in Calculating the Paramedics' Regular Rate

Under the FLSA, a nonexempt employee who works more than forty hours in a given week must be compensated for those excess hours. 29 U.S.C. § 207(a)(1). An employee's overtime rate is calculated based on his "regular rate" at which he is employed.3 The FLSA defines the "regular rate" to "include all remuneration for employment paid to, or on behalf of, the employee," subject to certain exclusions. 29 U.S.C. § 207(e). In the case where an employee receives an annual salary, his regular rate for these purposes is computed by dividing the "total remuneration for employment (except statutory exclusions) in any workweek by the total number of hours actually worked by him in that workweek for which such compensation was paid." 29 C.F.R. § 778.109.

Section 207(e) of the FLSA identifies seven statutory exclusionary clauses to the regular rate, including the following exclusionary clause relevant to this matter:

29 U.S.C. § 207(e) (emphasis added). Courts have held that Section 207(e)'s exceptions "are to be interpreted narrowly against the employer, and the employer bears the burden of showing that an exception applies." O'Brien v. Town of Agawam, 350 F.3d 279, 294 (1st Cir.2003) (internal citations omitted); see also Madison v. Res. for Human Dev., Inc., 233 F.3d 175, 187 (3d Cir.2000) ("The burden is on the employer to establish that the remuneration in question falls under an exemption."); see also Acton v. City of Columbia, 436 F.3d 969, 976 (8th Cir.2006) (same); Shaw v. Prentice Hall Computer Publ'g, 151 F.3d 640, 642 (7th Cir.1998) (holding, in the context of whether an employee fell under the FLSA's protections, that employer bears the burden of proving that employee was exempt).

The Department of Labor ("DOL") has published an interpretative bulletin regarding FLSA's overtime requirements and Section 207(e)'s exceptions, found at 29 C.F.R. § 778.201 et seq. Although interpretative regulations do not have the force of binding law, courts may rely on them as "persuasive evidence both of Congress's legislative and the Secretary [of Labor]'s regulatory intent." Howard v. City of Springfield, 274 F.3d 1141, 1146 (7th Cir.2001). When considered here, 29 C.F.R. § 778.224 explains that "a variety of miscellaneous payments" may fall under Section 207(e)(2) where those payments are "similar" in character to the payments described above. 29 C.F.R. § 778.224 also states that Section 207(e)(2) does not exclude payments "such as bonuses or the furnishing of facilities like board and lodging which, though not directly attributable to any particular hours of work are, nevertheless, clearly understood to be compensation for services." Furthermore, 29 C.F.R. § 778.200(c) stresses that Section 207(e)'s list of exclusions is exhaustive: "all remuneration for employment paid to employees which does not fall within one of these seven exclusionary clauses must be added into the total compensation."

Jamison argues that the City failed to factor in all required remuneration in determining the paramedics' FLSA regular rate. The City responds that it properly excluded certain payments from the regular rate. Subcategories of these payments are discussed below.

Fitness, Specialty and Duty Availability Pay

Pursuant to the CBA, the City paid its paramedics fixed, lump sum payments, including Fitness Pay ("FP"), Specialty Pay ("SP"), and Duty Availability Pay ("DAP"). The City paid FP as an annual lump sum of $350 if the paramedic participated in a voluntary, off-hours fitness test anytime during the year and passed the minimum standard. (Def. SOF ¶¶ 25-30.) The City paid SP to paramedics in quarterly disbursements for maintaining Hazmat or Scuba certifications, effective January 1, 2006. (Def. SOF ¶¶ 22-24.) SP was implemented as a result of bargaining negotiations at the union's suggestion of a payment based on education achievement or certification. (Id.) Finally, the City paid paramedics DAP in fixed quarterly sums under the CBA. (Id. ¶¶ 12-14.) As with SP, DAP was provided to paramedics as a means to induce agreement by the union to the CBA.

