NAJAM, Judge.
The State charged Gregory Lagrone with one count of dealing in marijuana and one count of possession of marijuana, as Class D felonies. Lagrone filed a motion to suppress evidence seized pursuant to a search warrant that was obtained and executed after police had entered Lagrone's residence and secured the premises. Following a hearing, the trial court granted the motion to suppress, effectively preventing prosecution of Lagrone. In the State's appeal, we consider the following issues sua sponte:
We also consider the following issue:
We affirm.
On December 31, 2010, personnel from UPS alerted the Indianapolis Metropolitan Police Department ("IMPD") that they had found marijuana in a package that they were repackaging because the box had been damaged during shipping. IMPD officers from the Criminal Interdiction Unit, a branch of the narcotics division, retrieved the opened package containing marijuana from UPS and found that it was addressed to a "Michael Davis" at the address of the Wingate Hotel near West 71st Street and I-465 in Indianapolis. The package contained three semi-transparent, heat-sealed plastic bags of marijuana.
The officers took the package and its contents back to the police station; re-packaged the marijuana with a GPS device and an electronic parcel wire; and affixed the original shipping label to the outside of the package. When affixed in a closed parcel, a parcel wire transmits "different
Officer Scott Wildauer went to the Wingate Hotel and spoke with the desk clerk, who said that no one by the name of Michael Davis was registered there. However, the clerk said that someone had phoned to say that he was expecting a delivery and asked to be called when a package arrived. After back-up officers were dispatched to the hotel, Officer Wildauer, acting as a hotel employee, called the number provided by the caller and said that a package had arrived. Lagrone arrived in a Jaguar at 12:15 p.m., a few minutes after that call. He picked up the package in the hotel lobby, returned to his car with it, and drove away. At that point, officers knew neither Lagrone's identity nor his destination, so surveillance officers followed Lagrone's Jaguar by car, watching him and tracking the package via the GPS tracking device.
Lagrone proceeded at a high rate of speed to his home, a split-level house at 4381 Dunsany Court in Indianapolis. The trip took approximately ten minutes, and he took the package with him inside when he arrived. Within a few minutes of his arrival, the parcel wire indicated that the package had been opened. Officers surveilling the house knocked and announced themselves as police, but no one answered the door.
Officers became concerned that Lagrone might attempt to dispose of the marijuana because the presence of the parcel wire would make police involvement "plainfully [sic] obvious" once the package was open. May 25 Transcript at 62. Therefore, when no one answered the door, they forced the door open, entered the home, and secured it for people and weapons. Upon securing the home, officers found Lagrone in the upstairs hallway and ordered him to the ground. They found an open pocketknife underneath him, and the package was on the bed in a nearby bedroom. Also in the home were Lagrone's three children, who were twelve, fourteen, and fifteen years old. After securing the home, officers applied for and obtained a warrant to search Lagrone's home. A judge signed the warrant at 3:36 p.m. that afternoon, and the officers received the warrant and began executing it around 4:00 p.m.
The State charged Lagrone with dealing in marijuana and possession of marijuana, as Class D felonies. Lagrone filed a motion to suppress evidence. The trial court held an evidentiary hearing on that motion on May 25 and November 2, 2011. On February 22, 2012, the court entered its order granting the motion to suppress. Because the suppression of evidence effectively prevents prosecution of this case, the State now appeals. See Ind.Code § 35-38-4-2(5).
Upon reviewing a motion to suppress, we do not reweigh the evidence or judge the credibility of witnesses but instead consider all uncontroverted evidence together with the conflicting evidence that supports the trial court's decision. McDermott v. State, 877 N.E.2d 467, 471 (Ind.Ct.App.2007) (citation omitted), trans. denied. A trial court has broad discretion in ruling on the admissibility of evidence, and we will disturb its ruling only where it is shown that the trial court abused that discretion. Id. (citation omitted). An abuse of discretion occurs if the decision is against the logic and effect of the facts and
We review a trial court's ruling on the constitutionality of a search or seizure de novo. State v. Peters, 921 N.E.2d 861, 866 (Ind.Ct.App.2010) (citing Campos v. State, 885 N.E.2d 590, 596 (Ind.2008)). However, deference is given to a trial court's determination of the facts, which will not be overturned unless clearly erroneous. Id. A reviewing court looks to the totality of the circumstances and considers all uncontroverted evidence together with conflicting evidence that supports the trial court's decision. Id.
