SHEPARD, Chief Justice.
The trial court granted a petition for attorneys' fees in this case after it dismissed appellant R.L. Turner Corp.'s suit against the Town of Brownsburg. Turner has contended, principally, that the court "had no jurisdiction" to act once the dismissal had occurred. This misapprehends the nature of jurisdiction. We affirm, as did the Court of Appeals.
In February 2004, the Town of Brownsburg, Indiana, contracted Burgess & Niple, Inc. to provide architectural services for a new municipal complex. To carry out the project, the Town incorporated the Brownsburg Municipal Building Corporation (BMBC) on April 22, 2004.
The Town later assigned to BMBC all the Town's rights under its agreement with the architect, on March 17, 2005. That same day, R.L. Turner Corp. entered into a $12 million contract with BMBC to serve as the general contractor in charge of building the municipal complex.
Unfortunately, contract disputes between Turner and BMBC stalled the project. On August 21, 2007, Turner filed a complaint against BMBC in Hendricks Superior Court. The complaint sought compensation in quantum meruit for the work Turner had performed on the project to date. (Appellant's App. at 71.)
On April 30, 2009, Greg Turner and Mendel Smith, both Turner representatives, met with Ken Krohne, president of BMBC, to discuss settlement. Turner prepared a written settlement proposal that provided for the signatures of both the president of BMBC (Krohne), and the president of the Town Council (Gary Hood). BMBC's legal counsel Sydney Steele did not receive any notice of the proposal or have the chance to review it. Because Krohne was planning to leave for Florida the following day, he signed the proposal conditionally, intending that it become binding only on Steele's approval and the assent of the Town Council.
On May 5, 2009, two members of the BMBC board of directors met and conditionally approved the settlement proposal subject to some date changes and subject to the approval by the Brownsburg Town Council, as provided for in the proposal. Krohne was not physically present but participated by phone from Florida. Steele was not present, either. No one acting on behalf of the Town Council ever signed the proposal, nor did anyone return the proposed settlement letter to Turner.
Steele later received the proposal and sat down to review it. (Appellant's App. at 277.) He informed BMBC that because a quorum was not physically present during the May 5th meeting, it could still rescind its conditional approval. (Appellant's App. at 281.) Raising several issues about the proposal, Steele recommended that BMBC not approve it. (Appellant's App. at 277-79.) On May 14, 2009, the BMBC board rescinded its prior approval. (Appellant's App. at 271-72.)
On October 28, 2009, Turner's counsel, Michael Einterz, sent Steele a letter marked confidential. The letter asserted at length that the Indiana Rules of Professional Conduct required Steele to withdraw as counsel.
Only the second paragraph of the letter referred to Turner's decision to file suit against the Town. Einterz stated that it was clear that Turner, "in order to sufficiently protect their rights, [would] be required to file suit against the Town." (Appellant's App. at 56-57.) As for the substance of that suit, Einterz explained,
Steele responded to Einterz's letter by rejecting the demand that he withdraw from representing BMBC. Citing Indiana Code § 34-52-1-1 (2008) and arguing that any attempt to force a withdrawal or any suit for tortious interference would be frivolous, unreasonable, and groundless, Steele warned Einterz that the Town and BMBC would seek attorneys' fees if Turner filed suit. (Appellant's App. at 58-59.)
On December 11, 2009, Turner sued the Town for tortious interference with a business relationship. Turner alleged that Turner and BMBC entered into a valid settlement agreement and that the Town intentionally interfered with that business relationship between the parties. It alleged that Einterz's letter to Steele constituted the tort claim notice to the Town Council required by the Indiana Tort Claims Act. (Appellant's App. at 50, 56-57.)
On December 29, 2009, Steele wrote to Einterz, asking Turner to dismiss the suit. After detailing what the Town believed constituted misrepresentations of fact, Steele set out why he believed the allegations in Turner's complaint were legally insufficient on their face. Steele closed his letter by citing Section 34-52-1-1 again and warning Einterz that the Town would seek its attorneys' fees and costs for having to defend against Turner's suit. (Appellant's App. at 9.)
