MEMORANDUM OPINION AND ORDER

ELAINE E. BUCKLO, District Judge.

This case arises from a violent altercation between Defendant William Szura ("Szura"), an off duty Chicago police officer, and three women who were returning home for the gay pride parade in Chicago, Illinois.1 Plaintiffs have sued Szura, the City of Chicago, two Chicago police sergeants, and three state police officers seeking relief under 42 U.S.C. § 1983 and Illinois law.

All Defendants other than Szura have moved for summary judgment.2 I resolve the motions as follows: the City of Chicago's motion (Dkt. No. 221) is granted only as to the conspiracy claim (Count II); Sgt. Hitney's motion (Dkt. No. 224) is granted; Sgt. O'Malley's motion (Dkt. No. 227) is granted; and the combined motion by Master Sgt. Weyforth, Sgt. Miloslavich, and Tpr. Aragones (Dkt. No. 231) is denied.

I.

The following facts are presented in the light most favorable to Plaintiffs. All evidentiary conflicts are resolved in their favor and I "accord[] [them] the benefit of all reasonable inferences that may be drawn from the record." Coleman v. Donahoe, 667 F.3d 835, 842 (7th Cir. 2012). "[My] account of the facts therefore is not necessarily true in an objective sense, but reflects the standard that applies to motions for summary judgment." Id

On June 24, 2007, Plaintiffs Kelly Fuery ("Fuery") and Debra Sciortino ("Sciortino") were traveling home on Interstate 55 around 7:00 pm after attending the gay pride parade in Chicago earlier that day. Fuery encountered a slow moving Honda Accord in the far left lane around the Damen Street exit. Szura, who had patrolled on horseback at the gay pride parade earlier that day, was driving the slow moving vehicle. Id. He was out of uniform and dressed in plain clothes.

After Fuery gave a "courtesy honk," Szura accelerated, but slammed on his brakes after looking in his rear view mirror. Szura blocked Fuery's attempts to pass him in the center lane and repeated this blocking technique when Fuery moved into the far right lane. Szura's vehicle came to almost a complete stop in the far right lane, which forced Fuery to pull over on the shoulder with the back end of her GMC Yukon still sticking out into traffic.3

Once the two vehicles had stopped on the shoulder, Szura jumped out of his car and started swearing at Fuery: "What the fuck is your problem, you stupid fucking bitch?" Fuery Dep. at 45:20-23. Szura also screamed, "[D]o you know who you're fucking with, you stupid fucking dyke?" Id. at 56:13-14. Fuery could not get a word in edgewise during Szura's tirade. His breath reeked of alcohol and his speech was slurred.

Sciortino was still inside the Yukon when she noticed that Szura was carrying a handgun. Szura says he first identified himself as a police officer after Sciortino shouted to Fuery, "He's got a gun." Szura Dep. 168:2-5. In fact, Szura contends that he was acting as a police officer throughout the altercation.4

According to Fuery, Szura jabbed his gun into her stomach. Thinking she was about to die, Fuery asked, "What are you going to do, shoot me?" Fuery Dep. 58:15-16. Sciortino then pulled Fuery back and stood in front of Szura's gun. As Sciortino was pleading with Szura to put his gun away, he slapped her across the face and threw her down into the far right lane of traffic. As Fuery was kneeling down to check on Sciortino, Szura hit Fuery in the back of the head, knocking her to the ground. Fuery then heard Szura say, "If you know what's fucking good for you, you stay the fuck down." Id. at 61:6-8.

After Fuery and Sciortino had gathered themselves, Fuery asked Szura, "[D]o you get off on hitting women?" Id. at 62:6-7. Szura responded, "You're not fucking women; you're fucking dykes." Id. at 62:8-9.5 After Sciortino stepped in the middle, Szura slapped her again. Sciortino then called 911 and did not hang up until police officers arrived on the scene. Meanwhile, Szura chased Fuery in circles around her vehicle as she attempted to retreat.