The City argues that FP, SP, and DAP fall under Section 207(e)(2) because they are not compensation for hours worked and were, in part, incentives to ratify the CBA. The City relies heavily on the Third Circuit opinion, Minizza v. Stone Container Corp. Corrugated Container Div. East Plant, 842 F.2d 1456, 1460 (3d Cir.1988). In Minizza, the Third Circuit held that Section 207(e)(2) excluded the employers' payment of two lump sum payments made to employees based on the duration of their employment and pursuant to their labor contract. Id. at 1462-63. In so doing, the Minizza court stressed the character of the payments was the "key inquiry." Id. at 1460. Reading Section 207(e)(2)'s "other similar payments" language broadly, the Minizza court held that because the parties did not condition the payments on a certain number of hours worked or an amount of services provided, the payments fell within Section 207(e)(2). Id. at 1462.

In Reich v. Interstate Brands Corp., 57 F.3d 574, 577-78 (7th Cir.1995), the Seventh Circuit distinguished Minizza and specifically rejected the broad reading of Section 207(e)(2)'s "other similar payments" that is proposed by the City. In Reich, the defendant, a bakery, argued that lump sum payments for "earned work credits," made pursuant to a collective bargaining agreement, should be excluded under Section 207(e)(2) from the employees' regular rate because the payments were not for hours worked. Id. at 576. The Seventh Circuit declared that Section 207(e)(2) cannot be read "in isolation," is "one among many exemptions," and "cannot possibly exclude every payment that is not measured by the number of hours spent at work." Id. at 577 (emphasis added). The court analogized the lump sum payments at issue to premium rates for undesirable shifts and held that they were not excluded under Section 207(e)(2). Id. at 578-79. In so doing, the Seventh Circuit also examined Section 207(e)(3)(a), which excludes only those bonuses that are entirely discretionary.4 The court explained that nondiscretionary bonuses must be included in the regular rate, even though they are independent of the number of hours worked. Id.

Likewise, in Featsent v. City of Youngstown, 70 F.3d 900, 904 (6th Cir.1995), the Sixth Circuit, citing Reich, stated that Section 207(e)(2) "does not exclude every payment not measured by hours of employment from the regular rate." The Featsent court further explained that Section 207(e)(2)'s "similar payments" clause "was not intended to exclude bonuses from inclusion in the regular rate when those bonuses are understood to be compensation for services even when they are `not directly attributable to any particular hours of work.'" Id. (citing 29 C.F.R. § 778.224(a)). Accordingly, the Sixth Circuit held that payments for shift differentials, hazardous duty pay, bonuses for education degrees, and longevity pay did not fall within Section 207(e)(2) and must be included in the regular rate upon which overtime is calculated. Featsent, 70 F.3d at 906.5

Other courts have also held that payments that compensate for service, even when not attributable to particular hours worked, must be included in the regular rate in calculating overtime pay. For example, in Wheeler v. Hampton Twp., 399 F.3d 238, 247 (3d Cir.2005), a case decided after Minizza, the Third Circuit held that incentive payments for longevity, education, and senior officers must be added into the basic annual salary in calculating overtime. See also O'Brien, 350 F.3d at 294-97 (longevity and career incentive pay); Theisen v. City of Maple Grove, 41 F.Supp.2d 932, 938-39 (D.Minn.1999) (longevity and canine handler rate); see also Nolan v. City of Chicago, 125 F.Supp.2d 324, 329 (N.D.Ill.2000) (Defendant, the City of Chicago, conceded that "duty availability allowance" did not fall into statutory exclusions and should have been calculated into the FLSA regular rate.).

Here, the payments at issue, FP, SP, and DAP, do not fall within Section 207(e)(2)'s "other similar payments" clause. Unlike Minizza, 842 F.2d at 1462, the payments here do not share "the essential characteristic" of the other types of compensation for non-work identified in Section 207(e)(2), such as holiday pay or traveling expenses. Instead, FP, SP, and DAP can be viewed as compensation for services provided to the City by the paramedics. The fact that the payments are not tied to specific hours does not mean that they fall within the statutory exclusions. See Reich, 57 F.3d at 578-79. Indeed, these payments are akin to nondiscretionary bonuses; under the CBA, the City has no discretion whether to pay them if the paramedics fulfill the conditions required for the payment. Nondiscretionary bonuses must be included in the regular rate for purposes of overtime. See id.; see also Featsent, 70 F.3d at 904; 29 C.F.R. §§ 778.208-211 (DOL interpretative guideline stating that nondiscretionary bonuses must be included in the regular rate for purposes of the FLSA, while discretionary bonuses are excluded).

