BAKER, Judge.
This case is one of several termination cases stemming from Magistrate Cartmel's resignation to reach this court. Magistrate Cartmel resigned after the hearing without reporting factual findings or conclusions to the juvenile court. As a result, the case was transferred to Magistrate Larry Bradley. Magistrate Bradley reviewed the record and reported factual findings and conclusions to Judge Marilyn Moores, who approved Magistrate Bradley's findings and conclusions and issued an order terminating Mother's parental rights.
In this case, T.P. (Father) challenges the order terminating his parental rights with regard to his minor son, I.P. Father was
We conclude that Magistrate Bradley's subsequent recommended order terminating Father's parental rights did not violate the trial rules or Father's right to due process. Thus, we decline to set aside the order terminating Father's parental rights and affirm the judgment of the trial court.
I.P. was born on December 11, 2004, and formally removed from Father's care on May 9, 2011, after I.P. was found to be a Child in Need of Services (CHINS).
Father has a history of criminal convictions and periods of incarceration dating back to 1998 and continuing through the two days of the termination hearing that took place on December 20, 2012 and January 15, 2013. Father was represented by counsel at the hearing and he appeared by telephone from Putnamville. The Honorable Julie Cartmel (Magistrate Cartmel) of the Marion County Superior Court Juvenile Division heard the evidence during the two-day hearing.
It was established that Father had never scheduled visitations with I.P. because he never appeared in the CHINS court to make such a request. The last time that Father saw I.P. was in September 2010. The evidence also showed that I.P. has developed a "consistent bond" with his foster caregiver following the removal from Father. Tr. p. 120. Testimony was also presented that adoption is in I.P.'s best interests.
Following the hearing, Magistrate Cartmel took the matter under advisement. However, Magistrate Cartmel subsequently resigned before she issued a ruling. After reviewing the record,
Appellant's App. p. 13. The regular judge of the Marion Superior Court, Juvenile Division, approved Magistrate Bradley's recommendation and also signed the final order terminating Father's parental rights.
Father now appeals, challenging the validity of the manner in which the final order terminating his parental rights was reached.
Father claims that the termination of his parental rights as to I.P. must be set aside. Father does not challenge the substance of the termination order. Rather, his sole argument is that the final recommended ruling made by a magistrate who did not hear the evidence violated his rights to due process and the provisions of Trial Rule 63.
The Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution protects the traditional right of parents to raise their children. Troxel v. Granville, 530 U.S. 57, 65, 120 S.Ct. 2054, 147 L.Ed.2d 49 (2000); Bester v. Lake Cnty. Office of Family & Children, 839 N.E.2d 143, 147 (Ind.2005). But parental rights are not absolute and must be subordinated to the child's interest in determining the proper disposition of a petition to terminate parental rights. In re D.D., 804 N.E.2d 258, 264-65 (Ind.Ct.App.2004). Thus, "parental rights may be terminated when the parents are unable or unwilling to meet their parental responsibilities." Id. at 265. The purpose of terminating parental rights is not to punish parents but to protect their children. In re S.P.H., 806 N.E.2d 874, 880 (Ind.Ct.App.2004).
When reviewing the termination of parental rights, we neither reweigh the evidence nor judge the credibility of the witnesses. In re G.Y., 904 N.E.2d 1257, 1260 (Ind.2009). Instead, we consider only the evidence and reasonable inferences that are most favorable to the judgment below. Id.
The Due Process Clause of the United States Constitution prohibits state action that deprives a person of life, liberty, or property without a fair proceeding. McBride v. Monroe Cnty. Office of Family & Children, 798 N.E.2d 185, 194 (Ind.Ct. App.2003).
Although due process has never been precisely defined, the phrase expresses the requirement of fundamental fairness. In re M.M., 733 N.E.2d 6, 10 (Ind. Ct.App.2000). When the State seeks to terminate the parent-child relationship, it must do so in a manner that meets the requirements of the due process clause. A fundamental requirement of due process is the opportunity to be heard at a meaningful time and in a meaningful manner. Thompson v. Clark Conty. Div. of Family & Children, 791 N.E.2d 792, 795 (Ind.Ct. App.2003).