Shortly after Sciortino called 911, Plaintiff Nicole Tomaskovic ("Tomaskovic") arrived at the scene. Tomaskovic had attended the gay pride parade with Fuery and Sciortino earlier that day and was driving behind them on I-55 en route to a barbeque at their home. After spotting Fuery's vehicle on the side of the expressway, Tomaskovic pulled over at the next accident investigation site and left her vehicle to assess the situation.

When Tomaskovic arrived at the scene, Sciortino warned her to stay away because Szura had a gun. Fuery repeated this warning to Tomaskovic from the driver's seat of the Yukon: "[H]e's got a gun. We have to get Debbie in the car and get out of here." Tomaskovic Dep. 33:18-19. As Tomaskovic turned around, Szura charged at her, pinned her against the hood of the Yukon, and resumed his screaming about "bitches" and "dykes."

Fuery managed to pull Szura off of Tomaskovic and then got back inside the Yukon. As Fuery was attempting to move her vehicle, Szura jumped on the hood while calling 911. He identified himself as a police officer to the 911 operator and said he had "two DUIs." Szura's call resulted in a dispatch saying that an officer needed assistance. Meanwhile, Tomaskovic had also called 911 and reported that her attacker was "posing as a police officer." Id. at 43:24-44:5.

Once Fuery managed to escape and drove the Yukon into the accident investigation site, Szura put Tomaskovic in a choke hold. He threw her into Sciortino, which knocked both women to the ground. Szura then put his knee on Tomaskovic's chest, resumed choking her, and tried to wrestle her cell phone away.

A state police officer, Defendant Martin Miloslavich ("Sgt. Miloslavich"), arrived on the scene while Szura had Sciortino and Tomaskovic pinned on the ground. Szura called out, "I'm a police officer," and asked for a pair of handcuffs. Sciortino Dep. at 67:13-14. Szura had already warned Plaintiffs "numerous times" during the altercation that they were going to be arrested. Szura Dep. 162:3-9. Sgt. Miloslavich told Szura to back away and then handcuffed Sciortino and Tomaskovic without doing any investigation. He released them after they had calmed down and stopped crying.

Sgt. Miloslavich had already separated the parties when Defendant Gabriel Aragones ("Tpr. Aragones) and Jose DeAvila ("Tpr. DeAvila") reached the scene.6 Plaintiffs explained their side of the story, as recounted above, to the state troopers. Tpr. Aragones or Tpr. DeAvila responded that they needed to wait for their supervisor, Defendant Stuart Weyforth ("Master Sgt. Weyforth"), to arrive before any decisions could be made.

Master Sgt. Weyforth was the last officer to arrive at the scene. After Plaintiffs were separated, each woman tried telling Master Sgt. Weyforth her side of the story. He was dismissive of their allegations and walked away before they had finished explaining what happened. Plaintiffs then witnessed Master Sgt. Weyforth laughing with Szura and pointing back at them. When Plaintiffs later told Master Sgt. Weyforth that they wanted to press charges against Szura, he responded, "[H]e's one of us. We're going to believe him over you." Tomaskovic Dep. 52:16-21.

Defendant Kathleen O'Malley ("Sgt. O'Malley"), a Chicago police sergeant, was also present at the scene. Other than asking Szura whether he was intoxicated and listening to his side of the story, Sgt. O'Malley merely observed while the state police conducted their investigation. She never spoke with Plaintiffs, who saw her standing around and laughing with Szura instead of asking questions.

The last person Master Sgt. Weyforth consulted before deciding whom to arrest was Sgt. Miloslavich, the first state police officer on the scene. Sgt. Miloslavich said he thought Plaintiffs were the aggressors because they were swinging their arms at Szura, who was standing over them, when he arrived at the scene. Master Sgt. Weyforth then told Plaintiffs that Szura was pressing charges against them and instructed the state troopers to place them under arrest.