Likewise, the City's argument that these payments were made as inducements to ratify the CBA, does not, by itself, mean that these payments are excluded from regular rate. Parties cannot contract around the requirements of the FLSA. See Howard, 274 F.3d at 1144 ("congressionally granted FLSA rights take precedence over conflicting provisions in a collectively bargained compensation arrangement") (quoting Barrentine v. Arkansas-Best Freight System, Inc., 450 U.S. 728, 740-41, 101 S.Ct. 1437, 67 L.Ed.2d 641 (1981)); see also Reich, 57 F.3d at 578 ("There is no collective-bargaining exemption from the FLSA."); Wheeler, 399 F.3d at 247-248 ("The nonwaivable nature of the provisions of the FLSA is well-settled, even if obtained by negotiations for a collective bargaining agreement.") (citations omitted).

The City has not met its burden in establishing that these payments fall under Section 207(e)(2). Consequently, Fitness Pay, Specialty Pay and Duty Availability Pay should have been included in Jamison's regular rate for purposes of calculating overtime, and summary judgment is granted in favor of Jamison on this issue.

Driving Pay and Acting Pay

Jamison also argues that the City failed to include Driving Pay and Acting Pay when calculating his and other paramedics' regular rates for FLSA overtime. Driving Pay and Acting Pay are specific, supplemental hourly payments, for the additional duties of driving an ambulance and working in a higher rank, respectively. (SOF ¶¶ 19-22.) The City has not responded to Jamison's argument regarding these payments and therefore has waived this issue. Such temporary raises in pay must be factored into the FLSA pay calculations for the week in which they were earned. 29 C.F.R. § 778.109. Summary judgment is granted in favor of Jamison with respect to Acting Pay and Driving Pay.

Uniform Pay

Until March 1, 2007, paramedics received an annual lump sum of $1,250.00 as a uniform allowance ("UP").6 (Def. SOF ¶¶ 17-21; see also Def.'s Resp. to PI. SOF ¶ 29.) Paramedics are required to wear dress uniforms, work clothes and protective clothing while on duty and are required to care for those uniforms. (Def. SOF ¶¶ 17-19.) The CBA states that UP disbursements are intended as payments for "cleaning and maintenance of dress uniforms, work clothes and protective clothing." (Id. ¶¶ 17; see also Pl.'s Resp. to Def. SOF ¶¶ 17-21.) In accordance with the CBA, these payments ceased in March 2007. (Def.'s Resp. to Pl. SOF ¶ 29.)

29 U.S.C. § 207(e)(2) excludes from the regular rate "reasonable payments for traveling expenses, or other expenses, incurred by an employee in the furtherance of his employer's interests and properly reimbursable by the employer." In its interpretative regulations, the DOL has specifically identified uniform reimbursement pay as an example of an expense that is excluded under Section 207(e):

29 C.F.R. § 778.217(b)(2); see also Wheeler, 399 F.3d 238 at 248 n. 13 (identifying the applicable C.F.R. section for the district court's guidance in determining, on remand, whether uniform pay was part of the annual salary at issue). The DOL further notes, however, that if the amount "paid as `reimbursement' is disproportionately large, the excess amount will be included in the regular rate." 29 C.F.R. § 778.217(c).

The City argues that the UP was intended to reimburse employees for the reasonably foreseeable cost of cleaning and maintaining their uniforms. Jamison admits that he and other paramedics "received allowances per Section 16.9 of the CBA for the purpose of cleaning and maintenance of their dress uniforms, work clothes, and protective clothing." (See Pl.'s Resp. to Def. SOF ¶ 20.) However, Jamison argues that the UP was not a reasonable reimbursement for uniforms and was just a way to give additional remuneration because: the City deducted tax and benefit deductions from the UP; the UP is not necessary because the City is required to provide and replace uniforms at the City's expense; and the UP ceased as of March 2007, in accordance with the CBA. Jamison calculates that the City owes him $164.26 and an equal amount in liquated damages for its failure to include UP in his regular rate. (See Pl.'s Reply/Resp. Br. at p6n7.)7

