CRONE, Judge.

Case Summary

While on probation for other crimes, Lonny Hodges was charged with class C felony possessing chemical reagents or precursors with intent to manufacture a controlled substance, and class D felony possession of methamphetamine. The evidence supporting these charges was discovered during a warrantless search of a garage on Hodges's property. Hodges filed a motion to suppress the evidence, arguing that the warrantless and suspicionless search violated his constitutional rights pursuant to both the Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution and Article 1, Section 11 of the Indiana Constitution. The trial court denied the motion. The trial court certified its decision at Hodges's request, and we accepted jurisdiction of this interlocutory appeal. Finding no constitutional violation, we affirm the denial of the motion to suppress.

Facts and Procedural History1

Hodges was convicted of certain unrelated crimes and, as part of his sentences, began serving probation on December 31, 2013. On that date, Hodges met with his probation officer, Rene Osborn, and reviewed the terms and conditions of his probation with her. He signed an acknowledgement of the conditions of his probation which provides in relevant part: "You waive your right against search and seizure, and shall permit a Probation Officer, or any law enforcement officer acting on a Probation Officer's behalf, to search your person, residence, motor vehicle, or any location where your personal property may be found, to insure compliance with probation." Appellant's App. at 12.2 Just above Hodges's signature, the document reads:

Id. at 13.

Prior to Hodges's probationary period, around late springtime 2013, Indiana State Police Senior Trooper Brandon McBrier conducted a traffic stop of an individual named Michael Meade. Meade identified himself as Hodges's brother-in-law and informed Trooper McBrier that Hodges had been manufacturing methamphetamine in a garage located on Hodges's property in Mentone. Meade described the location of Hodges's property to Trooper McBrier and described the property as consisting of a trailer with a detached garage. That summer, Trooper McBrier spoke to Sergeant Matt Rapp of the Kosciusko County Drug Task Force, who confirmed that the Task Force was aware of information that indicated that Hodges was manufacturing methamphetamine. Then, during the fall of 2013, Trooper McBrier conducted a traffic stop of a female driver who told him that Hodges was a methamphetamine "cook." Tr. at 32.

Sometime in February 2014, Trooper McBrier ran a computer search of pseudoephedrine and ephedrine purchases and discovered that between 2007 and February 2014, Hodges made approximately sixty-six purchases. Hodges's wife made sixty-three purchases during the same time period. Trooper McBrier believed that the consistent pattern of purchases was indicative of individuals who are buying the drug to manufacture methamphetamine.

Trooper McBrier subsequently learned that Hodges was on probation, so he spoke to Hodges's probation officer, Osborn, about the information that he had gathered about Hodges. Osborn decided that she wanted to visit Hodges at his home to check his compliance with the probation conditions. She asked Trooper McBrier to accompany her due to his experience with the hazardous chemicals used to manufacture methamphetamine, and they decided that the home visit would occur on February 27, 2014. However, when Hodges appeared a day early for his probation appointment on February 26, Osborn decided to conduct the home visit with Hodges right after the appointment, and she contacted Trooper McBrier. Osborn required Hodges to submit to a drug test, and then she, Trooper McBrier, and Hodges proceeded to the address in Mentone that Hodges had provided to probation as his home address. Appellant's App. at 11.

When they arrived at Hodges's property, Hodges informed Osborn and Trooper McBrier that his home had burned down and that only the detached garage was left. He stated that he was actually living in his in-laws' home, which was approximately 100 yards away from the garage. Trooper McBrier noticed that snow had been removed from the drive into the garage. Osborn told Hodges that she wanted to search the garage, and Hodges opened the door. Trooper McBrier and Osborn entered the garage and searched it. They found a twelve-gauge shotgun and several clumps of a white crystal-like substance, as well as numerous chemicals, precursors, and other items used to manufacture methamphetamine. Osborn later took Hodges to his in-laws' residence and searched his bedroom and a vehicle, but found nothing noteworthy.

On March 7, 2014, the State charged Hodges with class C felony possessing chemical reagents or precursors with intent to manufacture a controlled substance, and class D felony possession of methamphetamine. Hodges filed a motion to suppress the evidence obtained during the search of his garage, arguing that the warrantless and suspicionless search violated his rights under the Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution and Article 1, Section 11 of the Indiana Constitution. Following a hearing, the trial court entered its findings of fact and conclusions thereon denying the motion to suppress. This interlocutory appeal ensued.