There is hardly a more fundamental right than a parent's right to raise his or her own child. The interest of a parent in the care, custody, and control of his children is arguably one of the oldest of our fundamental liberty interests. In re E.D., 902 N.E.2d 316, 321 (Ind.Ct.App.2009). Similarly, the State's interest in protecting the welfare of children who cannot protect themselves is also substantial. In re A.B., 922 N.E.2d 740, 745 (Ind.Ct.App.2010).
In this case, the evidence demonstrated that Father has not seen I.P. since September 2010. This is primarily because of Father's repeated incarcerations and his inability to provide a safe and stable home for I.P. Since that time, I.P. has bonded to his caregivers. Tr. p. 96, 120. Delays in adjudicating a termination of parental rights case impose significant costs upon the functions of government as well as intangible costs to the lives of the children involved. Once I.P. was placed outside his home, he has never been returned. And when the hearing was conducted on the termination petition, I.P.'s family case manager recognized that I.P. required a "normal sense of a consistent life . . . and that his best chance at having that is . . . for him to be adopted with the current caregiver." Tr. p. 124.
As noted above, Magistrate Bradley reviewed the record. Absent his careful review of the evidence, he would have been unable to issue the specific and
Father was represented by counsel throughout the two-day hearing. Appellant's App. p. 5-11. Father's counsel was provided with the opportunity to cross-examine the State's witnesses, as well as the opportunity to introduce evidence in defense of the action. Under these circumstances, we have recognized that the risk of an inaccurate result decreases significantly. In re C.T., 896 N.E.2d 571, 587 (Ind.Ct.App.2008). It is apparent that counsel protected Father's interests during the trial, thus decreasing the chance of an error in the evidence that Magistrate Bradley had reviewed.
In sum, Father has failed to demonstrate how he was prejudiced as a result of Magistrate Bradley's issuance of findings of fact and conclusions of law and recommended order after reviewing the evidence. Thus, Father's claim that his right to due process was violated fails.
Father also contends that Magistrate Bradley's order terminating the parent-child relationship between Father and I.P. is void because it violated the provisions of Indiana Trial Rule 63(A). Specifically, Father maintains that Magistrate Bradley improperly entered findings in this case because he had no authority to rule on the DCS's petition to terminate Father's parental rights under the rule.
In resolving this issue, we first turn to the relevant provisions of Trial Rule 63(A):
In this case, it is apparent that Magistrate Cartmel was unavailable to suggest a final order or judgment regarding the petition to terminate Father's rights because she resigned from her magistrate position after the final hearing but before a ruling was made. Under Trial Rule 63(A), any other judge regularly sitting in the judicial circuit asked to rule in the present case could, in his or her discretion, grant a new trial or hearing if he was satisfied that the substitute duties for Magistrate Cartmel could not be performed. Similarly, Magistrate Bradley is in the same superior court as was Magistrate Cartmel. Thus, he could prepare findings from a record that was created before the initial judge, or he could have granted a new hearing if he deemed it necessary to do so. See Ruby v. State, 166 Ind.App. 310, 315, 335 N.E.2d 635, 638 (1975) (finding no error when the judge who heard the evidence in a post-conviction relief case found against the petitioner but later died, and the judge's successor, with the assistance of the record of the hearing, made the required findings consistent with the previous decision). Like the circumstances in Ruby, we find no error in Magistrate Bradley's issuance of the recommended order on the pending termination petition. Rather, the decision to issue the order that was consistent with the evidence presented at the termination hearing was a logical one, and permitting the decision to linger would have delayed I.P.'s permanent placement. For all these reasons, we decline to set aside the order terminating Father's parental rights as to I.P.
The judgment of the trial court is affirmed.
FRIEDLANDER, J., concurs.
VAIDIK, J., concurs in result with an opinion.
VAIDIK, Judge, concurring in result.
In this case, the majority concludes that Father's due-process rights were not violated when Magistrate Bradley reviewed the record and reported findings and conclusions to Judge Moores, despite the fact that Magistrate Bradley did not preside over the underlying evidentiary hearing. I respectfully concur in result because I agree, but my reasoning differs from the majority's.