Fuery was placed in a squad car by herself with Tpr. DeAvila while Sciortino and Tomaskovic were transported together in a separate vehicle. During their drive to CPD's First District station, Tpr. DeAvila told Fuery to document everything and call an attorney because he did not think the situation was being handled correctly. All three women declined to make written statements at the police station, but answered questions from the state troopers and allowed them to photograph their injuries. No Chicago police officers interviewed Plaintiffs.

At the station, Defendant Christine Hitney ("Sgt. Hitney") of the Chicago Police Department, filled out an Injury on Duty ("IOD") report based solely on Szura's version of events. In signing the IOD report, which is sent to an injured officer's supervisor and then forwarded to the Medical Services Section, Sgt. Hitney made the following certification: "I hereby certify that I have investigated the incident described above and attest to the truth and accuracy of the reported incidents and reports." Pls.' Ex. 16. In addition to completing the IOD report, Sgt. Hitney instructed an evidence technician to photograph Szura's injuries and had two CPD officers help him complete three Tactical Response Reports ("TRRs") documenting his use of force during the incident. Sgt. Hitney reviewed the completed TRRs for accuracy and legibility, but not substance. She then sent the TRRs to Lt. John Devereaux, the watch commander on duty that night, who was responsible for determining whether Szura's use of force was justified. Other than contacting Master Sgt. Weyforth to confirm that the state police were handling the investigation, Sgt. Hitney had no further involvement in investigating or documenting the incident.

Tpr. Aragones wrote the state police's report about the incident, which Master Sgt. Weyforth reviewed and approved. The most critical passage of the report reads:

Pls.' Ex. 11.

Tpr. Aragones maintains that his report accurately reflects what Sgt. Miloslavich told him at the scene, which he then conveyed to Master Sgt. Weyforth. Aragones Dep. at 95:8-23, 121:13-122:2, 239:23-240:1. In contrast, Sgt. Miloslavich denies telling Tpr. Aragones that he witnessed Plaintiffs attacking Szura or that he physically separated the parties. Miloslavich Dep. 151:4-152:1. Sgt. Miloslavich contends that he simply recounted Szura's version of events to Tpr. Aragones, who incorrectly transformed Szura's statements into Sgt. Miloslavich's purported observations.7 Id.

The State's Attorney ultimately prosecuted Plaintiffs for battering a police officer based in part on Tpr. Aragones's field report and criminal complaints that Szura signed in his capacity as a Chicago police officer. When announcing a verdict for Plaintiffs, the state trial judge commented on the discrepancy between Sgt. Miloslavich's testimony and the statements and actions attributed to him in the field report.

B.

The operative complaint in this case contains four claims under 42 U.S.C. § 1983 and five supplemental state law claims: Count I alleges that Defendants violated Plaintiffs' equal protection rights; Count II alleges that Defendants conspired to violate Plaintiffs' constitutional rights; Count III alleges that Defendants Szura and the City of Chicago used excessive force against Plaintiffs; Count IV alleges that Defendants falsely arrested and unlawfully detained Plaintiffs; Count V alleges that Defendants Szura and the City of Chicago violated the Illinois hate crimes statute, 720 ILCS § 5/12-7.1, et seq.; Count VI alleges that Defendants Szura and the City of Chicago assaulted and battered Plaintiffs; Count VI alleges that Defendants falsely arrested and imprisoned Plaintiffs in violation of Illinois law; Count VIII alleges that Defendants maliciously prosecuted Plaintiffs; and Count IX is an indemnification claim against the City of Chicago asserting that Szura was acting within the scope of his employment at all relevant times. See Dkt. No. 110 (Fourth Am. Compl.).8

II.

With the exception of Szura, Defendants have moved for summary judgment on all claims asserted against them. Summary judgment is appropriate only when "there is no genuine dispute as to any material fact and the movant is entitled to judgment as a matter of law." Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(a). "In evaluating a motion for summary judgment, the district court's function is not to weigh the evidence and determine the truth of the matter, but to determine whether there is a genuine issue for trial." Hemsworth v. Quotesmith.Com, Inc., 476 F.3d 487, 490 (7th Cir. 2007). I must deny a motion for summary judgment when the evidence, viewed in the light most favorable to Plaintiffs, "is such that a reasonable jury could return a verdict for the nonmoving party." Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, Inc., 477 U.S. 242, 248 (1986).