Clearly, Section 207(e) permits the exclusion of reimbursement for cleaning and maintaining uniforms; therefore, pursuant to the statute, the City was entitled to exclude some amount of reimbursement for uniform maintenance. The inquiry then turns to whether there is a factual dispute about whether the UP reflected "an actual or reasonably approximate amount expended" by Jamison. There is no factual dispute that the UP was intended for uniform maintenance: the CBA expressly states that the UP was for uniform cleaning and maintenance, and Jamison has admitted that he received the UP for purposes of uniform maintenance. However, the City has not submitted any evidence, beyond the CBA, showing that the amount of $1,250.00 reflects an actual or reasonably approximate amount for that maintenance. A factual dispute, therefore, exists regarding this issue. Consequently, summary judgment is denied to both parties on the issue of UP.8

The Calculation of Overtime Payments Using the Fluctuating Workweek Method

The next issue raised by the parties is whether the City properly calculated the paramedics' overtime compensation using the fluctuating workweek ("FWW") method.

The FWW method provides that an employee may receive a fixed salary, even though his hours fluctuate from week to week, "pursuant to an understanding with his employer that he will receive such fixed amount as straight time pay for whatever hours he is called upon to work in a workweek, whether few or many." 29 C.F.R. § 778.114(a); see also Condo v. Sysco Corp., 1 F.3d 599, 601 (7th Cir.1993). Under the FWW, an employee is paid at least half (50 percent) of his base rate for his overtime hours, compared to an employee working a variable workweek who is paid time and a half (150 percent) for overtime hours.9 See Heder v. City of Two Rivers, Wisconsin, 295 F.3d 777, 779 (7th Cir.2002). The FWW is one method of complying with FLSA's overtime requirements, not an exemption to it. Samson v. Apollo Resources, Inc., 242 F.3d 629, 636 (5th Cir.2001). To utilize the FWW, the following conditions must be satisfied:

Under the FWW method, the employee's regular rate is calculated by dividing his weekly pay by the total number of hours the employee worked during that week. Condo, 1 F.3d at 601-02 (citing 29 C.F.R. § 778.114). The DOL interpretative regulations explain that paying overtime at 50 percent of the regular rate under the FWW "satisfies the overtime pay requirement because such hours have already been compensated at the straight time regular rate, under the salary arrangement." 29 C.F.R. § 778.114(a). "In other words, the fixed sum represents the employee's entire straight-time pay for the week, no matter how many hours the employee worked; the employer need only pay the 50% overtime premium required by the FLSA for hours after 40." O'Brien, 350 F.3d at 288.

The Requirement that the Employee Must Receive a Fixed Salary

In this case, Jamison claims that the FWW method is inappropriate "because the salary does not pay for all of the hours worked and Paramedic weekly compensation is not fixed." (Pl.'s Mem. in Supp. of Mot. at 14.) Jamison argues that paramedics do not receive a fixed sum for hours worked each week because paramedics can receive shift-differential payments in the form of Acting Pay and/or Driving Pay and also because paramedics can receive varying amounts for overtime.

In Heder, the Seventh Circuit explained that the "paradigm of an employee working a `fluctuating workweek' is one who receives a fixed salary no matter how many hours the work requires that week" and that the FWW method applies to employees whose hours vary above and below 40 hours a week. 295 F.3d at 779.10 The court reasoned that the increased straight-time pay makes up for the lessened overtime pay: "[t]he possibility of a higher hourly rate in one week justifies the reduction in overtime compensation if, in future weeks, hours rise above 40." Id. In Heder, the FWW method was not available to the employer because the firefighter plaintiffs were never scheduled to work fewer than 216 hours in a 27-day period, and any firefighter who did not put in 216 hours was docked pay. Id. at 780. The Seventh Circuit noted there was "no shortfall of time (correspondingly higher hourly rate) in one pay period that might make up for longer work in another or in another pay period. Every hour is accountable." Id.

Furthermore, in O'Brien, 350 F.3d at 289, the First Circuit held that the police officer plaintiffs did not receive a fixed sum because they received shift-differential payments. In that case, when officers were required to work a nighttime shift, they received additional compensations in the form of a $10 shift-differential payment added to their checks for the week. Id. at 288. The O'Brien court stated that "while the shift differential itself may be small, it requires the larger conclusion that most officers do not receive a `fixed amount' for their straight-time labor each week." Id. at 289.