Discussion and Decision

"When reviewing a trial court's denial of a defendant's motion to suppress, we view conflicting factual evidence in the light most favorable to the ruling but we will also consider substantial and uncontested evidence favorable to the defendant." Wertz v. State, 41 N.E.3d 276, 279 (Ind.Ct.App.2015), trans. denied. However, the constitutionality of a search or seizure is a question of law, which we review de novo. Id.

"Both the Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution and Article [1], Section 11 of the Indiana Constitution require in general that searches should be conducted pursuant to a warrant supported by probable cause." State v. Schlechty, 926 N.E.2d 1, 3 (Ind.2010) (footnotes omitted), cert. denied (2011).3 "And both this jurisdiction and the federal courts have recognized various exceptions to the warrant requirement." Id. "When a search is conducted without a warrant, the State has the burden of proving that an exception to the warrant requirement existed at the time of the search." Sugg v. State, 991 N.E.2d 601, 607 (Ind.Ct.App. 2013), trans. denied. With regard to the Fourth Amendment, our supreme court in Schlechty recognized that "a warrantless search may be justified on the basis of reasonable suspicion to believe that the probationer has engaged in criminal activity and that a search condition is one of the terms of probation." 926 N.E.2d at 6 (citing United States v. Knights, 534 U.S. 112, 122, 122 S.Ct. 587, 151 L.Ed.2d 497 (2001)).

In the current case, Hodges asserts that the warrantless search of his garage was unconstitutional because it was not based upon reasonable suspicion that he had violated his probation or was engaged in criminal activity and also because the search condition contained in the rules of his probation is invalid. The State maintains that the search complied with constitutional dictates and that the need for reasonable suspicion was obviated because Hodges waived his rights as to search and seizure and agreed, by virtue of the terms and conditions of his probation, to warrantless and suspicionless searches of his property. Although Hodges's motion to suppress alleged that the search violated both the Fourth Amendment and Article 1, Section 11, he appears to have abandoned his Fourth Amendment challenge on appeal and asserts only that the search violated Article 1, Section 11. Thus, we address the arguments presented under our state constitution.

The search of the garage did not violate Article 1, Section 11 of the Indiana Constitution.

Section 1 — Reasonable suspicion is not required for probation searches conducted pursuant to a valid search condition.

We first address Hodges's claim that the search of his garage was unconstitutional because it was not based upon reasonable suspicion. In State v. Vanderkolk, 32 N.E.3d 775 (Ind.2015), a Fourth Amendment case, our supreme court very broadly held that "Indiana probationers and community corrections participants who have consented or been clearly informed that the conditions of their probation or community corrections program unambiguously authorize warrantless and suspicionless searches, may thereafter be subject to such searches during the period of their probationary or community corrections status." Id. at 779. The Vanderkolk court specifically distinguished its prior decision in Schlechty, also a Fourth Amendment probation search case, stating that although "we noted that reasonable suspicion existed" in Schlechty, "we did not hold that reasonable suspicion was an essential prerequisite to a search of a probationer whose conditions of probation contained a valid search condition." Id. The crux of the Vanderkolk holding is that a probation search need not be supported by reasonable suspicion and may be predicated solely upon a valid search condition contained in the conditions of probation. Thus, a probationer's argument that a probation search lacked reasonable suspicion is unequivocally no longer a legitimate objection under the Fourth Amendment and Vanderkolk. See State v. Terrell, 40 N.E.3d 501, 505 (Ind.Ct.App.2015). Instead, only the method of execution, and not the scope, of the search would be subject to a reasonableness challenge. Id.4

Hodges claims that despite our supreme court's broad holding in Vanderkolk, reasonable suspicion is still required to support a warrantless probation search under the Indiana Constitution. While the language of Article 1, Section 11 is virtually identical to its Fourth Amendment counterpart, our supreme court has "made an explicit point to interpret and apply Section 11 independently from federal Fourth Amendment jurisprudence." Mitchell v. State, 745 N.E.2d 775, 786 (Ind. 2001). Generally, under Indiana law, the reasonableness of a search or seizure turns on the "totality of the circumstances" and a balance of: (1) the degree of concern, suspicion, or knowledge that a violation has occurred; (2) the degree of intrusion the method of the search imposes on the citizen's ordinary activities; and (3) the extent of law enforcement needs. Litchfield v. State, 824 N.E.2d 356, 361 (Ind. 2005).

