In re MUTUAL FUND SALES ANTITRUST LITIGATION.

Before ALFRED P. MURRAH^[*], Chairman, and JOHN MINOR WISDOM, EDWARD WEINFELD, EDWIN A. ROBSON, WILLIAM H. BECKER^[*], JOSEPH S. LORD, III, and STANLEY A. WEIGEL, Judges of the Panel.

*639 OPINION AND ORDER

PER CURIAM.

In December 1972 plaintiff Haddad filed a treble damage action in the District of Columbia alleging that defendants had violated the federal antitrust laws by combining and conspiring to restrain trade in the purchase and sale of mutual fund securities; to keep the prices of such securities at artificial and non-competitive levels; and to prevent the development of secondary dealer and brokerage markets in those securities. Plaintiff Haddad purports to represent all purchasers of capital stock of any load mutual fund. In February 1973 the United States brought a civil antitrust enforcement action in the District of Columbia against the National Association of Securities Dealers and others. Like the Haddad action, the United States' complaint contains allegations of combinations and conspiracies among the defendants to violate the Sherman Act by preventing and restraining the trade of mutual fund shares in a secondary market. Subsequent to the filing of the government action, numerous other private treble damage actions alleging antitrust violations similar to those alleged in the Haddad and government actions were brought against substantially the same defendants. Plaintiffs in these additional actions also purport to represent classes of investors in load mutual funds.

There are presently 23 private civil actions pending in the Southern District of New York and two in the District of Columbia. The broker-dealer defendants named in the Haddad action move the Panel for an order transferring all of the private actions to the District of Columbia for coordinated or consolidated pretrial proceedings pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1407. All parties except certain New York parties agree that transfer of all actions to the District of Columbia is appropriate. We find that these actions involve common questions of fact and that transfer to the District of Columbia will best serve the convenience of the parties and witnesses and promote the just and efficient conduct of the litigation.

The New York parties who oppose transfer assert that the conspiracies alleged in their actions are entirely separate from the single conspiracy alleged in the Haddad action in the District of Columbia and, consequently, involve different questions of fact. We disagree. The conspiracy alleged in Haddad is industry-wide in scope and, a fortiori, encompasses the various conspiracies alleged in the other private actions. As a result, there are questions of fact common to all actions, making transfer necessary in order to avoid duplication of discovery.

In addition, plaintiff Haddad seeks to represent a class which encompasses the same classes that New York plaintiffs seek to represent. And we have frequently held that the possibility for conflicting class determinations under Rule 23 of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure is an important factor favoring transfer of all actions to a single *640 district. See In re Public Air Travel Tariff Litigation, 360 F. Supp. 1397 (Jud.Pan.Mut.Lit., filed July 3, 1973); In re Career Academy Antitrust Litigation, 342 F. Supp. 753, 754 (J.P.M.L. 1972). Furthermore, there are two preliminary questions common to all actions in this litigation: whether the alleged acts complained of by plaintiffs are exempt from the antitrust laws by operation of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 or the Investment Company Act of 1940; and whether the doctrine of primary jurisdiction is applicable. Transfer of all actions to a single district for coordinated or consolidated pretrial proceedings, therefore, will eliminate the potential for inconsistent pretrial rulings on these common issues. See In re Plumbing Fixtures, 298 F. Supp. 484, 490-492 (Jud.Pan.Mut.Lit.1968).

Although certain parties favor the Southern District of New York as the transferee district, we find that the District of Columbia is clearly the most appropriate forum for this litigation. Both the government enforcement action and the Haddad action are assigned to the Honorable Howard F. Corcoran in the District of Columbia. While we cannot transfer the government action or order it included in coordinated or consolidated pretrial proceedings, 28 U.S.C. § 1407(g), we think that judicial efficiency would be promoted by having all actions under the supervision of the same judge. See In re Ampicillin Antitrust Litigation, 315 F. Supp. 317, 319 (Jud.Pan.Mut.Lit.1970). Moreover, pretrial proceedings on the preliminary issues of primary jurisdiction and exemption from the antitrust laws have already commenced and are progressing expeditiously in the District of Columbia. Furthermore, many of the relevant documents and expected witnesses are located in the District of Columbia and the majority of the parties favor that district as the transferee forum.