In January 2010, the Town moved to dismiss Turner's complaint. In particular, it argued that Turner had failed to allege any facts to establish an independent illegal action, an intentional interference, or a lack of justification for the action—three of the six requisite elements of a claim for tortious interference with a business relationship. Moreover, the Town argued that Turner had failed to provide notice to the Town's governing body within 180 days, as required by the Tort Claims Act. In addition to a dismissal of Turner's claim, the Town prayed "for its costs, including attorneys' fees incurred by it to defend this action, and all other just and proper relief." (Appellee's App. at 5-6.)
Thereafter, Turner also filed an amended complaint. Turner restyled its original claim as a tortious interference with a contractual relationship, a slightly different tort with overlapping but slightly different elements. It also added a claim for quantum meruit, and two claims for breaches of a duty to a third-party beneficiary.
The Town then moved to dismiss all four claims in the amended complaint and sought partial summary judgment on the tortious interference claim. Arguing that Turner's claims were frivolous, unreasonable, and groundless, the Town included a request for attorneys' fees. (Appellant's App. at 133-34, 156-62.)
On May 3, 2010, the trial court held a hearing on the Town's motions. On May 18, 2010, the court granted both the Town's motions, setting out findings of fact and conclusions of law as respects all four of Turner's claims. It ordered "[c]osts to be assessed against the plaintiff, R.L. Turner Corporation." (Appellant's App. at 323.) Neither the order nor any other part of the judgment referred to attorneys' fees expressly.
Turner did not file a notice of appeal or a motion to correct error within thirty days of the court entering its judgment.
On either July 16th or 19th (it matters not which, for present purposes), the Town filed a renewed petition for attorneys' fees
Turner responded by arguing that it had a sufficient basis for filing the suit, that the Town had failed to establish a foundation for the attorneys' fees, and that the Town's petition for fees essentially constituted an untimely motion to reconsider. (Appellant's App. at 351-61.) The court granted the Town's petition.
Turner appealed, but the Court of Appeals affirmed. R.L. Turner Corp. v. Town of Brownsburg, 949 N.E.2d 372 (Ind. Ct.App.2011). We granted transfer, R.L. Turner Corp. v. Town of Brownsburg, 962 N.E.2d 646 (Ind.2011) (table), thereby vacating the opinion of the Court of Appeals.
We review a trial court's decision to grant a petition for attorneys' fees for an abuse of discretion. Emergency Physicians of Indianapolis v. Pettit, 714 N.E.2d 1111, 1115 (Ind.Ct.App.), adopted in part, 718 N.E.2d 753, 757 (Ind.1999). A trial court has abused its discretion if its decision clearly contravenes the logic and effect of the facts and circumstances or if the court has misinterpreted the law. Turner v. State, 953 N.E.2d 1039 (Ind. 2011). As such, we continue to review for clear error any findings of fact and de novo any legal conclusions on which the trial court based its decision. Emergency Physicians, 714 N.E.2d at 1115.
Turner's leading argument is that the trial court lacked jurisdiction to enter the order on fees because entering a final judgment terminates a trial court's jurisdiction and the order granting the Town's motions to dismiss and for partial summary judgment constituted a final judgment. (Appellant's Br. at 7-8.)
The Town replies that the court "had the legal authority and thus jurisdiction" to consider the petition even after it entered a final judgment in the Town's favor. (Appellee's Br. at 7.)