When the State appeals the trial court's grant of a defendant's motion to suppress evidence, the State is appealing from a negative judgment and therefore has the burden to demonstrate that the measures it used to seize the evidence were constitutional. Nolan v. City of Indianapolis, 933 N.E.2d 894, 898 (Ind.Ct. App.2010) (citation omitted), trans. denied. To fulfill this burden, the State must demonstrate that the evidence is without conflict and that the evidence and all reasonable inferences flowing therefrom lead to a conclusion opposite that of the trial court. Id. This court may not weigh the evidence or judge the credibility of the witnesses, and we consider only the evidence most favorable to the trial court's judgment. Id.
The Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution provides:
Warrantless searches are presumptively unreasonable, although the Court has recognized a few limited exceptions to this rule. Brigham City v. Stuart, 547 U.S. 398, 402, 126 S.Ct. 1943, 164 L.Ed.2d 650 (2006). Thus, unless one of several established exceptions applies, law enforcement officers must obtain a warrant based on probable cause before executing a search or a seizure. State v. Hobbs, 933 N.E.2d 1281, 1284 (Ind.2010).
We initially consider whether the officers' warrantless installation and monitoring of the GPS device and the parcel wire violated the Fourth Amendment. We then consider whether the warrantless entry of Lagrone's home by police falls under the exigent circumstances exception to the warrant requirement. Although we have found no single precedent involving a previously opened container, the use of these electronic devices, and transmission from the defendant's home, three United States Supreme Court's opinions when considered together provide an analytical framework. In Illinois v. Andreas, 463 U.S. 765, 771, 103 S.Ct. 3319, 77 L.Ed.2d 1003 (1983), the Court held that the privacy interest in a container is lost when it is lawfully opened and that that interest is not revived when the container is closed or sealed again. In United States v. Karo, 468 U.S. 705, 715, 104 S.Ct. 3296, 82 L.Ed.2d 530 (1984), the Court held that the warrantless monitoring of a tracking beeper in a container located inside a home violates the Fourth Amendment rights of those with a reasonable privacy interest in the home. Finally, in Kentucky v. King, ___ U.S. ___, 131 S.Ct. 1849, 1858, 179 L.Ed.2d 865 (2011), the Court held that a warrantless entry into a home by police to prevent the destruction of evidence is reasonable and, thus, allowed under the Fourth Amendment
The first question presented is whether the insertion of the GPS device in the opened package obtained from UPS or the tracking of the package's location via that device constitutes a search under the Fourth Amendment. The United States Supreme Court considered GPS tracking in United States v. Jones, ___ U.S. ___, 132 S.Ct. 945, 181 L.Ed.2d 911 (2012). There, a task force comprised of FBI and local agents in the District of Columbia attached a GPS device without a warrant
The facts in the present case are distinguishable. In Jones, the GPS device was attached to a vehicle after the vehicle was already in Jones' possession, and Jones' movements were tracked for twenty-eight days. But here the GPS device was attached before the parcel came into Lagrone's possession, the police used the device to track Lagrone's movements for only ten minutes, and during those ten minutes police followed Lagrone and supplemented the information provided by the device with visual surveillance. Thus, while Jones provides a Fourth Amendment analysis for the monitoring of GPS devices, it is inapposite on the facts in this case.