The O'Brien court further held that the officers did not receive a fixed sum because their weekly compensation varied depending on the number of hours worked. Id. Under the CBAs, the officers received extra pay for every hour worked beyond eight hours in a day and also extra pay for every hour worked on otherwise off-duty time. Id. Citing the Seventh Circuit's decision in Heder, the First Circuit stated that:

O'Brien, 350 F.3d at 289.

In this case, paramedics do not receive a fixed sum as required for the FWW method. Rather, paramedics can receive varying sums every pay period depending on how many hours they worked per week and on whether they qualified for Acting Pay or Driving Pay. If they work a 24-hour week, they receive straight-time pay. If they work a 48-hour week, they receive straight-time pay plus half time (50 percent) pay for the extra eight hours. If they work outside of their regularly scheduled shift, regardless of whether it was a 24-hour or a 48-hour week, they receive overtime pay at a rate of one and a half time (150 percent). (Def. SOF ¶ 8; SOF ¶ 37.) Following Heder's reasoning, "[e]very hour is accountable" and "[e]very extra hour is calculated and paid for. That is incompatible with treating the base wage as covering any number of hours at straight time." Heder, 295 F.3d at 780. Furthermore, as in O'Brien, 350 F.3d at 289, paramedics can earn shift-differential payments in the form of Acting Pay or Driving Pay or both, during a pay period. Consequently, based on the "fixed salary" factor, the FWW method is not appropriate for calculating the paramedics' overtime.

Clear Mutual Understanding

Jamison further argues that there was no clear mutual understanding that he would be paid according to the FWW method. The Heder court found that there was no "clear mutual understanding" in the collective bargaining agreement because that agreement provided that overtime was to be paid at a rate of time and a half (150 percent) or more. Heder, 295 F.3d at 780. The court stressed that "[e]very extra hour is calculated and paid for. That is incompatible with treating the base wage as covering any number of hours at straight time." Id. The court also contrasted the agreement at issue with the one in Condo, 1 F.3d 599, in which the Seventh Circuit held that an agreement fixing overtime at 50 percent of straight time demonstrated the requisite mutual understanding. Heder, 295 F.3d at 780; see also O'Brien, 350 F.3d at 290 (holding that there was no "clear mutual understanding" because the town defendant's method of calculating overtime was inconsistent with 29 C.F.R. § 778.114).

In this case, the record evidence shows that there was no clear mutual understanding that the paramedics would be paid according to the FWW method. The CBA provides that overtime is to be calculated at a rate of one and half (150 percent) the regular rate. (See Def. SOF Ex. 4 at § 5.3 and Ex. 5 at § 5.3.) In its Response to Jamison's Local Rule 56.1(a)(3) Statement, the City has submitted a document, Exhibit 7, that explains that it pays paramedics "FLSA premium pay" at a rate of half (50 percent) of their regular rate for all hours worked between forty and forty-eight, and a rate of one and a half (150 percent) for all hours worked over forty-eight in a week. (See Def.'s Resp. to Pi's SOF, Ex. 7; see also SOF ¶ 37.) As in Healer, 295 F.3d at 780, this payment arrangement does not comport with an understanding that the City is paying its paramedics under the FWW method. Rather, as its own documents demonstrate, the City pays its paramedics one rate for overtime and another rate for hours worked over forty.

The City argues that the parties were aware of how the FLSA overtime was being calculated "for over 10 years prior to this case being filed" and that the City officials "personally met with the union's selected representative and carefully explained how the City was going to calculate the paramedics' FLSA pay." (Def.'s Reply Br. at 8, 8n6.)11 However, simply because the paramedics knew about, or even understood, the arrangement by which they were being paid does not equate with a clear mutual understanding that they were being paid according to the FWW method. The City implicitly admits that the CBA does not mention the FWW method when it argues that the CBA "specifically provided for the City to use the FWW method ... even if such a moniker was not expressly stated" (Id.) (emphasis added).

