FRIEDLANDER, Judge.
James Androusky II (Father), individually and as personal representative of the estate of James Androusky III (James), filed a child wrongful death action against Cole Walter following the drowning death of James in Walter's residential swimming pool. Father appeals the jury verdict in favor of Walter, presenting the following restated instructional issues:
We affirm.
Father and Tamara Androusky (Mother) married right out of high school in 2004. James was the second child born to their marriage, on February 22, 2006. Although the marriage ended in divorce in July 2006, Mother and Father were together on and off again until October 2008. During this time, they had a third child in December 2007. Father never paid the court-ordered support, but he did provide financial support to some extent when he and Mother were together.
Mother married her long-time friend, Matthew Hollingsworth, in August 2006 so that she would have medical insurance to cover a gall bladder operation. Father apparently lived with Mother and Hollingsworth in South Carolina during at least part of this marriage, which ended in April 2007. Mother moved back to Indiana with Father in July 2007. As set forth above, their unstable relationship ended in October 2008, and Mother eventually moved back to South Carolina with the children.
Thereafter, in July 2009, Hollingsworth and Mother planned a trip back to Indiana with the kids. Hollingsworth notified Cole Walter, his former step-father, of the upcoming visit. Walter told Hollingsworth that he would like to see him but that Mother and her children were not welcome. Therefore, Hollingsworth, Mother, and the children initially stayed with Mother's family until they were kicked out due to an argument between Mother and her mother.
Late in the evening on Wednesday, July 22, Hollingsworth arrived at Walter's home with Mother and the children. Walter was already in bed, as he worked very early in the morning. Hollingsworth, Mother, and the three children slept in Hollingsworth's old bedroom. While at work the following day, Walter learned from his live-in girlfriend, Donna Kelly, that Mother and the children had spent the night at his home. He planned to confront Hollingsworth after work, but when he returned home, they were not there. Once again, they arrived that night after Walter went to bed.
Friday afternoon while Kelly and Walter were away, Hollingsworth and Mother had others over for a pool party in Walter's backyard. When Walter arrived home that evening, he was not happy at the scene in his backyard. He immediately confronted Hollingsworth and told him that they had to leave. Hollingsworth agreed to leave but then asked if they could stay just one more night, as he and Mother had nowhere else to go. Walter reluctantly agreed that they could stay until morning, at which time they would "get up, have breakfast, [and] leave". Transcript at 304.
The next morning, Walter once again left early in the morning for work. The boys awakened Hollingsworth around 8:00, and he got them dressed and took them downstairs for breakfast while Mother continued to sleep. Around 10:30, Mother was still in bed, Hollingsworth was on his laptop, and children were watching cartoons. At some point three-year-old James and his four-year-old brother asked to play outside. Hollingsworth let them out to the backyard through the kitchen door
Father filed the instant child wrongful death action against Walter on August 19, 2009.
In reviewing a trial court's decision to give or to refuse tendered instructions, we consider: (1) whether the instruction correctly states the law; (2) whether there was evidence in the record to support the giving of the instruction; and (3) whether the substance of the instruction is covered by other instructions which are given. Franciose v. Jones, 907 N.E.2d 139 (Ind.Ct.App.2009), aff'd on reh'g, 910 N.E.2d 862, trans. denied. The trial court has discretion in instructing the jury and will be reversed on the last two above only when the instruction amounts to an abuse of discretion. Id. We, however, review whether an instruction correctly states the law de novo. Id. A party seeking a new trial on the basis of instructional error must show a reasonable probability that the complaining party's substantial rights have been adversely affected. See Dyer v. Doyle, 870 N.E.2d 573 (Ind.Ct. App.2007), trans. denied.
Father initially claims that the trial court abused its discretion by instructing the jury regarding licensee versus invitee status. He argues that there was no evidence presented at trial that James was a licensee and that the undisputed evidence established he was a social guest/invitee. We cannot agree.
A landowner's liability to persons on the premises generally depends on the person's status as a trespasser, licensee, or invitee. See Kopczynski v. Barger, 887 N.E.2d 928 (Ind.2008). While the determination of the duty owed by a landowner is ordinarily a question of law for the court to decide, "it may turn on factual issues that must be resolved by the trier of fact." Id. at 931.
In Burrell v. Meads, 569 N.E.2d 637 (Ind.1991), our Supreme Court adopted the invitation test as the analytical framework for deciding which visitors will be afforded invitee versus licensee status. Id. at 642 ("the invitation itself must be the first step of any inquiry into invitee status"). Relevant to our discussion here, the Court held that a social guest is entitled to invitee status. A social guest is one who enters the landowner's property pursuant to an "express or reasonably implied invitation." Id. at 643.