To act in a given case, a trial court must possess both subject matter jurisdiction and personal jurisdiction. See K.S. v. State, 849 N.E.2d 538 (Ind.2006); see also Perry v. Stitzer Buick GMC, Inc., 637 N.E.2d 1282 (Ind.1994). Subject matter jurisdiction exists when the Indiana Constitution or a statute grants the court the power to hear and decide cases of the general class to which any particular proceeding belongs. K.S., 849 N.E.2d at 540; see also Blanck v. Ind. Dep't of Corr., 829 N.E.2d 505 (Ind.2005). Personal jurisdiction exists when a defendant both has sufficient minimum contacts within the state to justify a court subjecting the defendant to its control, and has received proper notice of a suit against him in that court. See LinkAmerica Corp. v. Albert, 857 N.E.2d 961 (Ind.2006).
We recently noted a tendency to confuse jurisdictional defects with legal errors. K.S., 849 N.E.2d at 541. Indeed, a party who was asleep at the wheel has a powerful incentive to couch a claim of procedural error as a jurisdictional defect either to circumvent the doctrine of waiver or to open up an avenue for collateral attack. Id. (citing J.I. Case Co. v. Sandefur, 245 Ind. 213, 197 N.E.2d 519 (1964); Restatement (Second) of Judgments § 11 cmt. e (1982)). This tendency gained steam as it became common to speak of "jurisdiction over a particular case," a concept we abolished in the hope of clarifying the nature of jurisdiction in Indiana trial courts. Id. at 540. Indiana is rather ordinary on this topic; like most states, we see these matters much as William Blackstone did.
Instead, we think of a court's ruling as deciding the case such that any of its acts after judgment implicate not its jurisdiction, but rather court rules and judicial doctrines that safeguard the finality of judgments. So, the question here is one of procedural error, not jurisdiction.
Indiana adheres to the American rule that in general, a party must pay his own attorneys' fees absent an agreement between the parties, a statute, or other rule to the contrary. State Bd. of Tax Comm'rs v. Town of St. John, 751 N.E.2d 657 (Ind.2001). Still, the General Recovery Rule in Indiana Code § 34-52-1-1(a) provides that a prevailing party shall recover costs in all civil actions. Subsection (b) provides that a court may further award attorneys' fees "as part of the cost to the prevailing party" if the court finds that the losing party advanced a frivolous claim or defense. Indiana Code § 34-13-3-21 authorizes a court to award attorneys' fees "as part of the costs" to a defendant governmental entity on similar grounds. Indiana Trial Rule 54(D) implements this same framework, providing that a prevailing party may recover "costs" as a matter of course unless a statute or rule expressly provides otherwise or the trial court directs otherwise in accordance with any provision of law.
Turner argues that the trial court's original judgment granting the Town's motion to dismiss and its motion for partial summary judgment neither actually awarded attorneys' fees nor reserved the matter for later adjudication. (Appellant's Br. at 12-13.) As Turner points out, the judgment referred only to "costs," a term of art that, Turner asserts, excludes attorneys' fees. (Appellant's Br. at 12-13.) Because the Town prayed for attorneys' fees in both its motions and the court did not grant them in its judgment, Turner argues, the later petition for attorneys' fees constituted a motion to alter or amend the judgment. (Appellant's Br. at 1011.) That motion was untimely, Turner concludes, because the Town filed it roughly sixty days after the trial court entered its final judgment. (Appellant's Br. at 14-15.)
The Town responds that Turner mischaracterizes its petition as a motion for reconsideration or to correct error for two reasons: first, by using the word "costs," the judgment reserved to the trial court the power to award attorneys' fees at a later date; and second, the question of attorneys' fees is a collateral matter that does not alter the merits of the judgment in any event. (Appellee's Br. at 9-10.) At oral argument, counsel for the Town argued that given the lack of a time limit in Sections 34-13-3-21 or 34-52-1-1(b), or Indiana Trial Rule 54(D), a petition for fees would be timely at any time after a final judgment, subject only to the discretion of the trial court.
