DICKSON, Chief Justice.

Plaintiffs Sharon and Leslie Wright appeal the striking of their expert witness and the dismissal of their medical malpractice claim against Dr. Anthony Miller and Achilles Podiatry Group pursuant to Trial Rules 37(B) and 41(E). We reverse.

In April and June of 2004, Dr. Miller performed surgeries on Mrs. Wright's left and right feet, respectively. The surgeries, the plaintiffs contend, produced injurious results. They further argue that the second surgery was performed without full consent.1 In April of 2006, the plaintiffs filed a malpractice claim with the Indiana Department of Insurance and, in December of 2008, the review panel found in favor of the defendants.

In response to the plaintiffs' ensuing action for damages, the defendants sought summary judgment on the grounds that the plaintiffs had not produced an expert opinion to refute the conclusion of the medical review panel. The plaintiffs responded with an affidavit from Dr. Franklin Nash supporting their claim, and the defendants withdrew their motion for summary judgment. During the course of discovery, the plaintiffs failed to include Dr. Nash on any witness list submitted to the court, either preliminary or final. However, in response to interrogatories from the defendants, the plaintiffs specified that they had no expert witness other than Dr. Nash. Other discovery requests from the defendants pertained specifically to Dr. Nash. The pleadings thus establish that the defendants were aware that Dr. Nash was the plaintiffs' designated expert.

At a pretrial conference on August 17, 2009, the trial court established specific discovery deadlines with all discovery to be concluded by July 23, 2010, and set the trial for August 24, 2010. In addition to the failure to include Dr. Nash on their witness lists submitted to the trial court, the plaintiffs failed to meet other deadlines imposed by the court, including: preliminary witness list (three days late), final witness list (eleven days late), statement of contentions (twenty-four days late), and final proposed jury instructions (ten days late).2 On July 23, 2010, the deadline for concluding discovery, the plaintiffs filed a motion to continue the trial date, contending that they needed more time to supplement their discovery responses. The trial court never ruled on the motion because on August 4, 2010, twenty days before the date set for trial, the plaintiffs filed a second motion to continue the trial because Dr. Nash had been hospitalized. The nature of Dr. Nash's illness prevented him from participating in the trial, and the plaintiffs thus requested time to acquire a new expert witness. The trial court granted the motion, reset the discovery deadline for December 24, 2010, and set a status conference for January 10, 2011, at which time a new trial date would be determined.

The plaintiffs unsuccessfully attempted to secure Mrs. Wright's treating physician as an expert witness. Then, in November of 2010, the plaintiffs contacted a referral service. The referral service did not identify a potential expert witness until December 17, 2010, and that witness did not confirm his willingness to testify until January 9, 2011, well after the December 24 discovery deadline and one day before the scheduled status conference.

On January 7, 2011, the defendants filed a motion to dismiss on the grounds that the plaintiffs failed to comply with the discovery deadline and for lack of evidence (specifically, no expert witness to rebut the findings of the medical review panel). On January 10, 2011, the day of the status conference, the plaintiffs filed a notice of a new expert witness, and the defendants moved to strike the notice as untimely. After the parties submitted briefing on the motions, the trial court ruled in favor of the defendants and dismissed the case. The trial court's rationale was explained in the concluding paragraph of its judgment:

Order Granting Defendants' Motion to Dismiss, Appellants' Am. App'x at 361 (emphasis added).

On appeal, the plaintiffs contend that the trial court erred in excluding their expert witness and thereby dismissing their claims. The Court of Appeals agreed and reversed the trial court. Wright v. Miller, 965 N.E.2d 135 (Ind.Ct.App.2012). We granted transfer, and while we come to the same result as the Court of Appeals, we arrive by a somewhat different path.