As Heder teaches, the arrangement provided for in the CBA is inconsistent with the FWW method. See Heder, 295 F.3d at 780; see also O'Brien, 350 F.3d at 290. Instead, the paramedics' overtime should have been calculated according to the variable workweek method "at a rate not less than one and one-half times the regular rate at which he is employed." 29 U.S.C. § 207(a)(1).

The parties also dispute how that regular rate should be calculated. Jamison argues that the rate should be calculated by dividing the annual salary by the 2,182 hours that paramedics are scheduled to work. The City argues its current FWW method, which divides the annual salary by 52 weeks and then divides that number by the actual number of hours worked each week, is correct.

The "clear mutual understanding" condition was not satisfied, and for this reason also, the FWW method is inappropriate in this case. In O'Brien v. Town of Agawam, 440 F.Supp.2d 3, 11-12 (D.Mass.2006) ("O'Brien II"), the district court, confronting a similar situation, held that the proper method is to divide the annual salary by the total number of hours that the salary is intended to compensate. The court noted that this "resulting hourly rate accurately reflects `what actually happens under the governing employment contract,'... and does not distort the result in this case." Id. (quoting O'Brien, 350 F.3d at 294).

The reasoning employed by the district court in O'Brien II, 440 F.Supp.2d at 11-12, is persuasive. In this case, the proper method, which accurately and fairly reflects what is contemplated under the CBA, is to divide the annual salary by the total number of hours that the paramedics are scheduled to work (2,182). Consequently, summary judgment is granted in favor of Jamison on this issue.

The City's Offset Credits for FLSA Liability

Next, Jamison argues that the City improperly reduced his FLSA pay by taking improper credits for overtime and continuing education time. Jamison argues that since 2007, the City has not paid paramedics FLSA pay for the eight regularly scheduled hours worked by paramedics if they also worked an extra shift that week. (SOF ¶ 38.) Prior to 2007, the City paid paramedics less than normal FLSA pay if they worked an extra shift that week. (SOF ¶ 39.) The City also paid paramedics a less than normal amount of FLSA pay whenever they attended continuing education classes outside their scheduled shifts. (SOF ¶¶ 54-55.)

Section 207(h) of the FLSA provides that an employer may credit "extra compensation" paid pursuant to Section 207(e)(5)-(7) towards overtime compensation due to employees. Section 207(e) (5)-(7) specifies the following extra compensation that is creditable:

29 U.S.C. § 207(e)(5)-(7). The DOL interpretative guidelines make clear that only the "extra" part of the compensation is credited toward the overtime:

29 C.F.R. § 778.206 (emphasis added); see also 29 C.F.R. § 778.205. Premium pay credits may only provide offsets to overtime liabilities in the same workweek. Howard, 274 F.3d at 1147-49. In this case, the City took offset credits for overtime and continuing education time; each is addressed separately below.

Overtime Offsets

In this case, the City paid overtime for work outside of the paramedics' regularly-scheduled shifts at the rate of one and a half (150 percent). Thus, under Section 207(h), the City was entitled to a credit for the half-time portion of that pay because the half-time portion represents the "extra" compensation. See 29 C.F.R. § 778.206 and 29 U.S.C. § 207(h). Furthermore, the City was only permitted to credit that half-time portion towards the paramedics' FLSA pay only when the paramedics had earned both FLSA pay and overtime in the same workweek. In other words, if a paramedic was regularly scheduled for one 24-hour shift and then also worked an overtime shift during that same week, the City could not credit that overtime toward FLSA pay earned in another week. Howard, 274 F.3d at 1147-49.

Consequently, summary judgment is granted in favor of Jamison on the issue that the City was entitled to take only a half-time credit for overtime against the paramedics' FLSA pay when both FLSA and overtime pay were paid in the same workweek.

Continuing Education Offsets

The City pays the paramedics lump sum payments for continuing education. Until some point in 2007, the City treated the compensation it paid its paramedics for continuing education the same way it treated overtime. As such, the City would reduce the FLSA pay when paramedics attended continuing education offshift against the FLSA pay to be paid in a particular week. (Def. SOF ¶¶ 32-35.) Since September 2007, the City stopped including the hours in the FLSA calculation, but paramedics still receive the lump sum payments established by the CBA. Jamison argues that the City was not entitled to reduce the paramedics' FLSA pay because the continuing education time is not counted as compensable work time under the FLSA.