A.

The City of Chicago ("City") has moved for summary judgment on the grounds that Szura was not acting under color of state law (Counts I-IV) or within the scope of his employment (Counts V-IX) during the June 24, 2007 incident.9

1.

"Section 1983 provides a cause of action against any person who deprives an individual of federally guaranteed rights `under color' of state law." Filarksy v. Delia, 132 S.Ct. 1657, 1661 (2012). "[A police officer's] being off-duty does not preclude him from acting under color of state law." Greco v. Guss, 775 F.2d 161, 168 (7th Cir. 1985). "The important consideration . . . in determining whether an officer is acting under color of state law is the nature of the specific acts performed." Latuszkin v. City of Chicago, 250 F.3d 502, 505-6 (7th Cir. 2001).

Here, Szura subjectively believed that he was acting as a Chicago police officer throughout the altercation. There is also record evidence that Szura identified himself as an officer at least three times while performing police actions: (1) when Szura first displayed his weapon; (2) while Szura was on the phone with a 911 operator, which triggered a dispatch saying that an officer needed assistance; and (3) when Sgt. Miloslavich arrived on the scene and Szura asked him for handcuffs to make an arrest.10 Szura also warned Plaintiffs "numerous times" during their altercation that they were going to be arrested for battery. A reasonable jury could conclude from these facts that Szura acted under color of state law. See Flood v. Carey, No. 06 C 2980, 2011 WL 5866260, at *4 (N.D. Ill. Nov. 21, 2011) (Gottschall, J.) (denying City's motion for summary judgment on Sec. 1983 claim against intoxicated off duty officer who, like Szura, allegedly observed plaintiff commit a crime while driving, announced himself as a police officer, and used his personal weapon while attempting to make an arrest).11

My holding is consistent with Latuszkin, the precedent upon which the City relies most heavily. The off duty officer in Lauszkin, unlike Szura, had not "displayed any police power." 250 F.3d at 506 (affirming dismissal of Sec. 1983 claim under Rule 12(b)(6)). The City's other cited cases involving off duty police officers are also factually distinguishable. See Mendez v. Vill. of Tinley Park, No. 07 C 6498, 2008 WL 427791, at *2 (N.D. Ill. Feb. 14, 2008) (dismissing Sec. 1983 claim against off duty officer who, unlike Szura, "was not performing or attempting to perform any police activity such as attempting to arrest [plaintiff]"); Lyons v. Adams, 257 F.Supp.2d 1125, 1133 (N.D. Ill. 2003) (granting summary judgment on Sec. 1983 claim to off duty police officers involved in a bar fight who, unlike Szura, "did not identify themselves as police officers" and "did not inform [plaintiffs] that they were under arrest"); Zienciuk v. City of Chicago, No. 01 C 3769, 2002 WL 1998309, (N.D. Ill. Aug. 28, 2002) (same).

Therefore, the City's motion for summary judgment on Counts I-IV is denied because a reasonable jury could find that Szura acted under color of state law during the altercation.

2.

The City has also moved for summary judgment on the state law claims (Counts V-IX) on the ground that Szura was not acting within the scope of his employment. The scope of employment analysis is the same for purposes of respondeat superior liability (Counts V-VIII) and indemnification (Count IX) under the Tort Immunity Act, 745 ILCS § 10/9-102. See Lyons, 257 F.Supp.2d at 1138-39.

"Under respondeat superior, an employer's vicarious liability extends to the negligent, willful, malicious or even criminal acts of its employees, when those acts are committed within the scope of employment." Adames v. Sheahan, 909 N.E.2d 742, 755 (Ill. 2009). "Illinois courts look to the Second Restatement of Agency . . . for guidance in determining whether an employee's acts are within the scope of employment." Id.