1. Enforcing Discovery and Trial Court Management Orders

Indiana's trial courts decide over 1.5 million cases per year statewide, and have done so consistently for the past decade. 1 Ind. Jud. Serv. Rep. 2011: Jud. Year Rev. 97 (2012). Managing such a heavy volume demands robust court docket management and insistence upon compliance with the discovery rules, which are specifically intended to minimize the need for judicial involvement. "A trial judge has the responsibility to direct the trial in a manner that facilitates the ascertainment of truth, ensures fairness, and obtains economy of time and effort commensurate with the rights of [the parties]." VanWay v. State, 541 N.E.2d 523, 526 (Ind.1989); see also Wiseheart v. State, 491 N.E.2d 985, 990 (Ind.1986) ("[A party's] interest in the application of discovery rules is the prevention of surprise, not punishment of the [opponent] for mere technical errors or omissions. In accordance with these ends, the trial court should seek to apply sanctions which have a minimal [e]ffect on the evidence presented at trial and the merits of the case." (citation omitted)). "Although `concealment and gamesmanship were [once] accepted as part and parcel of the adversarial process,' we have unanimously declared that such tactics no longer have any place in our system of justice." Whitaker v. Becker, 960 N.E.2d 111, 115 (Ind.2012) (alteration in original) (quoting Outback Steakhouse of Fla. Inc. v. Markley, 856 N.E.2d 65, 77 (Ind.2006) (citation omitted)). "Trial judges stand much closer than an appellate court to the currents of litigation pending before them, and they have a correspondingly better sense of which sanctions will adequately protect the litigants in any given case[.]" Id.

Indiana Trial Rules 37 and 41 each provide the trial court with mechanisms to ensure compliance with the trial rules and obedience to its orders. Whitaker, 960 N.E.2d at 115; Rumfelt v. Himes, 438 N.E.2d 980, 982 (Ind.1982). Trial Rule 37 provides broad latitude for the trial court to impose sanctions to ensure cooperative discovery, and thus encompasses remedies which may be sought by or imposed against either party. See Ind. Trial Rule 37 ("Failure to make or cooperate in discovery: Sanctions"). Trial Rule 37(B) permits the trial court to "make such orders... as are just," including "treating as a contempt of court the failure to obey," "prohibiting [the disobedient party] from introducing designated matters into evidence," "dismissing the action or proceeding or any part thereof, or rendering a judgment by default against the disobedient party" when that party "fails to obey an order to provide or permit discovery." T.R. 37(B). In contrast, Trial Rule 41 specifically addresses only dismissal, and thus primarily provides protections and remedies for the benefit of a defendant. See T.R. 41 ("Dismissal of actions"). Trial Rule 41(E) states, in pertinent part:

T.R. 41(E).3 Thus, where the sanction imposed for discovery violations is dismissal, some overlap in the applicability of Trial Rules 37 and 41 may occur. See, e.g., Benton v. Moore, 622 N.E.2d 1002, 1006 (Ind.Ct.App.1993) ("In addition to violations of the trial rules themselves, this provision applies equally well to orders of the court entered pursuant to the trial rules, including pre-trial orders issued under [Indiana] Trial Rule 16." (citation omitted)), trans. not sought.4

And while the trial courts generally "fashion progressive sanctions leading up to a dismissal or default judgment when it is possible to do so, imposing intermediate sanctions is not obligatory when a party's behavior is particularly egregious." Whitaker, 960 N.E.2d at 116; see also City of Gary v. Major, 822 N.E.2d 165, 169 (Ind. 2005) ("[A]mong the inherent powers of a court is that of maintaining its dignity, securing obedience to its process and rules, rebuking interference with the conduct of business, and punishing unseemly behavior."); Prime Mortg. USA, Inc. v. Nichols, 885 N.E.2d 628, 649 (Ind.Ct.App. 2008) (quoting Charnas v. Estate of Loizos, 822 N.E.2d 181, 185 (Ind.Ct.App.2005), trans. not sought) ("In determining whether a sanction is just, we recognize that `[a]lthough a default judgment plays an important role in the maintenance of an orderly, efficient judicial system as a weapon for enforcing compliance with the rules of procedure and for facilitating the speedy determination of litigation, in Indiana there is a marked judicial deference for deciding disputes on their merits and for giving parties their day in court, especially in cases involving material issues of fact, substantial amounts of money, or weighty policy determinations.'" (alteration in original)), trans. not sought. Additionally, we caution against an overly formulaic approach to determining when the behavior of a party or counsel warrants the drastic sanction of dismissal.

We previously addressed the exclusion of a witness as a discovery sanction in the criminal context in Wiseheart v. State, where the trial court excluded four defense witnesses whom the defense did not disclose during discovery.5 Wiseheart, 491 N.E.2d at 987-88. In reversing, we stated that "the primary factors which a trial court should examine are whether the breach was intentional or in bad faith and whether substantial prejudice has resulted." Id. at 988. Because, in the criminal context, the exclusion of defense witnesses raises Sixth Amendment concerns, see U.S. Const. amend. VI ("In all criminal prosecutions, the accused shall enjoy the right ... to have compulsory process for obtaining witnesses in his favor ...."), we articulated a nonexclusive list of factors from which trial courts should evaluate the exclusion of witnesses for discovery violations. Id. at 991.