However, in light of "Vanderkolk's expansive endorsement of warrantless and suspicionless probation searches under the Fourth Amendment" we conclude that a separate Litchfield analysis is not required here. Cf. Terrell, 40 N.E.3d at 506 (stating that it was "questionable" whether a separate Litchfield analysis is required in considering the reasonableness of probation searches in light of Vanderkolk holding). Indeed, we agree with the State that such separate analysis is unnecessary, as it "would have made little sense for our Supreme Court to pen such a broad holding if the Court had simply intended to continue a requirement of prior reasonable suspicion for any probation-related search." Appellee's Br. at 18. Because lack of reasonable suspicion is no longer a legitimate objection to the constitutionality of Indiana probation searches pursuant to Vanderkolk, we turn to Hodges's remaining assertion regarding the validity of the warrantless search provision contained in his conditions of probation.

Section 2 — The search condition clearly expressed and unambiguously informed Hodges that he could be subject to warrantless and suspicionless searches.

Hodges contends that the warrantless search provision contained in his conditions of probation is invalid because it did not specifically advise him that he was waiving his right to search and seizure under the Indiana Constitution or that he was specifically consenting to warrantless and suspicionless searches.5 The Vanderkolk court did not specify what a valid search condition must look like under the Fourth Amendment or the Indiana Constitution, but merely stated that Indiana probationers must be "unambiguously informed of a clearly expressed search condition in the conditions of their release to probation." 32 N.E.3d at 779.6

The U.S. Supreme Court has concluded that a probation order providing that the probationer would "[s]ubmit his... person, property, place or residence, vehicle, personal effects, to search at anytime, with or without a search warrant, warrant of arrest or reasonable cause by any probation officer or law enforcement officer" constituted a "clearly expressed" search condition that "unambiguously informed" the defendant who signed the order submitting to the condition. See Knights, 534 U.S. at 119, 122 S.Ct. 587. In Terrell, we implied that much less substantial language providing that the probationer waived "any and all rights as to search and seizure under the laws and Constitution of both the United States and the State of Indiana" and agreed to submit to "reasonable search and seizure" of his property or residence at any time by any probation officer, or any accompanying law enforcement officer, was a valid and clearly expressed search condition. See Terrell, 40 N.E.3d at 503, 505.

The search condition here provided: "You waive your right against search and seizure, and shall permit a Probation Officer, or any law enforcement officer acting on a Probation Officer's behalf, to search your person, residence, motor vehicle, or any location where your personal property may be found, to insure compliance with probation." Appellant's App. at 12. First, because Hodges signed the rules of probation submitting to the foregoing search condition, we conclude that he was "unambiguously" aware of it. See, e.g., Samson v. California, 547 U.S. 843, 852, 126 S.Ct. 2193, 165 L.Ed.2d 250 (2006) (looking to prior decision in Knights and noting that probationer who signed an order submitting to the probation search condition was "unambiguously" aware of it). Moreover, we believe that the language here, albeit somewhat minimal, was sufficient to constitute a clearly expressed search condition, as it specifically advised Hodges that he was waiving his "right against search and seizure." Appellant's App. at 12. Although Hodges posits that this mere reference to the right against search and seizure did not clearly express to him exactly what constitutional protections he was giving up when consenting to the rules of probation, we agree with the State that it would make little sense to require a boilerplate reference to our federal or state constitutions in order for the search condition to be considered valid. In light of our supreme court's expansive holding in Vanderkolk, and its observation that "the willingness of judicial officers to grant conditional release is likely to be impaired if supervision is uncertain or difficult," 32 N.E.3d at 779, we think that the language used here was within constitutional parameters.

In sum, the search of Hodges's garage did not violate Article 1, Section 11 of the Indiana Constitution. Accordingly, the trial court properly denied Hodges's motion to suppress the evidence obtained as a result of the search. We affirm the trial court's order.

Affirmed.

BAILEY, J., concurs.

VAIDIK, C.J., concurs in result with opinion.

VAIDIK, Chief Judge, concurring in result.

I agree with the result reached by the majority, but I do not agree that State v. Vanderkolk, 32 N.E.3d 775 (Ind.2015), bars all probationers who are subject to search conditions from raising lack-of-reasonable-suspicion challenges to probation searches. I do not believe that is what our Supreme Court held in Vanderkolk, and extending Vanderkolk to apply to all probationers is inconsistent with United States Supreme Court precedent. However, because reasonable suspicion existed to search Hodges' garage, I respectfully concur in result.