Id. (quoting Restatement (Second) of Agency § 228(1) (1958)). "[A]ll three criteria . . . must be met in order to conclude that an employee was acting within the scope of employment." Id.12

This case is consistent with the Illinois Supreme Court's observation that "[s]ummary judgment is generally inappropriate when scope of employment is at issue." Pyne v. Witmer, 543 N.E.2d 1304, 1308 (Ill. 1989). As an initial matter, the Injury on Duty report is strong evidence that even the City thought Szura was acting within the scope of his employment during the altercation on I-55. See Pls.' Ex. 16 ("IOD report") (noting that Szura was injured "after he announced his Office"). Szura's subjective belief that he was acting as a Chicago police officer during the incident and its aftermath also cuts against the City's argument. See Lyons, 257 F.Supp.2d at 1140 (noting "the importance of the defendant's subjective intent to the scope of employment issue under Illinois law").

Turning to the Restatement factors, Szura described his job as "do[ing] everything on horseback as a patrolman would do in [a] squad car." Szura Dep. at 23:12-16. Szura's patrol duties distinguish this case from situations where courts have held that an off duty officer's actions were not "of the kind" he was employed to perform.13 Second, CPD General Order 92-03 requires off duty officers to "take appropriate police action, which can be as little as summoning the police for help, when observing a crime in progress." Pls.' Ex. 5.14 A jury could therefore find that Szura acted within authorized time and space limits. With regard to the third Restatement factor, Szura's warnings to Plaintiffs that they were going to be arrested suggest that he acted, at least in part, to serve a law enforcement purpose. See Flood, 2011 WL 5866260 at *5 (denying City's motion for summary judgment on state tort claims because off duty officer's contention that he was trying to arrest plaintiff "arguably indicates a purpose to serve his employer").

In sum, the City's motion for summary judgment on Counts V-IX is denied because a reasonable jury could find that Szura acted within the scope of his employment.

3.

I turn now to the City's argument for summary judgment on Count II, which alleges a conspiracy to deprive Plaintiffs of their constitutional rights.

The conspiracy claim (Count II) is far from a model of draftsmanship. In opposing the City's motion for summary judgment, Plaintiffs state that their conspiracy claim is "grounded" in a "common venture" among Defendants "to protect Szura from investigation, discipline, and criminal prosecution." Dkt. No. 250 at 25-26. In furtherance of this alleged conspiracy, Plaintiffs contend that Defendants falsely arrested and prosecuted them for misdemeanor battery. Id.

Setting aside whether Plaintiffs have presented evidence of an agreement—the ground on which the City seeks summary judgment—I find that the conspiracy claim fails as a matter of law. The alleged conspiracy "to protect Szura from investigation, discipline, and criminal prosecution" does not violate any constitutional rights. Stated differently, Plaintiffs have no constitutional right to have Szura investigated, discipline, or prosecuted. See Linda R.S. v. Richard D., 410 U.S. 614 (1973) ("[A] private citizen lacks a judicially cognizable interest in the prosecution or nonprosecution of another."); see also Alexander v. City of South Bend, 433 F.3d 550, 555 (7th Cir. 2006) ("The Constitution does not require that . . . witness interviews meet a particular standard of quality."). Although one act taken in furtherance of the alleged conspiracy states a constitutional violation—which Plaintiffs are already pursuing in their false arrest claim (Count IV)—an agreement to protect Szura from punishment does not violate any constitutional rights.

"Where no constitutional rights are denied by the alleged conspiracy, there can be no section 1983 liability for conspiracy." Young v. Cook County, No. 07 C 0533, 2007 WL 1704287, at *5 (N.D. Ill. June 8, 2007). Thus, Count II is dismissed in its entirety.15

4.