Id. (footnote omitted). The Court of Appeals later applied Wiseheart in its review of a civil lawsuit.6 Davidson v. Perron, 756 N.E.2d 1007, 1013-14 (Ind.Ct.App. 2001), trans. not sought; see also Carter v. Robinson, 977 N.E.2d 448, 455-56 (Ind.Ct. App.2012) (applying the Davidson adaptation of Wiseheart), trans. denied.

We agree that the Wiseheart factors can be a valuable guide in civil cases but caution against a formulaic application of these factors which deemphasizes the general discretion of the trial court.7 As we stated in Wiseheart, "It may well be that other factors will be relevant in a given case or that some of the foregoing will be inapplicable to a certain set of facts." Wiseheart, 491 N.E.2d at 991. "Trial judges stand much closer than an appellate court to the currents of litigation pending before them, and they have a correspondingly better sense of which sanctions will adequately protect the litigants in any given case," Whitaker, 960 N.E.2d at 115, and likewise what sanctions are appropriate toward "maintaining its dignity, securing obedience to its process and rules, rebuking interference with the conduct of business, and punishing unseemly behavior," Major, 822 N.E.2d at 169. Yet, in exercising this inherent power, "the trial court should seek to apply sanctions which have a minimal [e]ffect on the evidence presented at trial and the merits of the case," Wiseheart, 491 N.E.2d at 990, keeping in mind "that sanctions should not be imposed when circumstances make sanctions unjust," Outback Steakhouse, 856 N.E.2d at 82 (citing T.R. 37(D)); see also T.R. 37(B) ("If a party ... fails to obey an order to provide or permit discovery ... the court in which the action is pending may make such orders in regard to the failure as are just[.]").

When the offending conduct is primarily attributable to counsel and not the client, and prejudice to the opposing party is slight, due consideration should be given to sanctions directed primarily at counsel which seek to minimize prejudice to the client and the merits of the case, while appropriately incentivizing proper future behavior of counsel.8 See, e.g., Outback Steakhouse, 856 N.E.2d at 82 (denying defendants' request for sanctions against plaintiffs where conduct was attributable only to counsel, but withholding judgment on possible future sanctions against offending counsel). And while imposing intermediate sanctions leading up to dismissal "is not obligatory when a party's behavior is particularly egregious," Whitaker, 960 N.E.2d at 116, this is primarily so when a party's behavior is so prejudicial to the rights of the opponent that any lesser sanction would be inadequate. Prime Mortg. USA, 885 N.E.2d at 649; see, e.g., Whitaker, 960 N.E.2d at 116-17 (upholding dismissal where counsel delayed and then provided false and misleading discovery answers regarding a medical procedure that pertained directly to the merits of the case).

When challenged on appeal, trial court sanctions for failure to comply with court orders are reviewed for an abuse of discretion. McCullough v. Archbold Ladder Co., 605 N.E.2d 175, 180 (Ind.1993). We presume that the trial court will "act in accord with what is fair and equitable in each case," and thus we will only reverse "if the trial court's decision is clearly against the logic and effect of the facts and circumstances before the court, or if the trial court has misinterpreted the law." Id. The conduct and equities will vary with each case, and we thus generally leave that determination to the sound discretion of the trial courts.

In the present case, we discern from the trial court's order of judgment and order denying the plaintiffs' motion to correct error that the court's decision to dismiss was predicated upon its determination excluding the plaintiffs' expert witness. It was the court's decision to exclude the witness that resulted from plaintiffs' counsel's persistent disregard and violation of the court's discovery and case management orders. For this reason, we will first address the propriety of the trial court's exclusion of the plaintiffs' expert witness. Then we will address the trial court's resulting dismissal decision.