On the other hand, licensees are not invited guests and "enter the land of another for their own convenience, curiosity, or entertainment". Rhoades v. Heritage Investments, LLC, 839 N.E.2d 788, 791 (Ind.Ct.App.2005), trans. denied. They have a privilege to enter or remain upon the land by virtue of the landowner's "permission or sufferance." Id. See also Christmas v. Kindred Nursing Ctr. Ltd. P'ship, 952 N.E.2d 872 (Ind.Ct.App.2011).
Thus, in determining a visitor's status, the distinction between invitation and permission becomes critical. Rhoades v. Heritage Inv., LLC, 839 N.E.2d 788. "An invitation differs from mere permission in this: an invitation is conduct which justifies others in believing that the possessor desires them to enter the land; permission is conduct justifying others in believing that the
In the instant case, Walter presented evidence indicating that Mother and her children were not expressly or impliedly invited to stay at his home. In fact, Walter made clear that they were not welcome and reluctantly agreed to allow them to stay one night only because Hollingsworth indicated they had nowhere else to go. Under the specific facts of this case, one could reasonably conclude that Mother and her children were not social guests but were rather licensees merely permitted by Walter to stay until the morning.
Father next challenges the trial court's decision to instruct the jury on Walter's abandonment defense. He contends this was an abuse of discretion because there was no evidence in the record to support the giving of such an instruction.
The challenged instruction provides as follows:
Transcript at 476.
Under the Child Wrongful Death Act, "a parent who abandoned a deceased child while the child was alive is not entitled to any recovery under [the Act]." Ind.Code Ann. § 34-23-2-1(i) (West, Westlaw through 2011 1st Regular Sess.). In the instant case, the evidence indicates that Father and Mother's relationship ended for good in October 2008. After that time, there is evidence that Father saw James infrequently and provided little to no financial support. Further, in April 2009, Father drafted, executed, and filed with the court a document purporting to terminate his parental rights to James and his two other sons in exchange for the non-enforcement
On appeal, as well as at trial, Father asserts reasons for failing to pay child support and for attempting to sign away his parental rights several months prior to the drowning. We agree with Walter that the essence of Father's argument focuses on the weight or credibility of the evidence of abandonment, not the lack thereof. Though conflicting, there was evidence in the record to support giving the abandonment instruction. Therefore, the trial court did not abuse its discretion in so instructing the jury.
Father next challenges the trial court's instruction regarding an administrative pool safety regulation. 675 Ind. Admin. Code 20-4-27, the regulation in effect at the time of James's death,
Father claims that the trial court improperly interpreted the regulation by instructing the jury that the regulation "does not require there to be a fence between the house and the pool, and the walls of the house and garage can be part of the enclosing walls and fences." Transcript at 479.
Father's argument is based upon his assertion that "[f]encing immediately surrounding the pool and deck area is far more effective as a safety measure that [sic] simply fencing a yard." Appellant's Reply Brief at 8 (emphasis supplied). We have no doubt this is true, but our interpretation of the regulation is not controlled by the fact that four-sided isolation pool fencing is safer than traditional three-sided property-line fencing.
Finally, Father challenges the following instruction given by the trial court over his objection:
Id. at 477.
Father's complaint with respect to this instruction turns primarily on the perceived unfairness in depriving him of recovery for the death of his son due to the negligence of his ex-wife and her boyfriend. Father's argument in this regard is misguided in that it is focused entirely on his right to recover damages and ignores the fact that Walter's negligence must first be established. Before damages are recoverable, Father must first establish that Walter owed a duty to James, he breached that duty, and James's death was proximately caused by that breach. See Harradon v. Schlamadinger, 913 N.E.2d 297 (Ind.Ct.App.2009), trans. denied.
In the case of Harradon, upon which the challenged instruction was premised, an
To the extent that Harradon may imply that a landowner's duty is eliminated by the presence of a child's parent when the parent is fully aware of a danger on the land, we disagree. The landowner, of course, continues to owe a duty to the child. The ultimate question, as decided in Harradon as a matter of law, is whether the landowner breached the duty. Though not one of the arguments raised by Father on appeal, we observe that the instruction improperly indicated that under certain circumstances Walter would owe no duty of care to James. This error, however, is inconsequential here.
It is undisputed that Walter was not home at or near the time of James's death and that Mother and Hollingsworth were the adults exclusively caring for three-year-old James and his siblings. Further, Mother and Hollingsworth were completely aware of the open swimming pool in Walter's fenced-in backyard. Despite knowledge of this dangerous condition, Mother allowed her three- and four-year-old sons to play in the backyard unattended and within close proximity to the pool.
Assuming Mother and her children were invitees, Walter was subject to liability for physical harm caused by a condition upon his land if, but only if, he:
In sum, although the instruction based upon Harradon was not an entirely correct statement of the law, the instruction did not adversely affect Father's substantial rights. Under the specific circumstances of this case as set out above,
Judgment affirmed.
MAY, J., and BARNES, J., concur.
Id. at 1049.