We next consider the Court's opinion in Illinois v. Andreas, 463 U.S. 765, 103 S.Ct. 3319, 77 L.Ed.2d 1003 (1983). In that case the Court held that "[n]o privacy interest remains in contraband in a container once government officers lawfully have opened that container and identified its contents as illegal." Id. at 771, 103 S.Ct. 3319. "The simple act of resealing the container to enable the police to make a controlled delivery does not operate to revive or restore the lawfully invaded privacy rights." Id. Similarly, in United States v. Jacobsen, 466 U.S. 109, 117, 104 S.Ct. 1652, 80 L.Ed.2d 85 (1984), where a shipper opened a package, found contraband, and then notified
Having determined that the installation of the GPS device did not violate the Fourth Amendment, we next address the transmission of information from the GPS device under the Fourth Amendment. Relevant to this inquiry is the Court's opinion in United States v. Knotts, 460 U.S. 276, 103 S.Ct. 1081, 75 L.Ed.2d 55 (1983). There, law enforcement officers installed a beeper inside a container, with the permission of the owner, before delivery was made to the addressee.
The Supreme Court's opinion in United States v. Karo is also on point. In Karo, law enforcement officers installed a beeper into a container with the owner's permission before delivery to the addressee. The officers tracked the container via the beeper as defendants drove on public roads and then carried the container into a home they had rented. The Court held that the monitoring of the beeper while the vehicle was on public roads did not violate the Fourth Amendment. 468 U.S. at 721, 104 S.Ct. 3296.
Here, the GPS device was used in conjunction with visual surveillance as officers followed Lagrone from the hotel where he had picked up the package and then along public roadways to his ultimate destination, his home. Under Knotts and Karo, use of the GPS device in this manner and to this limited extent did not constitute a search. At oral argument on appeal, Lagrone does not contend or identify any evidence in the record that the police continued to monitor the package using the GPS device after Lagrone had carried it into his home. And the State pointed out that no data obtained from the GPS device was introduced at trial. On these facts, we find no Fourth Amendment violation in the officer's use of the GPS device to track the location of the package. See Knotts, 460 U.S. at 285, 103 S.Ct. 1081.
Next we consider whether the installation and monitoring of the parcel wire constitutes a search under the Fourth Amendment. As explained in Issue One above, Lagrone had no privacy interest in the package once it was opened while in the possession of the commercial shipper and was turned over to law enforcement. See Andreas, 463 U.S. at 771, 103 S.Ct. 3319.
Again, in Karo, law enforcement officers used a beeper to track a container, and the Court held that using the beeper to track the container while on public roads did not violate the Fourth Amendment. 468 U.S. at 717, 104 S.Ct. 3296. But the Court reached a different result with respect to the continued monitoring that occurred once the container was taken inside a residence that some of the defendants had rented. After the container was taken inside the residence, officers used the beeper on two separate days to confirm that the container was still inside. The officers then applied for and obtained a search warrant for the home. The Court stated:
Id. at 717, 104 S.Ct. 3296. And the Court observed that the monitoring of an electronic device like a beeper "reveal[s] a critical fact about the interior of the premises that the Government is extremely interested in knowing and that it could not have otherwise obtained without a warrant." 468 U.S. at 715, 104 S.Ct. 3296. Thus, the Court held that the monitoring of the beeper violated the Fourth Amendment rights of the defendants who had a justifiable privacy interest in the home. Id. at 714, 104 S.Ct. 3296.
In rejecting the Government's argument that warrants should not be required in such circumstances, the Court observed
Id. at 717, 104 S.Ct. 3296 (some citations omitted).
Still, the Government argued that "it would be impossible to describe the `place' to be searched, because the location of the place is precisely what is sought to be discovered through the search." Id. at 718, 104 S.Ct. 3296. But the Court held that "it will still be possible to describe the object into which the beeper is to be placed, the circumstances that led agents to wish to install the beeper, and the length of time for which the beeper surveillance is requested." Id.
Having determined that the monitoring of the parcel wire inside Lagrone's home was a warrantless search, we next consider whether that search was unreasonable. Again, a search is unreasonable unless it satisfies one of the exceptions to the warrant requirement. King, 131 S.Ct. at 1856. Only the exigent circumstances exception might apply on the facts presented.