A. Awarding "Costs" in the Judgment. Indiana courts have always understood "costs" as a term of art that includes filing fees and statutory witness fees but does not include attorneys' fees. See, e.g., Wiley v. McShane, 875 N.E.2d 273 (Ind. Ct.App.2007); see also Van Winkle v. Nash, 761 N.E.2d 856 (Ind.Ct.App.2002). That should come as no surprise given
We take the routine and summary award of "costs" to the prevailing party simply to mean here what it usually means—filing fees and witness fees. It did not mean that the trial court had either granted or denied the Town's request for attorneys' fees.
B. Petitions for Attorneys' Fees as Untimely Motions. Even after the matter proceeds to a final judgment, however, a party may still move the court to reopen, under the limited exceptions for motions to reconsider, motions to correct error under Indiana Trial Rule 59, and motions for relief from judgment under Indiana Trial Rule 60(B). A party must file a motion to correct error within thirty days of the judgment. Ind. Trial Rule 59(C). A party must file a motion for relief from judgment within a reasonable time after or within one year of the judgment, depending on the grounds on which the party seeks relief. Ind. Trial Rule 60(B).
By contrast, Indiana Trial Rule 54(D), which governs orders awarding costs to the prevailing party but does not expressly mention attorneys' fees, does not contain any such traditional time limit for filing a motion for costs.
As a result, when a prevailing party files a petition for attorneys' fees after the time limits in Indiana Trial Rules 59(C) or 60(B) have passed, the losing party sometimes tries to shoehorn that petition into one of these Rules so he can denounce it as being untimely. With a sideways glance to the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure, however, we note that this maneuver is unnecessary in federal court. In federal court, the prevailing party seeking attorneys' fees must file his petition no later than fourteen days after the district court enters a final judgment. Fed.R.Civ.P. 54(d)(2)(B)(i).
But it was not always so, and it has been so in federal court only since the U.S. Judicial Conference's Committee on Rules of Practice and Procedure proposed the 1993 amendments to the Civil Rules. Before the 1993 amendments, Federal Rule 54(d) contained no such time limit, so federal courts occasionally dealt with losing parties arguing that a prevailing party's petition for attorneys' fees ran afoul of a time limit in some other Federal Rule.
Resolving a circuit split, the U.S. Supreme Court ultimately decided that the time limit in Federal Rule 59(e) did not apply to petitions for attorneys' fees. White v. N.H. Dep't of Emp't Sec., 455 U.S. 445, 102 S.Ct. 1162, 71 L.Ed.2d 325 (1982) (petition for attorneys' fees under 42 U.S.C. § 1988 four months after parties entered consent decree in suit under 42 U.S.C. § 1983). It noted that Federal Rule 59(e) generally applied only to matters affecting the merits of a judgment. Id. at 450-51, 102 S.Ct. 1162 (citing Browder v. Dir., Ill. Dep't of Corr., 434 U.S. 257, 98 S.Ct. 556, 54 L.Ed.2d 521 (1978)). According to the Court, a petition for attorneys' fees presented an issue separate from the merits because it required an inquiry that could not commence until after one party "prevailed." Id. at 451-52, 102 S.Ct. 1162.
But in dicta, the Court noted that § 1988's grant of discretion to the district courts in awarding attorneys' fees would support a denial of attorneys' fees in cases in which a post-judgment petition for attorneys' fees unfairly surprised or prejudiced the losing party. Id. at 454, 102 S.Ct. 1162.
We think the U.S. Supreme Court's application of the pre-1993 Federal Rules to petitions for attorneys' fees is instructive. A petition for fees does not
Instead, trial courts must use their discretion to prevent unfairness to parties facing petitions for fees. A request for attorneys' fees almost by definition is not ripe for consideration until after the main event reaches an end. Entertaining such petitions post-judgment is virtually the norm. To be sure, a request for fees is in some sense an equitable petition, and it might be that an extremely tardy request should fall on deaf ears due to lack of notice or staleness.