In Vanderkolk, the Court addressed a search of the residence of an offender "who was on home detention under Community Corrections supervision[.]" 32 N.E.3d at 775. The opinion did not state whether the offender had been directly placed in a community-corrections program, see Ind.Code §§ 35-38-2.6-3 and -4.5, or instead was on probation and was simply being supervised by a community-corrections program, see Ind.Code §§ 35-38-2.5-5. Rather, the Court made clear that the precise legal basis for the placement was irrelevant and that the critical fact was that the offender was on home detention:

Vanderkolk, 32 N.E.3d at 776-77 (emphases added).

Here, the majority relies on a later passage from Vanderkolk, in which the Court did not specifically mention the home-detention aspect of the case:

Id. at 779. However, it is my opinion that the Court's introductory home-detention discussion, quoted above, served to limit its holding to searches of probationers (and community-corrections participants) who have been placed on home detention. If that was not the Court's intention, then the in-depth discussion of home detention was pointless.

This limited reading of Vanderkolk is consistent with the United States Supreme Court's decisions in this area. In 1987, the Court described probation's place on the "continuum" of sentencing options:

Griffin v. Wisconsin, 483 U.S. 868, 874, 107 S.Ct. 3164, 97 L.Ed.2d 709 (1987). In Griffin, the Court upheld a search that was conducted pursuant to a state regulation that permitted "any probation officer to search a probationer's home without a warrant as long as his supervisor approves and as long as there are `reasonable grounds' to believe the presence of contraband[.]" Id. at 870, 107 S.Ct. 3164 (emphasis added).

Fourteen years after Griffin, in United States v. Knights, the Court addressed the search of the apartment of an offender whose conditions of probation purported to allow searches "with or without... reasonable cause" (i.e., suspicionless searches). 534 U.S. 112, 114, 122 S.Ct. 587, 151 L.Ed.2d 497 (2001). In upholding the search in question, the Court looked at the totality of the circumstances, treating the seemingly limitless probation search condition as merely one "salient circumstance." Id. at 118, 122 S.Ct. 587. The Court did not say that the search condition, standing alone, was conclusive. To the contrary, notwithstanding the fact that the search condition specifically provided for suspicionless searches, the Court expressly based its holding on the fact that the officer had reasonable suspicion. Id. at 122, 122 S.Ct. 587 ("We therefore hold that the warrantless search of Knights, supported by reasonable suspicion and authorized by a condition of probation, was reasonable within the meaning of the Fourth Amendment.").

It is true that the Court most recently held that parolees in California, who are subject to suspicionless searches pursuant to state statute, cannot challenge parole searches based on lack of reasonable suspicion. Samson v. California, 547 U.S. 843, 126 S.Ct. 2193, 165 L.Ed.2d 250 (2006). In doing so, however, the Court made a point to distinguish between parolees and probationers:

Id. at 850, 126 S.Ct. 2193 (emphasis added, citations omitted, formatting altered).

In Vanderkolk, our Supreme Court extended Samson to Indiana probationers (and community-corrections participants) who have been placed on home detention. Here, the majority understood Vanderkolk to take a much more significant step and extend Samson to all probationers. I do not believe Vanderkolk extends so far.

Applying Samson to probationers on home detention made sense, since a probationer on home detention is just as restricted as some parolees, and even more restricted than other parolees. An offender who is on home detention is in many ways a prisoner, and a search of his property is much like a search of a prison cell. But as the United States Supreme Court recognized in Griffin, there are different levels of probation that constitute different points on the continuum between solitary confinement in a maximum-security prison and a few hours of community service. 483 U.S. at 874, 107 S.Ct. 3164. Probation can be "more or less confining depending upon the number and severity of restrictions imposed." Id.

Extending Vanderkolk to all probationers would render these differences meaningless. A first-time offender on unsupervised probation for Class C misdemeanor driving without a license could be subjected to suspicionless searches7 just the same as a person on intensive, home-detention probation following a lengthy prison term for armed robbery. The United States Supreme Court did not sanction such a result in Samson, the Indiana Supreme Court did not sanction such a result in Vanderkolk, and this Court should not sanction such a result here.

Instead, we should simply affirm the trial court's well-reasoned conclusion that the search of Hodges' garage was justified by a reasonable suspicion that Hodges was engaged in criminal activity. Hodges was not on home detention like the offender in Vanderkolk, nor was he on some other form of highly restrictive probation. He was on standard probation for a non-violent, non-drug-related crime. Therefore, I would hold that (1) Hodges could be subjected to a probation search only upon reasonable suspicion of criminal activity and (2) reasonable suspicion existed in this case.