Finally, we must determine whether the warrantless entry of Lagrone's home violated the Fourth Amendment. As mentioned above, the warrant requirement of the Fourth Amendment is subject to certain reasonable exceptions. King, 131 S.Ct. at 1856. One well-recognized exception applies when "the exigencies of the situation make the needs of law enforcement so compelling that [a] warrantless search is objectively reasonable under the Fourth Amendment." Id. (internal quotation marks omitted) (citation omitted). "Warrantless searches are allowed when the circumstances make it reasonable, within the meaning of the Fourth Amendment, to dispense with the warrant requirement." Id. at 1858. Therefore, as the Supreme Court explained in King:
Id. (emphasis added).
Probable cause to believe contraband is present is necessary to justify a warrantless search, but that alone is not sufficient. United States v. Rubin, 474 F.2d 262, 268 (3rd Cir.1973), cert. denied, 414 U.S. 833, 94 S.Ct. 173, 38 L.Ed.2d 68 (1973). When government agents have probable cause to believe contraband is present and, in addition, based on the surrounding circumstances or the information at hand, they reasonably conclude that the evidence will be destroyed or removed before they can secure a search warrant, a warrantless search is justified. Id. The emergency circumstances will vary from case to case, and the inherent necessities of the situation at the time must be scrutinized. Id.
Id. at 268-69. When a search is conducted without a warrant, the State has the burden of proving that the search falls into one of the exceptions to the warrant requirement. Peters v. State, 888 N.E.2d 274, 278 (Ind.Ct.App.2008) (citation omitted), trans. denied.
Here, the trial court granted Lagrone's motion to suppress the evidence obtained from his home upon execution of a search warrant that police obtained following the warrantless entry of the home. At a hearing a few days later, the court explained the reasoning behind its decision:
February 29 Transcript at 35-36 (emphasis added).
We agree with the trial court that the police officers created the exigent circumstances by the manner in which the investigation occurred. We also agree with the trial court that police could have arrested Lagrone as soon as he picked up the package at the hotel or en route to his house. We emphasize, however, that the police were not required to make the arrest sooner rather than later.
King, 131 S.Ct. at 1860-61 (internal quotation marks and citations omitted). Such a rule would unnecessarily impede police investigations in drug and other contraband cases.
But the facts here fall squarely within the rule in King that a warrantless entry based on exigent circumstances does not violate the Fourth Amendment so long as the police "did not create the exigency by engaging or threatening to engage in conduct that violates the Fourth Amendment." King, 131 S.Ct. at 1858. As discussed above, just as with a beeper, see Karo, 468 U.S. at 715, 104 S.Ct. 3296, the warrantless monitoring of the parcel wire while it was inside the home violated the Fourth Amendment. The exigency here arose only because the officers were alerted by the parcel wire that Lagrone had opened the package, knowledge they acquired by conduct that violated the Fourth Amendment. Under King, the police may not use information obtained in violation of the Fourth Amendment to establish exigent circumstances and avoid the warrant requirement. Thus, on these facts, the exigent circumstances exception to the warrant requirement cannot apply to the warrantless entry of Lagrone's home.
In sum, we conclude that the installation of the GPS device and the parcel wire into the package Lagrone picked up from the hotel did not violate the Fourth Amendment because any privacy interest Lagrone had in the package was lost when UPS opened the package on its premises. Nor did the police monitoring of the GPS device to track the package en route to Lagrone's home violate the Fourth Amendment, because officers also tracked Lagrone on the highway visually. Moreover, the evidence presented does not show that the GPS monitoring continued after Lagrone carried the package into his home.
But the police then monitored the package without a warrant via the parcel wire after the package was inside Lagrone's home. The information obtained from that device, namely, that the package had been opened, could not have been observed from outside the home. As such, the receipt of that information via the parcel wire without a warrant violated Lagrone's Fourth Amendment rights. And under King the
Affirmed.
KIRSCH, J., and MAY, J., concur.