Here, however, Turner received multiple warnings. In two separate letters to Einterz, Steele warned Turner that the Town would seek fees, citing for good measure the statute that authorized such an award for a frivolous suit. In three separate motions to the court, the Town prayed for an award of fees as well. Coming on the heels of these five separate warnings, the Town's renewed petition for attorneys' fees could hardly have come as a shock to Turner.
A trial court may award attorneys' fees as part of the cost to the prevailing party "if the court finds" that either party advanced claims or defenses that were frivolous, unreasonable, groundless, or otherwise litigated in bad faith. Ind.Code § 34-52-1-1(b). Nearly identical language allows a court to award attorneys' fees to a governmental entity. Ind.Code § 34-13-3-21 (using "costs" instead of "cost").
Turner argues that both fee-shifting statutes require a court to make an express finding that a claim or defense was frivolous, unreasonable, groundless, or litigated in bad faith, which the trial court did not do here. (Appellant's Br. at 16-18; Appellant's App. at 6-7.) Turner cites no case so holding, and such authority as exists cuts the other way.
A trial court most commonly must enter special findings of fact on the written request of any party in the case of issues tried on facts without a jury. Ind. Trial Rule 52(A); see also Ind. High Sch. Athletic Ass'n v. Schafer, 913 N.E.2d 789 (Ind. Ct.App.2009). In such cases, a party who wants the court to enter special findings merely has to ask for them. Cf. Ind. Trial Rule 49 (abolishing special jury verdicts and interrogatories).
Absent a proper request for special findings under Indiana Trial Rule 52(A), however, a trial court need enter special findings only in certain circumstances, such as when a statute or rule expressly requires them. See, e.g., Ind. Trial Rule 59(J); see also Walker v. Pullen, 943 N.E.2d 349 (Ind.2011). In Walker, a plaintiff filed a motion to correct error after obtaining a favorable verdict, arguing that the jury's award was inadequate and clearly erroneous given the facts before the jury. Id. at 350-51. The court granted the motion and ordered a new trial, but it entered only its general findings that the plaintiff incurred medical bills for treatment that was appropriate for his injuries, that those bills totaled $12,520, that the jury awarded less than that amount, and that the jury's award contained no award for pain and suffering. Id. at 352. We reversed, noting that the language of Indiana Trial Rule 59(J) expressly provides that
Id. at 352-53 (quoting Ind. Trial Rule 59(J) (emphasis added)).
By contrast, other Trial Rules simply allow a court to take some action "if the court finds" some fact or circumstance. See, e.g., Ind. Trial Rule 27(B) (finding perpetuation of testimony proper to avoid failure or delay of justice before ordering deposition to perpetuate testimony); see also Ind. Trial Rule 32(A)(3) (finding witness unavailable before allowing use of deposition for any unenumerated purpose); Ind. Trial Rule 65(E) (finding TRO must issue immediately to prevent injury before issuing TRO without hearing or security); Ind. Trial Rule 81(D) (finding good cause before amending local rules off schedule). But we typically do not think of these actions as being so grave or serious that a requirement that a court "find" something first should necessarily require the court to justify its actions in detailed writing. Cf. Walker, 943 N.E.2d at 352 (special findings required to temper use of "extraordinary and extreme" power to set aside jury verdict, to ensure decision based on complete analysis of law, and to ensure public confidence in judicial process).
As our prior case law confirms, when a trial court grants a petition for attorneys' fees without making special findings of fact, we look to the basis of the prevailing party's petition and view the court's order as an implicit legal conclusion consistent with the main thrust of the petition—that the claim or defense at issue was frivolous, unreasonable, groundless, or litigated in bad faith. Emergency Physicians, 714 N.E.2d at 1115, adopted in part, 718 N.E.2d at 757; see also St. Mary Medical Ctr. v. Baker, 611 N.E.2d 135 (Ind.Ct.App.1993).
Here, the Town's petition asserts that all four of Turner's claims were frivolous, unreasonable, and groundless. Consistent with the foregoing rules and case law, the trial court's grant of the petition was adequate as to form.