The City's final argument for summary judgment is that it neither arrested (Counts IV and VII) nor prosecuted (Count VIII) Plaintiffs, nor influenced the State's decisions to do so. Plaintiffs counter that the City was "personally involved" in their arrests and prosecutions. Dkt. No. 250 at 26 (citing Jones v. City of Chicago, 856 F.2d 985, 992-93 (7th Cir. 1988)). This debate is entirely academic given that the City will remain potentially liable under Count IV (based on a Monell theory) and Counts VII-VIII (based on respondeat superior) no matter how I rule on whether the Chicago police were "personally involved" in the arrest and prosecution decisions. See supra at §§ II.A.1-2. Thus, the City's attempt to secure summary judgment on the false arrest and malicious prosecution claims is denied as moot.

B.

Sgts. O'Malley and Hitney have filed separate motions for summary judgment on the claims against them (Counts I-II, IV, and VII-VIII).16 Sgt. O'Malley argues that she did nothing more than arrive at the scene and observe the Illinois state police conduct an investigation. Similarly, Sgt. Hitney argues that she merely assisted in the preparation of an Injury on Duty ("IOD") report and Tactical Response Reports ("TRR") and was not involved in the decisions to arrest or prosecute Plaintiffs for misdemeanor battery.

With respect to Sgt. O'Malley, Plaintiffs argue that she "was there during everything that happened. Had she taken action, she could have changed the situation. She did nothing and helped cover it up." Dkt. No. 257 at 3; see also id. at 9 (speculating that if Sgt. O'Malley had conducted her own investigation at the scene, Szura rather than Plaintiffs would have been arrested and prosecuted). Sgt. Hitney's alleged failures are similar: "Plaintiffs were detained and prosecuted instead of Officer Szura because Defendant Hitney failed to meet her obligation to investigate the incident pursuant to Chicago Police Department Rules." Dkt. No. 260-1 at 3.

These arguments have no merit. Plaintiffs concede that their false arrest and malicious prosecution claims require evidence that Sgt. O'Malley and Sgt. Hitney were "personally involved" in these decisions.17 However, Sgt. O'Malley's inaction at the scene and Sgt. Hitney's inaction at the station show the exact opposite of personal involvement. Cf. Jones, 856 F.2d at 993 (affirming jury verdict on false arrest and malicious prosecution claims based on evidence that police supervisors knew and approved of "every false step taken by the subordinate officers," hid a report with exculpatory information, and "sign[ed] a deceitful report for use by the prosecution"). There is no evidence supporting the allegation that Sgts. O'Malley and Hitney "fabricated" evidence; to the contrary, the record establishes that they failed to gather any evidence beyond Szura's side of the story. Whether CPD General Orders required Sgt. O'Malley or Sgt. Hitney to do more than observe and complete paperwork is beside the point. See Scott v. Edinburg, 346 F.3d 752, 760 (7th Cir. 2003) ("[Section 1983] protects plaintiffs from constitutional violations, not violations of state laws or, in this case, departmental regulations and police practices"); Gramenos v. Jewel Cos., Inc., 797 F.2d 432, 442 (7th Cir. 1986) ("[T]he police need not automatically interview available witnesses, on pain of the risk that a jury will require them to pay damages. Good police practice may require interviews, but the Constitution does not require police to follow the best recommended practices.").

At worst, Sgt. O'Malley and Sgt. Hitney were negligent in failing to conduct their own investigations of the underlying facts, but the Seventh Circuit has squarely rejected this theory of liability: "[S] upervisors who are merely negligent in failing to detect and prevent subordinates' misconduct are not liable, because negligence is no longer culpable under [S]ection 1983." Jones, 856 F.2d at 992; see also Loubser v. Thacker, 440 F.3d 437, 442 (7th Cir. 2006) ("Section 1983 claims cannot be founded on negligence.").

On these facts, no reasonable jury could conclude that Sgt. O'Malley or Sgt. Hitney was "personally involved" in having Plaintiffs falsely arrested or maliciously prosecuted. Therefore, I grant their respective motions for summary judgment.

C.