It is therefore ordered that the actions listed on the attached Schedule A be, and the same hereby are, transferred to the District of Columbia and, with the consent of that court, assigned to the Honorable Howard F. Corcoran for coordinated or consolidated pretrial proceedings pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1407.

                       SCHEDULE A
              Southern District of New York
Elsie Saplin & Bernard Saplin v.         Civil Action
Merrill Lynch, Pierce, Fenner &          No. 73 Civ. 828
Smith, Inc., et al.
Jean L. Freed, etc. v. Vance             Civil Action
Sanders & Company, Inc., et al.          No. 73 Civ. 895
Seymour Rogovin, et al. v. Wellington    Civil Action
Management Company, et                   No. 73 Civ. 909
al.
Samuel R. Siegel U/S/E Retirement        Civil Action
Plan, et al. v. The Dreyfus              No. 73 Civ. 984
Corp., et al.
John Wion v. Union Service Distributor,  Civil Action
Inc., et al.                             No. 73 Civ. 949
Newton H. Kaplan v. Putnam               Civil Action
Management Co., et al.                   No. 73 Civ. 1003
Jerry Zolo & Eileen Zolo v. Arnold       Civil Action
Bernhard & Co., Inc., et al.             No. 73 Civ. 1004
Ella Gifford v. Anchor Corp., et         Civil Action
al.                                      No. 73 Civ. 1257
Robert Markewich, etc. v. Wellington     Civil Action
Management Co.                           No. 73 Civ. 1312
Roger Goetzel v. Fidelity Management     Civil Action
& Research Co., et al.                   No. 73 Civ. 1317
Morris Greenspan & Bernard               Civil Action
Greenspan, etc. v. National Securities   No. 73 Civ. 1354
& Research Corp., et al.
Samuel Tisser v. Anchor Growth           Civil Action
Fund, et al.                             No. 73 Civ. 1355
Lewis Gurkin v. Thorndike, Doran,        Civil Action
Paine & Lewis, Inc., et al.              No. 73 Civ. 1364
Robert Markewich, etc. v. Vance,         Civil Action
Sanders & Co., Inc., et al.              No. 73 Civ. 1370
Ann Brunell v. Shareholders Management   Civil Action
Co., et al.                              No. 73 Civ. 1496
Robert Markewich, etc. v. Lord,          Civil Action
Abbett & Co., et al.                     No. 73 Civ. 1452
Robert Markewich, etc. v. Continental    Civil Action
Investment Corp., et al.                 No. 73 Civ. 1503
A. Edward Morrison v. Keystone           Civil Action
Custodian Funds, Inc.                    No. 73 Civ. 1504
Harry Kurach v. Howard Stein,            Civil Action
et al.                                   No. 73 Civ. 1516
A. Edward Morrison v. F. Eberstadt       Civil Action
& Co., et al.                            No. 73 Civ. 1568
A. Edward Morrison v. Union              Civil Action
Service Distributor, et al.              No. 73 Civ. 1607
A. Edward Morrison v. Enterprise         Civil Action
Fund Inc., et al.                        No. 73 Civ. 1643
Jack Gluck, et al. v. E. W. Axe          Civil Action
& Co., et al.                            No. 73 Civ. 1254
                     District of Columbia
Genevieve M. Haddad, etc. v. The         Civil Action
Crosby Corp., et al.                     No. 2454-72
Arthur Gross, et al. v. National         Civil Action
Association of Securities Dealers,       No. 426-73
et al.

NOTES

[*] Although Judges Murrah and Becker were not present at the hearing, they have, with the consent of all parties, participated in this decision.