At oral argument, Turner cited Inlow v. Henderson, Daily, Withrow & Devoe, 804 N.E.2d 833 (Ind.Ct.App.2004), for the proposition that a trial court must enter special findings before awarding fees. There, the trial court granted a petition for attorneys' fees, and the Court of Appeals affirmed. Id. at 837-38, 842. It is not as though the trial court in Inlow failed to enter special findings and the Court of Appeals reversed the award of attorneys' fees as a result. Rather, the trial court happened to enter special findings, and the Court of Appeals affirmed without ever remarking—let alone holding anything—on the necessity of doing so. Id. at 839-42.
As for whether there were sufficient grounds to warrant granting the petition, we note that a unanimous Court of Appeals reviewed the record before the trial court and sustained the trial court's ruling. We summarily affirm their disposition on these points. Ind. Appellate Rule 58(A).
We therefore affirm the trial court.
SULLIVAN and DAVID, JJ., concur.
RUCKER, J., concurring in part and dissenting in part.
I respectfully dissent from part II of the majority opinion. Under Indiana Code section 34-52-1-1(b) a trial court may award attorneys' fees as part of the cost to the prevailing party "if the court finds that either party" advanced claims or defenses that were frivolous, unreasonable, groundless, or otherwise litigated in bad faith. Even accepting as true the majority's position that the statute does not require the trial court to make an express finding, still the trial court must somehow indicate that it determined that one side or the other advanced claims or defenses that were frivolous, unreasonable, groundless, or otherwise litigated in bad faith, before awarding attorneys' fees under the statute. Here, there was nothing.
The record shows that the Town filed a twenty-page motion to dismiss Turner's amended complaint detailing why its motion should be granted. Appellant's App. at 114-34. A little less than one page was devoted to a request for attorneys' fees, and this primarily was a recitation of the statutory language. Appellant's App. at 133. The motion concluded with a request for "attorneys' fees and costs." Appellant's App. at 133 (emphasis added). In granting the Town's motion to dismiss, and its subsequent motion for partial summary judgment, the trial court entered a twelve-page judgment and order. Appellant's App. at 314-23. The order was thoughtful, and it meticulously detailed the reasons the trial court was granting the Town's motions. Nowhere did the trial court mention, refer to, or even hint that Turner's claims or defenses were frivolous, unreasonable, groundless, or otherwise litigated in bad faith. All the trial court did was dismiss Turner's complaint and grant the Town's motion for partial summary judgment. And the law is settled that claims are not rendered frivolous, unreasonable, or groundless simply because a party loses on the merits. Kahn v. Cundiff 543 N.E.2d 627, 629 (Ind.1989), aff'd and adopt'g 533 N.E.2d 164, 171 (Ind.Ct. App.1989) ("[A]n action is neither groundless nor frivolous merely because a party loses on the merits."); N. Elec. Co. v. Torma, 819 N.E.2d 417, 431 (Ind.Ct.App. 2004) (same).
Nearly sixty days after Turner lost on the merits, the Town filed its fifteen-page "Petition for Attorneys' Fees as Costs Allowed by Law." Appellant's App. at 324. The Town essentially summarized many of the grounds on which the trial court relied in granting the Town's earlier motions and basically contended "each of the four Counts brought and continued against the Town in this action was `frivolous', `unreasonable' or `groundless.'" Appellant's App. at 327. Turner responded in opposition. There was no hearing, and in a one-page order the trial court simply averred "the court determines and finds that the Defendant's motion should be granted." Appellant's App. at 6. Other than granting Town's petition, there was no indication that the trial court concluded Turner's claims or defenses were in fact frivolous, unreasonable, or groundless. Nor did the trial court give any indication of why it may have so concluded. And however tempting it may be, I would not infer as much from a silent record. I would reverse the trial court on this point and remand this cause for further proceedings. In all other respects I concur in the majority opinion.
DICKSON, J., joins.