2. Exclusion of Plaintiffs' Expert Witness

Applying the above principles, we find that the exclusion of the expert witness was inconsistent with the logic and effect of the facts and circumstances before the court. There is no question that the plaintiffs' counsel failed to include their original expert witness, Dr. Nash, on any witness list. However, it is also clear that the defendants were well aware that the plaintiffs intended Dr. Nash to be the expert witness at trial. See, e.g., Trial Court Order, Aug. 16, 2010, Appellants' Am. App'x at 308 (vacating trial date and extending discovery) ("The defendants' position that plaintiffs have failed to formally designate Nash as their expert witness notwithstanding, the Court finds that his testifying at trial was anticipated by both plaintiffs and defendants."). Furthermore, the delay of the trial was not primarily necessitated by the substandard conduct of the plaintiffs' counsel, but rather by the unavailability of Dr. Nash due to health concerns, an event presumably beyond the control of the plaintiffs or their counsel.

While we critically view counsel's haphazard and disrespectful pattern of inattention to or disregard of the trial court's management and discovery orders and deadlines, the prejudice to the defendants was minimal. They were well aware that the plaintiffs were attempting to secure a new expert witness and that the witness would need to be deposed. As of the date of the status conference, when the plaintiffs' new expert witness was disclosed, no new trial date had been set. Certainly the trial court would have provided the defendants time to prepare to confront the plaintiffs' new witness at trial. The late disclosure was thus neither a surprise nor would it have had a deleterious or significantly prejudicial effect on the defendants' case. The prejudice to the defendants was little greater than that which is to be expected in suits of this nature. In contrast, as demonstrated by the trial court's conclusion that the exclusion required dismissal, the exclusion of the plaintiffs' expert would have had a substantial effect on their ability to present the merits of their case. We find that the exclusion of the plaintiffs' expert witness was inconsistent with the trial court's duty to "seek to apply sanctions which have a minimal [e]ffect on the evidence presented at trial and the merits of the case." Wiseheart, 491 N.E.2d at 990; see also Outback Steakhouse, 856 N.E.2d at 82.

We continue to recognize the trial court's inherent powers in "maintaining its dignity, securing obedience to its process and rules, rebuking interference with the conduct of business, and punishing unseemly behavior," Major, 822 N.E.2d at 169, and we encourage trial judges to actively oversee and manage the cases pending before them. The use and enforcement of case management orders and deadlines are essential to sound judicial administration. But we conclude that the circumstances of the present case warranted some lesser, preliminary, or more pointed sanction fashioned to address counsel's unsatisfactory conduct in this case without depriving the plaintiffs of their ability to present the merits of their case at trial. Accordingly, we hold that the trial court's exclusion of the plaintiffs' expert witness was inconsistent with the logic and effect of the facts and circumstances presented.

3. Dismissal of the Plaintiffs' Action

As noted above, the trial court's order of dismissal was directly grounded upon its decision to exclude the plaintiffs' expert witness for violation of discovery deadlines and its belief that the plaintiffs could not establish their case without such witness. Because we have concluded that such witness exclusion was erroneous, the basis for the resulting case dismissal evaporates and the granting of the defendants' motion to dismiss was likewise erroneous.

Conclusion

We reverse the trial court's order of judgment granting the defendants' motions to strike the plaintiffs' expert witness and to dismiss this action. These motions should have been denied. This cause is remanded for further proceedings.

RUCKER, MASSA, and RUSH, JJ., concur.

DAVID, J., concurs in part and dissents in part with separate opinion.

DAVID, Justice, concurring in part and dissenting in part.

I concur in that portion of the majority opinion reversing dismissal of this case pursuant to the Indiana Rules of Trial Procedure. I agree that it was an abuse of discretion to dismiss the case entirely under the circumstances presented here. I also concur that a formulaic adherence to the factors from Wiseheart v. State, 491 N.E.2d 985 (Ind.1986), diminishes the discretionary authority of the trial court judge to manage and maintain the dignity, business, and process of the court.

Nevertheless, I cannot concur with the subsequent reversal of the trial court's decision to exclude Wright's expert witness. Without seeking to enter the unsettled arena of whether such an expert witness is required in this type of case, I not only believe the exclusion was an appropriate exercise of the trial court's discretion here, but I struggle to find a more appropriate sanction with which the trial court could have enforced its discovery deadlines and orders when Wright repeatedly failed to include Dr. Nash on her witness lists, filed those witness lists late (along with other delayed filings), and then failed to meet a discovery deadline that had already been extended at her request.

While this may not have prejudiced Dr. Miller to the point that dismissal of the action entirely was appropriate, to me it demonstrates a patterned lack of regard for the Trial Rules and the trial court's authority, much less the successful pursuit of Wright's own case. Accordingly, I would find no abuse of discretion in striking Wright's expert witness and therefore respectfully dissent.