The State must satisfy the requirements of the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution when it seeks to terminate the parent-child relationship. Castro v. State Office of Family & Children, 842 N.E.2d 367, 375 (Ind.Ct.App.2006) (citation omitted), trans. denied. Due process in parental-rights cases involves the balancing of three factors: (1) the private interests affected by the proceeding; (2) the risk of error created by the State's chosen procedure; and (3) the countervailing government interest supporting the use of the challenged procedure. In re C.G., 954 N.E.2d 910, 917 (Ind.2011) (citing A.P. v. Porter Cnty. Office of Family & Children, 734 N.E.2d 1107, 1112 (Ind.Ct.App.2000), reh'g denied, trans. denied). The private interest affected by the proceeding is substantial—a
Where evidence is heard by a trial judge who later dies or resigns from office before making findings or ruling on the evidence, the general rule is that a successor judge may not make findings or conclusions without a trial de novo. In re A.S. et al., 912 N.E.2d 840, 845 (Ind.Ct.App.2009) (citing Farner v. Farner, 480 N.E.2d 251, 257 (Ind.Ct.App.1985)), trans. denied. "This is because `a party to an action is entitled to a determination of the issues by the jury or judge that heard the evidence.'" Farner, 480 N.E.2d at 257 (citation omitted). "In a case where the resolution of a material issue requires a determination as to the weight and credibility of testimony, due process requires that the trier of fact hear all of the evidence necessary to make a meaningful evaluation." Id. (citation omitted). When a successor judge attempts to resolve credibility and weight-of-evidence issues without having heard the evidence and observed the demeanor of witnesses, the judge deprives the parties of an essential element of the trial process. Urbanational Developers, Inc. v. Shamrock Eng'g, Inc., 175 Ind.App. 416, 372 N.E.2d 742, 746 (1978) (citation omitted). "Such an undertaking by the successor judge is against the logic and effect of the facts and circumstances before the court and amounts to an abuse of discretion." Id.
In two other cases stemming from Magistrate Cartmel's resignation, this Court focused on the issues of credibility and weight of evidence. In D.P., another panel of this Court concluded that a father's due-process rights were violated when Magistrate Bradley reviewed the record and reported factual findings and conclusions that Judge Moores later approved. In re D.P., 994 N.E.2d 1228 (Ind.Ct.App.2013). In D.P., the father testified and witnesses gave conflicting testimony regarding the child's removal and the father's ability to remedy the conditions leading to removal. Because the evidence was in conflict and credibility determinations had to be made, the panel determined that a new evidentiary hearing was required. In the second case, this panel affirmed a termination order based on Magistrate Bradley's review of the record. In re S.B. et al., ___ N.E.2d ___, No. 49A02-1303-JT-244, 2013 WL 5799433 (Ind.Ct.App. Oct. 29, 2013). In S.B., there was no dispute that the mother, who did not appear during the termination proceedings, had failed to complete required services and had not secured stable housing or employment. There was also no dispute that the mother had stopped visiting the children and communicating with caseworkers. We concluded that Magistrate Bradley did not err by reviewing the record and reporting findings and conclusions to Judge Moores without holding a new evidentiary hearing because there were no credibility issues and the evidence was undisputed.
The same is true here. Appearing by phone at the termination hearing, Father did not dispute the State's evidence against him; namely, that his extensive criminal history made him unavailable to parent his son. Father has been convicted of six felonies since I.P.'s birth, and as a
Because both the State and Father have substantial interests in this termination proceeding, when determining what process is due, we focus on the risk of error. See C.G., 954 N.E.2d at 917. Any risk presented by the procedure used here is minimal. The evidence was not in dispute and there were no credibility determinations to be made. And Father was ably represented by counsel who had the opportunity to present evidence in his favor and cross-examine witnesses. See Tillotson v. Clay Cnty. Dep't of Family & Children, 777 N.E.2d 741, 746 (Ind.Ct.App.2002) (Proper representation by counsel in a termination proceeding significantly decreases the risk of an inaccurate result.), trans. denied.
Our Courts have long recognized that parental rights "constitute an important interest warranting deference and protection," while simultaneously acknowledging that "children have an interest in terminating parental rights that prevent adoption and inhibit establishing secure, stable, long-term, continuous relationships." C.G., 954 N.E.2d at 917 (citations omitted). Having considered Father's rights at length, it should also be said that his child, I.P., has an undeniable interest in securing permanency and finality.
Because the evidence was undisputed and Magistrate Bradley was not required to make any credibility determinations, I agree that Father's due-process rights were not violated in this case, and I respectfully concur in result.