PER CURIAM.

The defendants Iowa State University and the State of Iowa (collectively ISU) appeal the district court's decision awarding the plaintiff Dennis Smith all of his requested attorney fees. For the reasons set forth herein, we conclude that Smith is not entitled to all fees as awarded by the district court, and we therefore reverse and remand this case for further proceedings. However, we do not agree with the court of appeals concerning what must occur on remand. It is not necessary, in our view, for Smith's counsel to prepare a new affidavit detailing the amount of attorney time spent daily on each litigation task. Hence, on further review, we vacate the court of appeals decision and provide somewhat different directions for remand.

I. Factual and Procedural Background.

Smith was formerly employed as a technical writer in the engineering department at ISU. The events of this case cover a time period from approximately 2002 to 2010, when Smith's position at the university was eliminated. Our prior opinion contains a detailed discussion of the facts. See Smith v. Iowa State Univ. of Sci. & Tech., 851 N.W.2d 1, 4-17 (Iowa 2014). At trial, Smith initially recovered $500,000 in damages for common-law intentional infliction of emotional distress and $784,027 in damages for statutory whistleblower violations. Id. at 17-18; see Iowa Code § 70A.28(2) (2007).1 Other claims were dismissed. Smith, 851 N.W.2d at 17.

In Smith's previous appeal, we affirmed his common-law emotional-distress award in its entirety but reversed most of his whistleblower award. Id. at 38. We concluded that to prevail on the statutory whistleblower claim, Smith had to prove he had suffered harm as a result of making reports to a "public official" — namely, ISU President Gregory Geoffroy. This Smith could not do: "[W]e ... agree with the court of appeals that there is no evidence Smith suffered retaliation for reports of financial improprieties to President Geoffroy." Id. at 35. Nevertheless, we left in place a portion of the statutory whistleblower award — i.e., the $150,000 in damages for harm to reputation — based on ISU's failure to preserve error. Id. at 38. We reversed in part and remanded for further proceedings. Id.

On remand, Smith sought recovery of essentially all his attorney fees incurred in this litigation (and in some other satellite proceedings). The basis for Smith's request was that Iowa's whistleblower statute authorizes awards of attorney fees. It provides,

Iowa Code § 70A.28(5)(a) (emphasis added). Otherwise, in Iowa, attorney fees are generally not recoverable in the absence of a statute or a contractual provision that permits their recovery. See Branstad v. State ex rel. Nat. Res. Comm'n, 871 N.W.2d 291, 294 (Iowa 2015); Bethards v. Shivvers, Inc., 355 N.W.2d 39, 47 (Iowa 1984).

Although the statutory whistleblower claim was only one of Smith's claims, and he recovered only $150,000 on that claim, the district court awarded Smith $368,607.35 in fees and costs, amounting to virtually all of Smith's attorney fees incurred in this litigation and the other administrative and legal matters.2 The district court reasoned that "all of the plaintiff's claims, successful and unsuccessful, involved a common body of facts" and that it would be "impractical to require the Court to sift through all of the legal work to determine whether each hour was related to a particular claim."

ISU once again appealed. It argued that the attorney-fee award should be reduced for work not performed on the whistleblower claim and to account for an overall lack of success on that claim.

On appeal, we transferred the case to the court of appeals. That court concluded the district court had abused its discretion by failing to take into consideration that "a large part of Smith's whistleblowing claim — the only claim that permitted the recovery of attorney fees — was set aside by the supreme court in light of the lack of proof on the issue of causation." The court of appeals also faulted the district court for failing to consider that "the main portion of Smith's recovery — $500,000.00 of the total $650,000.00 awarded — was based on the emotional distress claim, which is a tort claim that does not permit the recovery of attorney fees." Accordingly, the court of appeals reversed and remanded. In addition, it stated,

One judge on the court of appeals panel dissented. He found that Smith could recover all of his attorney fees because all of his claims were tethered to a "common core of facts." Also, he noted that the district court stated it would have awarded the $500,000 in emotional distress damages as statutory whistleblower damages if it had been necessary to do so. We granted Smith's application for further review.

II. Standard of Review.

As we have previously stated,

NevadaCare, Inc. v. Dep't of Human Servs., 783 N.W.2d 459, 469 (Iowa 2010) (citations omitted).

III. Legal Analysis.

We agree with the court of appeals that the district court abused its discretion in awarding Smith all of his requested attorney fees on the ground that this case presented a "common core of facts." Two points should be noted here. First, in considering whether a claim for which attorney fees are available and claims for which they are unavailable arise out of a common factual core, we need to focus on the underlying purpose of this inquiry. The ultimate question is whether the work for which recovery is sought can be "deemed to have been `expended in pursuit of'" a claim for which attorney fees are recoverable. See Hensley v. Eckerhart, 461 U.S. 424, 435, 103 S.Ct. 1933, 1940, 76 L.Ed.2d 40, 51 (1983) (quoting Davis v. Cty. of Los Angeles, No. 73-63-WPG, 1974 WL 180, at *3 (C.D.Cal. June 5, 1974)). A defendant should not be immunized "against paying for the attorney's fees that the plaintiff reasonably incurred in remedying" the violation for which attorney fees were recoverable. See Fox v. Vice, 563 U.S. 826, 834, 131 S.Ct. 2205, 2214, 180 L.Ed.2d 45, 54 (2011).