Paramedics are required by law to maintain their certification by attending continuing education training. (SOF ¶ 32.) 29 C.F.R. § 553.226(b)(1) provides that the time spent on such training outside of regular working hours is considered to be noncompensable time under the FLSA. Consequently, the City was not entitled to credit continuing education time against the paramedics' FLSA pay, and summary judgment is appropriate in favor of Jamison on this issue.

Willful Conduct

The statute of limitations for FLSA violations is two years, unless there was a "willful violation," in which case the limitations period is three years. 29 U.S.C. § 255(a); see also Howard, 274 F.3d at 1144. The plaintiff bears the burden of establishing willfulness for purposes of the statute of limitations. See Mc-Donald v. Vill. of Palatine, No. 08-cv-5435, 2012 WL 2590492, at *3 (N.D.Ill. June 29, 2012). The plaintiff must show that "the defendant either knew he was violating the Act or was indifferent to whether he was violating it or not (and therefore `reckless')." E.E.O.C. v. Madison Cmty. Unit School Dist. No. 12, 818 F.2d 577, 585 (7th Cir.1987); see also Walton v. United Consumers Club, 786 F.2d 303, 311 (7th Cir.1986) (defining "willful" as "knowing and voluntary" for purposes of the FLSA). "[A]n employer's mere negligence or a good faith — but incorrect — belief that they were in compliance with the FLSA, are not sufficient to rise to the level of a willful violation." Difilippo v. Barclays Capital, Inc., 552 F.Supp.2d 417, 425 (S.D.N.Y.2008). "Furthermore, an employer has not willfully violated the FLSA if it acts reasonably in determining its legal obligation." Pignataro v. Port Authority of New York and New Jersey, 593 F.3d 265, 273 (3d Cir.2010) (citing McLaughlin v. Richland Shoe Co., 486 U.S. 128, 135 n. 13, 108 S.Ct. 1677, 100 L.Ed.2d 115 (1988)). Although whether an employer has acted willfully is a question of fact, the plaintiff must present sufficient evidence of willfulness to survive summary judgment. Pignataro, 593 F.3d at 273 (affirming district court's summary judgment finding that employer's violation of the FLSA was not willful).

In this case, Jamison has failed to submit any competent evidence that the City willfully violated the FLSA. In contrast, the City has demonstrated that its policy for paying paramedics was the result of lengthy negotiations with the union regarding the applicable CBA. See Howard, 214 F.3d at 1144 (affirming district court's finding that defendant city did not act willfully when it paid its police officers according to a collective bargaining agreement that the union had negotiated). Jamison has failed to carry his burden that the City knew it was violating the FLSA, or acted with reckless indifference to its obligations; there is no genuine issue of material fact on this question. Consequently, summary judgment is granted in favor of the City, and a two-year statute of limitations applies to Jamison's action.

CONCLUSION

For the reasons stated above, summary judgment is in granted in part in favor of Jamison as follows: (1) the additional payments made by the City to the paramedics pursuant to the CBA, except for Uniform Pay, should have been included in the regular rate for the purposes of overtime; (2) the City is not entitled to use the fluctuating workweek method for purposes of calculating overtime, and instead a variable workweek method applies; (3) the City was entitled to take only a half-time credit for overtime against the paramedics' FLSA pay when both FLSA and overtime pay were paid in the same workweek; and (4) the City was not entitled to credit continuing education time against the paramedics' FLSA pay. Summary judgment is granted in favor of the City on the issue of willful conduct; and therefore, a two-year statute of limitations applies to Jamison's claims. A genuine issue of fact exists regarding whether Uniform Pay was reasonable; and, therefore, summary judgment is denied on that issue.

Pursuant to the Seventh Circuit's suggestion in Alvarez v. City of Chicago, 605 F.3d 445, 449 n. 1 (7th Cir.2010), the Court requests that the parties submit position papers, within thirty days of this Order, as to whether a special master should be appointed to resolve the issue of damages, pursuant to Fed.R.Civ.P. 53(a)(1)(B)(ii).