The Illinois State Police Defendants—i.e., Sr. Master Sgt. Stuart Weyforth, Sgt. Martin Miloslavic, and State Trooper Gabriel Aragones (collectively, "the ISP Defendants")—have moved for summary judgment on the following grounds: (1) Plaintiffs have no evidence that the ISP Defendants discriminated against them in violation of the equal protection clause (Count I) or formed a conspiracy to violate their constitutional rights (Count II); (2) the ISP Defendants had probable cause to arrest Plaintiffs, which would serve as an absolute bar to the false arrest (Counts IV and VII) and malicious prosecution (Count VIII) claims; and (3) qualified immunity shields the ISP Defendants from liability.

Plaintiffs have voluntarily dismissed their equal protection claim against the ISP Defendants. See Dkt. No. 259 at 1 n.1. I have already disposed of the conspiracy claim, so my analysis of the ISP Defendants' motion for summary judgment is limited to the issues of probable cause and qualified immunity.

1.

"[T]he existence of probable cause for arrest is an absolute bar to a Section 1983 claim for unlawful arrest, false imprisonment, or malicious prosecution." Schertz v. Waupaca Cty., 875 F.2d 578, 582 (7th Cir. 1989). "Whether probable cause exists depends upon the reasonable conclusion to be drawn from the facts known to the arresting officer at the time of the arrest." Devenpeck v. Alford, 543 U.S. 146, 152 (2004). "[A]n arresting officer's state of mind (except for the facts that he knows) is irrelevant to the existence of probable cause." Id. at 153. In determining whether probable cause existed, "the court must consider the facts as they reasonably appeared to the arresting officer, seeing what he saw, hearing what he heard, and so forth." Holmes v. Village of Hoffman Estates, 511 F.3d 673, 679 (7th Cir. 2007).

Here, I cannot decide on summary whether the ISP Defendants had probable cause to arrest Plaintiffs because there is a factual dispute about what they saw and heard at the scene. Recall that Tpr. Aragones's final report, which Master Sgt. Weyforth reviewed for accuracy, states that Sgt. Miloslavich witnessed Plaintiffs on top of Szura when he arrived. Sgt. Miloslavich denies making any such observation or telling Tpr. Aragones that he had. Summary judgment on the issue of probable cause is inappropriate when the arresting officers present conflicting testimony about what they observed at the scene. See Morfin v. City of East Chicago, 349 F.3d 989, 999-1000 (7th Cir. 2003) (reversing grant of summary judgment on false arrest claim where several arresting officers testified that plaintiff made threatening, hostile statements at the scene, but another officer testified that plaintiff never raised his voice).

Similarly, I cannot decide on summary judgment whether the ISP Defendants "arguably" had probable cause to arrest Plaintiffs, which would entitle them to qualified immunity, because of the glaring dispute over the facts and circumstances as they appeared to the arresting officers. See Humphrey v. Staszak, 148 F.3d 719, 725 (7th Cir. 1998) ("Arguable probable cause exists when a reasonable police officer in the same circumstances and with the same knowledge and possessing the same knowledge as the officer in question could have reasonably believed that probable cause existed in light of well-established law." (internal quotation omitted)).

2.

The ISP Defendants also argue that summary judgment should be granted on the malicious prosecution claim (Count VIII) because there is no evidence that they acted with malice.

Although the ISP Defendants attempt to characterize the discrepancy between Sgt. Miloslavich's testimony and the observations attributed to him in the report as a "mistake" devoid of malice, a reasonable jury could reach the opposite conclusion based on Master Sgt. Weyforth's suggestion that he was going to protect a fellow officer against Plaintiffs' accusations. In short, I cannot decide on summary judgment whether the ISP Defendants made an innocent mistake in their police report or whether they acted with malice to have Plaintiffs prosecuted for misdemeanor battery.

III.

I resolve the pending motions for summary judgment as follows for the reasons stated above: the City of Chicago's motion (Dkt. No. 221) is granted in part only as to the conspiracy claim (Count II); Sgt. Hitney's motion (Dkt. No. 224) is granted; Sgt. O'Malley's motion (Dkt. No. 227) is granted; and the combined motion by Master Sgt. Weyforth, Sgt. Miloslavich, and Tpr. Aragones (Dkt. No. 231) is denied.