Here, Smith asserted a number of different claims, but fees could only be recovered for the statutory whistleblower claim, which was based specifically upon Smith's reporting to President Geoffroy in August 2007 and alleged adverse consequences flowing from that reporting. Therefore, it would not be accurate to say that all of Smith's fees were reasonably spent "in pursuit of" this whistleblower claim. As ISU points out, Smith's attorneys spent considerable time exclusively on issues related only to the common-law emotional distress claim and on other matters such as a separate open-records lawsuit and an administrative proceeding alleging age discrimination. This unrelated time was not "devoted generally to the litigation as a whole." Hensley, 461 U.S. at 435, 103 S.Ct. at 1940, 76 L.Ed.2d at 51.

Second, when a plaintiff achieves only "partial or limited success" on the claim for which attorney fees are recoverable, a reduction in the fee award may be appropriate even if the entire lawsuit flows from a common core of facts. See id. at 436, 103 S.Ct. at 1941, 76 L.Ed.2d at 52. The district court did not consider this issue, ending its analysis once it had concluded (erroneously in our view) that every aspect of the litigation arose out of a common core of facts.

As we have already noted, our prior appellate decision found "no evidence Smith suffered retaliation for reports of financial improprieties to President Geoffroy." Smith, 851 N.W.2d at 35. Most of the $784,027 whistleblowing judgment was accordingly reversed. Smith recovered only $150,000 in reputational damages on this claim, and he recovered this amount only because ISU had failed to preserve error on the reputational damages. Id. at 38. Hence, Smith attained only partial or limited success on the statutory whistleblower claim.

In sum, given what the record shows both about the time Smith's counsel devoted to unrelated matters for which attorney fees are not authorized and Smith's partial, limited success on the statutory whistleblower claim that is the only basis for awarding attorney fees, we think the district court's attorney fee ruling amounted to an abuse of discretion.

We reaffirm today what we have held in the past:

Lee v. State (Lee III), 874 N.W.2d 631, 648-49 (Iowa 2016) (citations omitted) (quoting Hensley, 461 U.S. at 435, 103 S.Ct. at 1941, 76 L.Ed.2d at 51-52).3

Lee III requires a two-step process to be followed in awarding fees under a fee-shifting statute. First, while fees can be awarded for time devoted generally to the litigation as a whole, the district court should make an appropriate reduction for unrelated time spent on unsuccessful claims — or as here, unrelated time spent on claims for which fees are not recoverable. Then, after this initial step has been performed, if the plaintiff only obtained partial or limited success on the claim for which the legislature has authorized fees, the court must consider the reasonableness of the hours expended in light of this ultimate result.4 The second step may warrant a further reduction. In this case, on remand, the district court should follow the Lee III steps.5

However, we do not agree with the court of appeals that Smith's counsel must submit more detailed time records to the district court, identifying for each day of billing the amount of time spent on each task. This would be a substantial undertaking, assuming the original bills do not contain that information. And precedent does not require it. To the contrary, Hensley indicates that "[t]here is no precise rule or formula for making these determinations" and "[a] request for attorney's fees should not result in a second major litigation." 461 U.S. at 436-37, 103 S.Ct. at 1941, 76 L.Ed.2d at 52-53. Hensley adds that "[w]here the documentation of hours is inadequate, the district court may reduce the award accordingly." Id. at 433, 103 S.Ct. at 1939, 76 L.Ed.2d at 50. Thus, while Smith's counsel should not be entitled to a presumption that time was spent on the litigation as a whole just because his billing records lack detail, any lack of necessary detail can be taken into account with an appropriate discount or reduction.6

Further, we do not agree with ISU that the district court must make dollar-by-dollar attorney fee reductions for time spent on matters such as an overlong proof brief. (Smith did file a motion to exceed the page limit, but our court denied the motion.) Rarely is litigation an unbroken string of successes. Just about every legal proceeding involves setbacks. See Hensley, 461 U.S. at 440, 103 S.Ct. at 1943, 76 L.Ed.2d at 55 (noting that a plaintiff should not have his attorney fees reduced "simply because the district court did not adopt each contention raised"). While the district court may certainly take items like the overlong brief into account when it exercises its discretion in crafting a fee award, it is not required to "sift through all the legal work done." Vaughan v. Must, Inc., 542 N.W.2d 533, 541 (Iowa 1996). Moreover, there is no "rigid formula" that must be followed. See id. It is not necessary "to tie the recovery of fees to a precise ratio of the amount of damages awarded." Id. Thus, in Vaughan we upheld the district court's decision to award seventy-five percent of the plaintiff's attorney fees, a total of $21,261, in a case where the plaintiff prevailed on his claim of age discrimination but recovered only approximately twenty percent of his original demand for damages. Id. at 541-42.

IV. Conclusion.

For the foregoing reasons, we vacate the decision of the court of appeals and reverse that aspect of the district court's judgment awarding attorney fees to Smith. We remand for further proceedings at which the district court should consider adjustments in the requested fee award for time spent on matters clearly unrelated to the statutory whistleblower claim as well as for Smith's partial success on that claim. The district court also should consider whether attorney fees ought to be awarded for this appeal. See Worthington v. Kenkel, 684 N.W.2d 228, 234 (Iowa 2004). The court should support its determinations with findings of fact. See Boyle v. Alum-Line, Inc., 773 N.W.2d 829, 834 (Iowa 2009). "[W]hatever methodology the court employs, it must provide in its order `a concise but clear explanation of its reasons for the award.'" Lee III, 874 N.W.2d at 650 (quoting Hensley, 461 U.S. at 437, 103 S.Ct. at 1941, 76 L.Ed.2d at 53).

Costs on appeal are divided equally.

DECISION OF COURT OF APPEALS VACATED; DISTRICT COURT JUDGMENT REVERSED AND CASE REMANDED.

This opinion shall be published.